3 |AKE LOADS: - 208.1 General 208.1.1 Purpose ‘The purpose of the earthquake provisions herein is primarily to safeguard against major structural failures and loss of life, not to limit damage or maintain funetion. 208.1.2 Minimum Seismic Design Structures and portions thereof shall, as ¢ minimum, be designed and constructed to resist the effects of seismic ‘ground motions as provided in this section, 208.1.3 Seismic and Wind Design When the code-prescribed wind design produces greater effects, the wind design shall govern, but detailing requirements and limitations prescribed in this section and referenced sections shall be followed, 208.2 Definitions BASE jis the level at which the earthquake motions are considered to be imparted to the structure or the level at which the structure asa dynamie vibrator is supported. BASE SHEAR, ¥; is the total design lateral force or shear atthe base of a structure BEARING WALL SYSTEM is a structural system with- ‘out a complete vertical load-carrying space frame, Sec Section 208.4.6.1 BOUNDARY ELEMENT js an element at edges of ‘openings or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms. BRACED FRAME is an essentially vertical truss system of the concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist lateral forces. BUILDING FRAME SYSTEM is an essentially com: plete space frame that provides support for gravity loads See Section 208.4.6.2. CANTILEVERED COLUMN ELEMENT js a column ‘element in a lateral-force-resisting system that cantilevers from a fixed base and lias minimal moment capacity atthe top, with lateral forces applied essentially atthe top. COLLECTOR is a member or element provided 10 transfer Interal forces from a portion of a structure 10 vertical elements of the lateral-foree-resisting system. CHAPTER 2—Minimum Design Loads 273 architectural, COMPONENT is a part or element of cleetical, mechanical or structural system, COMPONENT, EQUIPMENT, is a mechanical or electrical component of clement that is part of a ‘mechanical and/or electrical system. COMPONENT, FLEXIBLE, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period greater than 0.06 second, COMPONENT, RIGID, is a component, including its attachments, having a fundamental period less than or equal to 0.06 second, CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME is a braced frame in which the members are subjected primarily to axial forces. DESIGN BASIS GROUND MOTION is that ground ‘motion that has a 10 percent chance of being exceeded in 50 years as determined by a site-specifie hazard analysis. ‘or inay be determined (fom @ hazard map. A suite of ground motion time histories with dynarsic properties representative of the site characteristics shall be used to represent this ground motion. The dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion may be represented by the Design Response Spectrum. See Section 2086.2. DESIGN RESPONSE SPECTRUM is an_ clastic response spectrum for $ percent equivalent viscous damping used to represent the dynamic effects of the Design Basis Ground Motion for the design of structures in accordance with Sections 208.5 and 2086. This response spectrutn may be either a site-specific spectrum based on geologic, tectonic, seismological and soil characteristics associated with a specific site or may be @ spectrum constructed in accordance with the spectral shape in Figure 208-3 using the site-specific values of C, and C, and multiplied by the acceleration of gravity 9.815 nsec’. See Section 208.6.2. DESIGN SEISMIC FORCE is the minimum total sirength design base shear, factored and distributed in accordance with Section 208 5 ‘National Sruetural Code of the Philipines 6! Eon Volume 12.74 CHAPTER 2 Nirimum Design Loaes DIAPHRAGM jis a horizontal or nearly horizontal system acting to transmit lateral forces to the vertical resisting elements. The term “diaphragm” includes ‘horizontal bracing systems, DIAPHRAGM or SHEAR WALL CHORD js the boundary clement of a diaphragm or shear wall that 1s assumed (o take axial stresses analogous tothe Manges of a beam. DIAPHRAGM STRUT (drag str, tie, collector) is the element of a diaphragm parallel to the applied load that collects and transfers diaphragm shear 10 the vertical resisting elements or distributes loads within the diaphragm. Such members may take axial tension or ‘compression. DRIFT. Sce "story drift" DUAL SYSTEM is a combination of moment-resisting, frames and shear walls or braced frames designed in accordance withthe eriteria of Section 208 4.64 ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAME (EBF) is 3 steel-braced frame desigaed in conformance with Section 528 ELASTIC RESPONSE PARAMETERS are forces and deformations determined from an clastic dynamic analysis using an unredueed ground motion representation, in accordance with Section 208.6 ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are those structures that are necessary for emergency operations subsequent to natural disaster. FLEXIBLE ELEMENT or SYSTEM is one whose deformation under lateral load i significantly largee than adjoining parts of the system. Limiting ratios for defining specific flexible elements are set forth in Section 208.5.6. HORIZONTAL BRACING SYSTEM is a horizontal ‘uss system that serves the same function as a diaphragm. INTERMEDIATE. MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (MRF) isa concrete frame designed in accordance with Section 412. LATERAL-FORCE-RESISTING SYSTEM is that part ff the structural system designed 10 resist the Design Seismic Forces. MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME is «frame in which members and joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure. MOMENT-RESISTING WALL FRAME (MRXVE) is ‘@ masonry wall frame especially detailed to provide ductile behavior and designed in conformance with Section 708.2.6. ORDINARY BRACED FRAME (OBF) is & steel- braced frame designed in accordance with the provisions of Section $27 or 528 or concrete-braced frame designed in accordance with Section 421 ORDINARY — MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (OMRE) is a moment-resisting frame not meeting special detailing requirements for ductile behavior. ORTHOGONAL EFFECTS are the carthquake load effects on structural elements common to the lateral otce-ressting systems along two orthogonal axs. OVERSTRENGTH is a characteristic of structures where the actual strength is larger than the design strength, The degree of overstrength is material-and system-dependent PA EFFECT js the secondary effect on shears, axial forces and moments of frame members due to the action of the vertical loads induced by horizontal displacement ‘of the structure resulting from various loading, SHEAR WALL isa wal designed to resi lateral forces parallel tothe plan ofthe wall (sometimes feed 0 a, erica diaphragm o structral wal), SHEAR WALL-FRAME INTERACTIVE SYSTEM tises combinations of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in proportion to their telative rigidities, considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all levels SOFT STORY is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of the stiffness of the story above. See ‘Table 208-9. SPACE FRAME is a thiee-dimensional_strctoral system, without bearing walls, composed of m imerconnected so as {0 function as a complete self Contained unit with or without the aid of horizontal diaphragms or Noor-bracing systems. TAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMP. (SCBE) isa stecl-braced frame designed in conformance with the provisions of Seetion 526, ECIAL MOMENT-RESISTING FRAME (SMRF) resisting frame specially detailed to provide Association of Stixctural Engineers of the Phippanesductile behavior and comply with the requirements given in Chapter 4 ot 5. SPECIAL TRUSS MOMENT FRAME (STMP) is « romenteresisting frame specially detailed to provide tiuetile belivior and comply with the provisions of Section 525, STORY is the space between levels. Story « i the story below level x STORY DRIFT is the lateral displacement of one level relative tothe level above or below. STORY DRIFT RATIO is the story drift divided by he story height STORY SHEAR, FM is the summation of design lateral forces abiove the story under consideration, STRENGTH is the capacity of an clement of a member to resist factored foad as specified in Chapters 2.3, 4, 5 and 7, STRUCTURE js an assemblage of frauning members designed to support gravity loads and resist lateral forces. Structures may be categorized as building structures. oF nonbuildling structures. SUBDIAPHRAGM is portion of a diaphragm used to transfer wall anchorage forces to diaphragin cross tics. VERTICAL LOAD-CARRYING FRAME is a space fae designed to earry vertical gravity loads, WALL ANCHORAGE § etements anchoring the wall to the diaphragm and those elements within the diaphragm required © develop the anchorage forces, including subdiaphragms and continuous ties, as specified in Sections 208.8.2.7 and 208,8.2.8, WEAK STORY is one in which the story strength is less ‘han 80 percent of the story abave, See Table 208-9. 208.3 Symbols and Notation 4x = ground floor area of structure 0 include area covered ty all overhangs and projections, mn the combined effective ates of the shew walls in the frst story of the sircture, m? 4, = the minimum eross-sectianal area in any horizontal plane in the fist story of a shear wall, wt? 4, © the torsional amplification factor at Levet.x 4%" numerical coefticient specified in Seetion 208.7 and set forth in Talole 208-12 igntoade 275 IAPTER 2 — Mini = seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 208-7 ‘numerical coefficient given in Section 208.5.2.2 CC. = seismic coefficient, as set forth in Table 208-8 B. » dead load on a structural element D, = the length of a shear wall in the frst story in the direction parallel tothe applied forees, m E, By Bq Be = earthquake loads set forth in Section 2085.1, FaPs © design sei ‘or, respectively, N = design seismic force on x partof the structure, N Fe, ~ design seismic force on a diaphragm, N F, = that portion of the base shear, ¥, considered concentrated at the top of the structure in adition fF ,N ff = lateral foree at Level (for use in N & acceleration due to gravity = 9.815 misec? Tis Bay hheight above the base 10 Level i, or x espectively, mt J» importance factor given in Table 208+1 J, = importance factor for nonstructural component as given in Table 208-1 © live load on a structural element Leveli = level of the structure referred to by the subscript “r= 1" designates the frst level above the base Level bat level that is uppermost in the main pponion of the structure Level r that level that is under design consideration 'e= 1" designates the frst level above the base Af = maximum moment magnitude Ne soutee factor used in the determination of C, in Seismic Zone 4 related (0 both the proximity oF the building or structure to known faults with magnitedes as set fora in Tables 208-4 and 208-6 Mo = near-souree factor used io the determination of C, sin Seismic Zone 4 related to both she proximity of the building or structure to known faults with rmagoitudes as set forth in Tables 208-5 and 208-6 PL = plasticity index of soil determined in accordance "with approved national standards 2 = numerical coefficient representative of the oversirength and global ductility capaci lateral-force-resisting systems, as set forth 208-11 or 208-13 1s ratio used in determining p. See Section 208.5.1 a» Six Sey So» Se, Sy = soil profile types as set forth in Table 208-2 T= -lastic fundamemal period of vibration of the structure in the direction under consideration, see V- = the total design tateral foree or shear al the base iven by Equations 208-4, 208-5, 208-6, 208-7 or 208-11, N ¥, © the design story shear in Story x, N force applied to Level i» tation 208-10, Table National Siructura! Code ofthe Philipines 6 Edition Volume 12.7% CHAPTER 2. inimutn Design Loads WY = the total seismic dead Jond defined in Sections 208.5.1-1 and 208.5.2.1, N ‘Wi = that portion of W located ator assigned to Level / for x respectively, N the weight ofan element or component, N the weight of the diaphragm and the element tributary thereto a Level x, including applicable portions of other loads defined in Section 2085.11, N) cismic zone factor as given in Table 208-3 = Maximam Inelastic Response Displacement, which is the (otal deif.or total story drift that occurs when the stucture is subjected to the Design Basis Ground Motion, inchiding estimated elastic and inelastic contributions to the total deformation, defined in Seetion 208.5.9.2, mun ‘Ay. = Design Level Response Displacement, which isthe total de or toal story dif. that occurs when the structure ig subjected to the design seismic forces, mm 6 horizontal displacement at Level J relative to the base due to applied lateral forces, © for ase in Equation 208-10, mm p ~Redundancy/Reliability Factor piven by Equation 208-3 , = Seismic Force Amplification Factor, which is required (0 account for structural overstrength and sel forth in Table 208-11 Wy Fa bu 208.4 Criteria Selection 208.4.1 Basis for Design ‘The procedures and the limitations for the design of structures shall be detennined considering seismic zoning, site characteristics, occupancy, configuration, structy ‘system and height in accordance with this section. Structures shall he designed with adequate strength to Withstand the lateral displacements induced by the Design Basis Ground Motion, considering the inelastic response of the structure and the inherent redundancy, overstrengt tnd ductilify of the lateral force-resisting system, The minimum design strength shall be based on the Design Seismic Forces determined in accordance with the slatic lateral foree procedure of Section 208.5, except as ‘modified by Section 208.6.5.4 Where strength design is used, the load combinations of Section 203.3 shall apply, Where Allowable Stress Design is used, the load combinations of Section 203.4 shall apply. Allowable Stress Design may’ be used to evaluate sliding Or overturning at the soil-siructure interface regardless of the design approsch used in the design of the structure, provided load combinations of Section 203.4 are utilized, 208.4.2 Oceupancy Categories For purposes of earthquake-resistamt design, each structure shall be placed in one of the oceupancy ‘categories listed in Table 103-1. Table 208-1 assigns importance factors, J and J, and structural observation requirecents for exch category ‘Table 208-1 - Seismic Importance Factors Sn Seismic Seismic eomesey Inpportance | Importance* Cateeory, Factor, 1_| Factor, 4 1 eventiat Facilities * zu ae TL Hazardous Facilities ee re Ti Special Oceupaney 1.00 1.00 Suructures‘ | WW. Standsed I © Oveupa 100 | 1.00 Structures * Miscellancous structures 0 i 7 See Table 103-1 for ocupacyenegory is he inition ofr pont comection in Seton 208 82.3 ha be 1.0 forthe entre connector 4 Siretwaloserseionrepuiremiots are psn in Section 1079 * Rovanchorage of machinery and epipnen regired for ifesfeny Sony the nl of fsa a ae 15 208.4.3 Site Geology and Soil Characteristies Each site shall be assigned a soil profile type based on properly substantisted geotechnical data using the site categorization procedure set forth in Section 208.10 and “Table 208-2. Been = teapot li i het ie : {6 determine the soil profile ype. Type Sp shall be use Pl 6 Se or Se iced nor be assumed wnlessithe ness Sesieed nor be assumed ent at the site or -letermines thas Type Seor. Se. pissent event that Type Se or Sy is established by geotechnteal data 208.4.3.1 Soil Profile Type Soil Profile Types Sx Sw Se.'Sip and Sy are defined in able 208-2 and Soil Profile Type Sis defined as s requiring site-specific evaluation as Follows: 1. Soils vulnerable fo potential failure or collapse seismic loading, such as liquefigble sails, quick and Association of Siuctural Engineers of the Philippineshighly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly cemented soils 2. Peats and/or highly organic clays, where the thickness of peat or highly organic clay exceeds 3.0 3. Very high plasticity clays with a plasticity index, PY > 75, where the depth of elay exceeds 7.5 m. 4. Very thick sofUmedium stiff clays, where the depth of elay exceeds 35 m. The eriteria set forth inthe definition for Soil Profile Type ‘Sp requiring site-specific evaluation shall be considered. If the site corresponds to these criteria, the site shall be classified as Soil Profile Type Sp and a site-specific evaluation shall be conducted, ‘Table 208-2 - Soil Profile Types ‘Average Soil Properties for Top Name? Gener Veta, Description hs niet |__taus) Tad 5 Hard “| > 1500 Rock 30010 |, eS ae 50 100 Rock Tate | is | 30% 2 Profite | 360 | $0 100 1 | Soft Soit [5 | Some wo | <5 | 70 and that ave a high ste of seismie | activity. _ Al faults ater B | than Types Avand | 65 Ligh-ramed wale wi ear pals oa other light materials te Gy —_ as a 7 Ligit-tamed wall syns wdig Hat sap ey 28 22 we | Ealing Frame Stems + Stel ecentrcaly braced frames (EBA, tmorer-eising conection at olumes 8s 28 NL |__amay fiom links — 7c eccenrcally braced Famer (EB), non mopentrulagroemncteea coheed 60 22 nL tay fiom lnk —— = Special concencaliy based Fanes SCBA] 60 BE Ti : + Ordi “concentrically braced frames (OCBF) 32 22 Nt _ *Lightifamed wals sheathed wih wood structural panels / sheet steel panels. ee ef Ne st = Light fame walls wth shear panels oTalloner | —>., 7 sl rater + Bithlingvextaiped bce fares (RBA, A 2s NL ‘non moment-resisting bearn-columa ‘connection * Buckling-resirained braced frames, moment resisting beam-column connections + Special steel plate shear walls (SPSW) C Moment-Resisting Frame Systems ‘= Special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) ‘+ Intermediate stee! moment frames (IMF) ‘+ Ordinary moment frames (OMF) [+ Special truss moment frames (STMF) ‘> Special composite stee and concrete mom frames “Intermediate composite moment frames + Composite partially restrained moment frames |_+ Ordinary composite moment frames D. Dual Systems with Special Moment Frames ‘© Steel eccentrically braced frames __ ‘= Special sicel concentrically braced frames _ "> Composite steel and conerete eccentrically weed frame National Structural Code of the Philipines 6" FE ion Voluene 12.86 CHAPTER 2~ Minimum Design toads Table 208-113(cont’d) Eanthquake-Foree-Resisting Structural Systems of Stee! Syaen Linitaa and ® oy Bailing Hei Lirtaton ny Basi Siamle-orce Resisting System MM Sets Zane, 10 7" Compoate seal and conte concenealy a braved frame ee 6 om - > Composite ie ate sea walls 73 3a Buckling resrained braced frame 3 38 Z Special see plate shear walls € 3 Masonry shar wall with tes! OMB az 38 Steel EBF with sieel SMRF a 2 [Te Stee! EBF with steel OMRF 42 28 ‘+ Special concentrically braced frames with steel Spezia 15 28 7 Special concentrically braced Frames wiih He Speci 42 28 NL 30 Dual Sten wih Tatermelaie Moment Frames | Special sel concentrically braced frame g aa NE NF * Genoese and ost cnet vs os a a = Ordinary compose braced Fame is a NE NE + Ordinary cortpoeie retfeced condo HST walls with steel elements 2 af My Sue F, Cantilevered Column Building Systems Spécial steel moment frames a 3 m7 anal + Tnlermediate ssl momen eae amma 20 10 NP. ¢ Onna st] monet frames io 20 10 NP + Cantevered column elements 22 20 BL 72 G. Steel Systems not Specifically Detailed for Seismic Resistance, Excluding Cantilever Systems _| D “ Be al Table 208-11C Earthquake-Fore-Resisting Structural Systems of Masonry System Limitation and Basic Selsmic-Force Resisting System ® 2% Leelee chy pepe Ziel Zoned A Bearing Wall Systems a g z 6 Masonry shear wall — ae NE o B.Bullding Frame Systems © Masonry shen walls 5 a8 NL 3 € Hom en-Resising Prarie Stems =e — Masonry momea-resistng wall Tames (MMRWE) - Se 2 DiDual Systems aE x = Masonry sear vals wih SMF re 30 = Masonry shear walls wih ssel OMRF_—| 42 2s NL 50 = Masonry shear walls wit conerte IMF 42 28 NL NP Masonry shear vals wih masonry MME 60 rn NL EI Association of Sructural Engineers of the PhilippinesCHAPTER 2 Minimum Design Loads 2.87 ‘Table 208-I 1D Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Wood - Das Semi Fore Resa Sytem ts cx, | Pu eghitay es [Zone 2 Zones | Beg a f oi eral fae pa ol nee 53 a m » Sass ‘© Heavy timber braced frames where bracing a Heyer 2a 2 w a ‘© Light-framed walls with wood shear panels. | walls for structures three stories or less Ls na we ra i Re aes Gaara a carries gravity load a aa Ne oo Tate Pa ar Pipkin oe aaa aac eorolase ene ss 2 wt 2 Se ieee 3 a #8 ‘The fiundamental period T may be computed by using the following equation is] (Se ‘The values of ff represent any lateral force distributed approximately ‘in accordance with the principles of Equations (208-13), (208-14) and (208-15) or any other ratjonal distribution, The elastic deflections, 5; shall be ‘calculated using the applied lateral forces, f. T=20 (208-10) 208.5.2.3 Simplified Design Base Shear ‘Structures conforming to the requirements of Section 208.4.8.1 may be designed using this procedure. 208.5.2.3.1 Base Shear The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined from the following equation 3c vaow 208-11) ‘where the value of G, shall be based on Table 208-7 for the soil profile type. When the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine the soil profile type, Type Si shall be used in Seismic Zone 4, and Type Se shall be used in Seismic Zone 2. In Seismic Zone 4, the Near-Souree Factor, Ny, need not be greater than 1.2 if none ofthe following structural irregularities ae present 1. Type 1, dor of Table 208-9, or 2. Type tor 4 of Table 208-10. 208.5.2.3.2 Vertical Distribution ‘The forces at each level shall be calculated using the following equation: (208-12) where the value of C, shall be determined as in Section 208.5.2.3.1, 208.5.2.3.3 Applicability Sections 208.5.1.2, 2085.13, 208.52.1, 2085.22, 208.5.5, 208.5.9, 208.5.10 and 208.6 shall nol apply when using the simplified procedure. "National Stuctral Code of the Philippines 6!” Edition Volume t208 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minmnum Design Loads ie structural. stems, ion of PA. ‘with Sections 208.5.1.3, : . be determined ising design seismic forces from Section 208,5.2.3.1. Where used, Ay shale taker equal to 0.01 times the story height of al stories. In Section 2088.28, Equation 36 Eoipe and weed not exceed Cy¥pc, but shall not be tess than OSC py. R and 0, shall be taken from Table 208-11 (208-20) shall read Fg = 208.5.3 Determination of Seismic Factors 208.5.3.1 Determination of O, For specific clements of the structure, as specifically identified in this code, the minimum design strength shall be the product of the seismic force overstrength factor and the design seismic forces set forth in Section 208.5. For bath Allowable Stress Design and Strength Design, the Seismic Force Overstrength Factor, Q,, shall be taken from Table 208-11 208.5.3.2 Determination of R ‘The value for R shall be taken fkom Table 208-11 208.5.4 Combinations of Structural Systems Where combinations of structural systems — are incorporated into the same structure, the requirements of this section shall be satisfied, 208.5.4.1 Vertical Combinations The value of R used in the design of any story shall be less than or equal to the value of R used in the given ditgetion for the story above. Exception This requirement need not be applied toa story where the dead weight above that story is [ess than 10 percent of the ‘oial dead weight ofthe structure. Structures may be designed using the procedures of this scetion under the following conditios The entre structure is designed using the lowest R of the lateral force-resistng systems used. of 1. The following two-stage static analysis procedures may be used for structures conforming. to Section 208.4.8.2, Hem 4 ‘Association of 1.1 The flexible upper portion shall be designed! as a separate structure, supported laterally by the rigid lower portion, using (be appropriate values of Rand p. 1.2 The rigid lower portion shall be designed as a separate structure using the appropriate values of R and p, The reactions from the upper portion shall be those determined from the analysis of the upper portion amplified by the ratio of the (Rp) of the upper portion over (R/p) of the lower portion, 208.5.4.2 Combinations along Different Axes In Seismic Zone 4 where a structure has a bearing wall system in only one direction, the value of R used for design in the orthogonal direction shell not be greater than that sed for the bearing wall system ‘Any combination of bearing wall systems, building frame systems, dual systems or moment-resisting frame systems ‘ay be used to resist seismic forces in structures less than 50 m in height. Only combinations of dual systems and special moment-esisting frames shall be used to resist, seismic forces in structures exceeding 50 m in height in Seismic Zone 4. 208.5.4.3 Combinations along the Same Axis Where a combination of different structural systems is utilized to resist lateral frees in the same direction, the value of R used for design in that direction shall not be (greater than the least value for any of the systems utilized in that same direction 208.55 Vertical Distribution of Force The total force shall be distributed over the height of the structure in conformance with Equations (208-13), (208- 4) and (208-15) in the absence of a more rigorous procedure. (208-13) ‘The concentrated force Fat the top, which is in addition to F shall be determined from the equation; F=0077V (208-14) The value of Fused forthe purpose of ealeuatingF; shall be the period tha corresponds with the design base shear as computed using Equation (208-4), need not exceed 0257 and may be considered as zero where P is 0.7 second oF less. The remaining portion of the bss- 40 1 shall be distributed over the height of the stwctire, including Level, according tothe following equation: -ngineets of te Philippines(208-15) ‘teach level designated as x, the force F, shall be applied Cover the area ofthe building in accordance withthe mass distribution at that level. Structural displacements and design seismic forces shall be calculated as the effect of forces F, and F applied at the appropriate levels above the base. 208.5.6 Horizontal Distribution of Shear ‘The design story shear, Vz, in any story is the sum of the forces F, and F, sbove that story. ¥; shall be distributed to the various elements of the vertical lateral force-ressting system in proportion to their rigidities, considering the rigidity of the diaphragm. See Section 208.8.2,3 for rigid clements that are not intended to be part of the lateral focce- resisting systems, ‘Where diaphragms are not flexible, the mass at each level shall be assumed 0 be displaced from the calculated center of mass in each direction a distance equal to 5 percent of the building dimension at that level perpendicular to the direction of the force under consideration. The effect of this displacement on. the story shear distribution shall be considered Diaphragms shall be considered flexible forthe purposes (of distribution of story shear and torsional moment when the maximum lateral deformation of the diephragm is more than two times the average story drift of the associated story. This may be determined by comparing the computed midpoint in-plane deflection of the iaphragm itself under lateral load with the story érift of adjoining. vertical-esisting elements under equivalent twibutary lateral load, National Structural Code of CHAPTER 2~Minimum Design Loads 2-88 208.5.7 Horizontal Torsional Moments Provisions shall be made for the increased shears resulting from horizontal torsion where diaphragms are not flexible. The most severe load combination for each clement shall be considered for design. ‘The torsional design moment at a given story shall be the moment resulting from eccentricities between applied design lateral forces at levels above that story and the vertical-tesisting elements in that story plus an accidental ‘The accidental torsional moment shall be determined by assuming the mass is displaced as required by Section 208.56, Where torsional iregularity exists, as defined in Table 208-10, the effects shall be accounted for by increasing, the accidental torsion at each level by an amplification factor, dy, determined from the following equation: (208-16) where Sng * the average of the displacements at the extreme points of the structure at Level x, mm Sear the maxinum displacement at Level, mm The value of 4, need not exceed 3.0 208.58 Overturning Every structure shall be designed to resist the overturning effects caused by earthquake forces specified in Section 208.5.5. At any level, the overturning moments to be resisted shall be determined using those seismic forees (F, and F,) that act on levels above the level under consideration, At any level, the incrementel changes of the design overturning moment shall be distributed fo the various resisting elements in the manner prescribed in Section 208.5.6. Overtuming effects on every element shall be carried down to the foundation, See Sections 207.1 and 208.8 for combining gravity and seismic forces. Philippines 6” Edtion Volume 12.90 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minimum Design Loads 2085.8.1 Elements Supporting Discontinuous Systems 208.5.8.1.1 General Where any portion of the lateral load-resisting system is discontinuous, such as for vertical imegularty Type 4 in ‘Table 208-9 or plan irregularity Type 4 in Table 208-10, concrete, masonry, steel and wood elements supporting ‘such discontinaous systems shall have the design strength to resist the combination loads resulting from the special seismic load combinations of Section 208 5. Exceptions: é 1. The gudni Bp Seeon 203.5 need not exceed he ‘maxima force that can be transfered tthe element by the lateral-force-resisting system. Concrete slabs supporting ligh,frume wood shear wall sysiems or lightframe steel and wood structural panel shear wall stems. For Allowable Stress Design, the design strength may be determined using an allowable stress increase of 1.7 and a resistance factor, ¢, of 1.0. This increase shall not be ‘combined with the one- third stress increase permitted by ‘Section 203.4, but may be combined with the duration of Toad increase permitted in Section 615.3.4, 208.5.8.1.2 Detailing requirements in Seismic Zone 4 In Seismic Zone 4, elements supporting discontinuous systems shall meet the following detailing or member limitations: 1 Reinforeed eonerete or reinforced masonry elements designed primarily as axial-load members shall ‘comply with Section 421.4.4.5 2, Reinforced concrete elements designed primarily as flexural members and supporting other than light- frame wood shear wall system or light-frame steel and wood structural panel shear wall systems shall comply with Sections 4213.2 and 4213.3. Strength computations for portions of slabs designed as supporting elements shall include only those portions of the slab that comply with the requirements ofthese sections. 3. Masonry elements designed primarily as axial-oad carrying members shall comply with Seetions 706.1.12.4, tem 1, and 708.2.6.2.6, 4. Masonry loments designed primauily as flexural members shall comply with Section 708.2.6,2 5 5. Steel_elements designed primarily as_axial-load ‘members shall comply with Seelions $15.42 and 515.43, Associaton of Structural Enginoers af the Philipps 6. Steet elements designed primarily as flexural ‘members or trusses shall have bracing for both top and bottom beam flanges or chords atthe location of the support of the discontinuous system and shall comply with the requirements of Section 515.6.1.3. 7. Wood elements designed primarily as flexural members shall be provided with lateral bracing or solid blocking at each end of the element and at the ‘eomection location(s) ofthe discontinuous system, 208.5.8.2 At Foundation See Sections 208.4.1 and 308.4 for overturning moments to be resisted atthe foundation soil interface. 208.59 Drift Drift or horizontal displacements of the structure shall be computed where required by this code. For both Allowable Suess Design and Strength Design, the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Aye of the structure caused by the Design Basis Ground Motion shall bbe determined in accordance with this section. The drifts corresponding to the design seismic forces of Section 208.5.2.1 or Section 208.6.5, ds shall be determined in accordance with Section 208.5.9.1. To determine Ay these drifis shall be amplified in accordance with Section 208.5.9.2. 208.5.9.1 Determination of As A static, elastic analysis of the lateral force-esisting system shall be prepared using the design seismic forces from Section 208.5.2.1. Altematively, dynamic analysis may be performed in accordance with Section 208 6. Where Allowable Stress Design is used and where drift is being computed, the load combinations of Section 203.3 shall be used. The mathematical model shall comply wi Section 208.5.1.2. The resulting deformations, denoted as As. shall be determined at all critical locations in the structure. Calculated drift shall include translational and torsional deflections. 208,5.9.2 Determination of Ay The Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, A shall be computed as follows: Ay=O7RAg (208-17) Exception: Alternatively, by may be computed by nonlinear time ‘ustory analysis in accordance with Section 208.6.6 The analysis used to determine the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement Ay shall consider PA effects208.5.10 Story Drift Li Story drifts shall be computed using the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Avs 208.5.10.1 Caleutated Caleulated story drift using ye shall not exceed 0.025 times the story height or structures having a fundamental period of less than 0.7 sec. For structures having a fundamental period of 0.7 sec or greater, the calculated story drift shal! not exceed 0.020 times the story height Bxcepttons: 1. These drift limits may be exceeded when it is demonstrated that greater drift can be tolerated by both structural elements and nonstructural elements that could affect life safety. The drift used in this assessment shall be based upon the Maximum Inelastic Response Displacement, Ay. 2. There shall be no drift limit in single-story steel- framed structures whose primary use is limited to storage, factories or workshops. Minor accessory uses shell be allowed. Structures on which this exception is used shall not have equipment atached to the structural frame or shall have such equipment detailed to accommodate the additional drift. Walls ‘that are laterally supported by the stel frame shall be designed to accommodate the drift n accordance with Section 2088.23 208,5.10.2 Limitations. “The design lateral forces used 10 determine the calculated drift may disregard the limitations of Equation (208-6) and (208-7) andl may be Based on the period determined from Equation (208-10) neglecting the 30 oF 40 percent imitations of Section 208.5.2.2, ftom 2, 2085.11 Vertical Component ‘The following requirements apply in Seismic Zone 4 only. Horizontal cantilever components shall be designed fora net upward force of 0.7Cy I, tm addition 10 alf other applicable load combinations, rigontal prestressed components shall be designed using * mone dan $0 percent of the dead load for the gravity Thal, alone of in combination with the lateral force effects 208.6 Dynamiie Analysis Procedures 208.6.1 General Dynami analyses procedures, when used, shall conform to the criteria established in tis section. ‘The analysis shall fhe based on an appropriate ground motion CHAPTER 2—Minimum Design Loads 291 representation and shall be performed using accepted principles of dynamics Structures that are designed in accordance with this section shall comply with all ther applicable requirements of these provisions 208.6.2 Ground Motion ‘The ground motion representation shall, as @ minimum, be ‘one having a 10-percent probability of being exceeded in ‘50 years, shall not be reduced by the quantity & and may bbe one of the following, 1 An elastic design response spectrum constructed accordance with Figure 208-3, using the values of and C, consistent with the specific site, The desi ‘acceleration ordinates shall be multiplied by the acceleration of gravity, 9.815 mvsec’ 2. A site-specific elastic design response spectrum based on the geologic, tectonic, seismologic and sotl characteristics associated with the specific site. The spectrum shall be developed for a damping ratio of 0.05, unless a different value is shown to be ‘consistent with the anticipated steuctural behavior at the intensity of shaking established for the site. 3. Ground motion time histories developed for the specific sie shall be representative of sctual earthquake motions. Response spectra from time histories, either individually or in combination, shall approximate the site design spectrum conforming 10 Section 208.6.2, Item 2, 4, For structures on Soil Profile Type Spy the following requirements shall apply when required by Section 208.4.8.3, Item 4: 4.1 The ground motion representation shall be developed in accordance with lems 2 and 3. 42 Possible amplification af building response due to the effects of soil-structure interaction and lengthening of building period caused by inelastic behavior shall be considered, 5, The vertical component of ground motion may be defined by scaling corresponding horizontal accelerations by a factor of two- thirds, Allenative Factors may be used when substantiated by site- specie dala. Where the Near Source Factor, Mu i than 1,0, site-specific vertical response spectra shall be sod in liew of the factor of two- hires 208.6.3 Mathematical Model all ‘A mathematical model of the physical structure shall represent the spatial distribution ofthe mass snd siffnes Cf the structure to an extent that is adequate for National Stuctural Code of the Philippines 6” Edition Volume 12.92 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minanum Design Loads calculation of the significant feaures of its dynamic response. A three-dimensional model shall be used for the dynamic analysis of structures with highly iregular pplan configurations such as those having a plan inregularity defined in Table 208-10 and having a rigid or semi-rigid diaphragm. The stiffness properties used in the analysis and general mathematical modeling shall be in rccordance with Section 208.5.1.2 208.6.4 Description of Analysis Procedures 208.6.4.1 Response Spectrum Analysis An elastic dynamic analysis of a structure utilizing the peak dynamic response of all modes having a significant contribution to total structural response. Peak modal responses are calculated using the ordinates of the appropriate response spectrum curve which correspond 10 the modal periods. Maximum modal contributions. are ‘combined in a statistical manner to obtain an approximate total structural response. 208.64.2 Tin ‘An analysis ofthe dynamic response ofa siucture at exch increment of time when the base is subjected to a specific _Bround motion time history. History Analysis 208.6.5 Response Spectrum Analysis 208.6.5.1 Response Spectrum Representation and Interpretation of Results The ground motion representation shall be in accordance with” Section 208.6.2. The corresponding response parameters, including forces, moments and displacements, shall be denoted as Elastic Response Parameters. Elastic Response Parameters may be redueed in accordance with Section 208.6.5.4 The base shear for a given direction, determined using dynamic analysis must not be less than the value obtained by the equivalent lateral force method of Section 208.5.2 In this ease, all corresponding, response parameters se usted proportionately 208.6.5.2 Number of Modes The requirement of Section 208.6.4.1 that all significa rvades be included may be satisfied by demonstrating that for the modes considered, at least 90 percent of the participating mass of the structure is included in the calculation of response for cach principal. horizontal direction 208.6.8.3 Combining Modes, The peak member forces, displacements, story forces, story shears and base reactions for each mode shall be combined by recognized methods. When three: dimensional _models are used for analysis, modal Interaction effects shall be considered when combining ‘modal maxima, 208.6.5.4 Reduction of Blastic Response Parameters for Design Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced for purposes: ‘of design in accordance with the folowing items, with the limitation that in no case shall the Elastic Response Parameters be reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is less than the Elastic Response Base Shear divided by the value off. 1. For all regular structures where the ground motion representation complies with Section 208.6. Item 1, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is not less than 90 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Section 208.5.2. 2. For all regular structures where the ground motion representation complies with Section 208.6.2, Item 2, Elastic Response Parameters may be reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is nat less than 80 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Section 208.5.2 3. For all irregular structures, regardless of the ground ‘motion representation, Elastic Response Parameters ‘nay be reduced such that the corresponding design base shear is not less than 100 percent of the base shear determined in accordance with Section 208.5.2. ‘The corresponding reduced design seismic forces shall be used for design in accordance with Section 203, 208.6.5.5 Dircetional Effects Directional effects for horizontal ground motion shall conform to the requirements of Section 208.5.1. The clfects of vertical ground motions on horizontal levers and prestressed elements shall be considered Imaccordance with Section 28.5.1. Altemately, vertical seismic response may be determined by dynamic response ‘methods; inno case shall the response used for design bs Jess than that obtained by the static method. 208.6.5.6 Torsion The analysis shall account for torsional effees, including accidental torsional effects as prescribed in Section 208.5.7. Where thyee-dimensional models are used for analysis, effects of accidental torsion shall be accounted for by appropriate adjustments in the model such adjusiment of mass locations, or by equivalent stat procedures suel as provided in Section 208.56, Associaton of Stuicural Engineers ofthe Philppines208,6.5.7 Dual Systems Where the lateral forces are resisted by a dual system as, defined in Section 208.4 8.4, the combined system shall le of resisting the base shear determined in sccordance with this section. The moment-ressting frame shall conform to Section 208.4.64, liem 2, and may be analyred wsing either the procedures of Section 208.5.5 or those of Seetion 208.6.5, 208.6.6 Time History Analysis 208.6.6.1 Time History ‘Time-hislory analysis shall be periormed with pairs of appropriate hosizontal ground-motion time- history components that shall be selected and scaled from not less than three recorded events. Appropriate time histories shall have magnitudes, fault distances and source ‘mechanisms that are consistent with thase that control the design-basis carthquake (or maximum — capable centhquake). Whete three appropriate recorded ground- ‘mation time-history pairs are not available, appropriate Simulated ground-motion lime-history pairs may be used to make up the total number required. For each pair of horizontal ground- motion components, the square root of | the sum of the squares (SRSS) of the S percen'-damped site-specific spectrum of the scaled horizontal components shall be constructed. The motions shall be scaled such that the average value of the SRSS spectra does not fall below 1.4 times the 5 percent-damped spectrum of the design-basis earthquake for periods fom 0.27 second to 1.57 seconds. Each pair of time histories shall be applied simultaneously to the model considering. torsional effects, ‘The parameter of interest shall be calculated for each time: history analysis, IF three time-history analyses are performed, then the maximum response of the parameter of interest shall be used for design. If seven or more time- history analyses are performed, then the average value of the response parameter of interest may be used for design, 208.6.6.2 Elastic Time History Analysis, Elastic time history shall conform to Sections 208.6.1, 208.62, 20.6.3, 208.6,5.2, 208654, 208.6.5.5. 208.6.5.6, 208.6.5.7 and 208.6.6.1, Response parameters from elastic time-history analysis shall be. denoted Elastic Response Parameters. AM clements shall be designed using Strength Design. Elastic Response Parameters may be scaled in accordance with Section 208.6.5.4 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minimum Desi 208.6.6.3 Nonlinear Time History Analysis 208.6.6.3.1 Nonlinear Time History Nonlinear time bistory analysis shall mect the sequiremenis of Section 208.410, end time histories shall be developed and results determined in accordance wi the requirements of Section 208.6.6.1. Capacities 2rd characteristics of nonlinear elements shall be modciod consistent with test data or substantiated analy: considering the Importance Factor. The maxienst inelastic response displacement shall not be reduced cud shall comply with Section 208.5.10. 208.6.6.3.2 Design Review When nonlinear time-history analysis is used to justify « structural design, a design review of the lateral- force resisting system shall be performed by an independ: engineering team, including persons licensed in the ppropriate disciplines and experienced in seiswic analysis methods. The lateralforce-tesisting system design review shall include, but not be limited to, the following: 1, Reviewing the development of site-specific spectra and ground-motion time histories, Reviewing the preliminary design of the lateral- fatce-resisting system. 3. Reviewing the final design of the tateral-force- resisting system and all supporting analyses. ‘The enginesr-of-record shall submit with the plans and calculations a statement by all members of the engineering team doing the review stating that the above review has been pesformed. 208.7 Lateral Force on Blements of Structures, Nonstructural Components and Equipment Supported by Strwetares 208.7.1 General Elements of structures and their atachmients, permanent nonstructural components and their attachments, and the attachments for permanent equipment supported by & structure shall be designed to resist the total design seismic forces prescribed in Section 208.7.2. Attachments for Moor or roof:mounted equipment weighing less than 1.8 KN, and furniture need not be designed. Attachments shall include anchorages and required bracing. Priction resulting from gravity loads shal not be considered to provide resistance to seismic forces. 'Nalianal Strulurat Code of the Phiippines 6" Eeition Volume2:94 CHAPTER 2~ Minimum Design Loads When the structural failure of the lateral-force-esisting systems of nonrigid equipment would cause a life hazard, such systems shall be designed to resist the seismic forces prescribed in Section 208.72. ‘When permissible design strengths and other acceptance criteria are not contained in or referenced by this cade, sauch criteria shall be obtained from approved national ‘standards subject the approval ofthe building offi 208.7.2 Design for Total Lateral Force ‘The total design lateral seismic force, Fy, shall be determined from the following equation: Fy=4Cul Wp (208-18) Alternatively, F, may be calculated using the following equation (208-19) Except that, shall not be less than O.7C yl HF) and need not be more than 4Cy/M, where: hh, = the element or component attachment elevation with respect to grade. A, shall not be taken les than 00. 1h,» the structure oof elevation with respect to grade. = the in-structure Component Amplification Factor that varies from 1.9 t0 25, A value for a, shall be selected from Table 208-12, Alternatively, this factor may be determined based on the dynamic properties or empirical data of the component and the structure that supports it. The value shall not be taken less than 1.0 Ry is the Component Response Modification Factor that shall be taken from Table 208-12, except that Ry for anchorages shall equal 1.5 for shallow expansion atchor bolts, shallow chemical anchors or shallow cast-in-place anchors. Shallow anchors are those with an embedment Jengti:-to-diameter ratio of less than 8. When anchorage is constructed of nonductile materials, or by use of adhesive, shall equal 1.0, The design lateral forces determined using Equation (208- 18) or (208-19) shall be distributed in proportion to the mass distribution ofthe element oF component Forces determined using Equation (208-!:; shall be used to design members and cor transfer these forces 10 the seismic: r Members and connection design shall vss combinations and factors specified in Seeiion 93.3. ov 2034. The Reliability/Redundancy Factor, 9, may be taken equal to 1.0. applicable forees and Comps Modification Factors in connectors for exter Ss diaphragms, refer to Sections 208.8.2.3, 208.5 i 2088.28. Forces shall be applied in the horizontal dircetions, wh result in the most critical loadings for desig. 208.7.3 Specifying Lateral Forces Design specifications for equipment shall either spect the design laterat forces prescribed herein or reference these provisions 208.74 Relative Motion of Equipment Attachments For equipment in Categories {and Ul buildings as defines in Table 103-1, the lateral-force design shall consides > effects of relative motion of the points of attachment 1 the structure, using the drift based upon Ay 208.7.5 Alternative Designs Where an approved national standard or approved physical test data provide a basis for the earthquake- resistant design of a particular type of equipment or other nonstructural component, such a standard or data may be accepted as a basis for design of the items with the following limitations: 1. These provisions shall provide minimum values for the design of the anchorage and the members and Ccomsections that transfer the forces to the seismic- resisting system, 2. The force, Fy and the overtuming moment used in the design of the nonstructural component shall bbe less than 80 percent of the values that wou! obtained using these provisions. Association of Suuctuial Engineers ofthe PhilippinesCHAPTER 2~ Minimum Design Loaes Table 208-12 Horizontal Force Factors, ay and Ry for Elements of Structures and Nonstructural Components and Equipment 2.95 1. Elements of Structures ', Exterior wails ator above the grind lar and parapets braced above thei centers of aravity All interidebearing and nos-bearing wall Penouse (except when Hamed by an exinsion of the sinicuual fame) - Connections for prefibicated sinicuel elements other walls. See aso Seetion 208.72 Category Element oF Component ay | A | Footnote 1, Wal ining the flowing: a. Unbraced (cantilevered) parapets | 25 3.0 2. Nonstrctirl ‘Components 3. Equipment Virinanent féor-supponed cabinets and book stacks wore Exterior and interior omamentaions and appendages. ‘Chimneys stacks and assed towers sapported on or projecting above the roof a Lately braced or anchored othe sritarl fare at apolat below their cemers of mass ib "Laterally braced or anchored othe sritual fam at or above their centers of mass Sigus and bitibosrds ‘Storage racks (include contents) ove 1.8 m tal ‘haa 18min height incl conents) ‘Anchorage and lateral bracing fr suspended ceilings 283 ight fixtures Ageess Noor systems Masonry or concrete fences over 1.8 m high Panttions tei), Tneuding Support Tanke and ve systems Electrica, mechanical and plumbing equipment and ssocated conduit and ductwork and piping ‘Any fenile equipment atrally braced or anchored tothe siruetural fame ala point below ther center of mass Anchorage of emergency power supply systems and essential communications equipmert. Anchorage and attaches support systems for batery racks and ful tanks necessary | 0 | 30 | 1218 For operation of emergency equipment. See also Section 20872 : 5. Temporary containers with Mansmable r hazards Ae) tea a maternal, |. Rigid components with ductile material ndattachnens. | 10 | 30 1 4 che 2 Rigid components with nonductile material oratachments | 10 | 18 , Compoinents | 3. Flessble components with cutie material and i allchnent a : 4. Flexible components with nonductife materia or sa | as : ‘National Structural Code of the Philippines 6” Editon Volume 196 CHAPTER 2-~ Minimum Oesign Loads Noes for Table 20812 "Sue Section 2082 jo defintions frie component nd if componente Se Section 20842. and 2085.27 for concrete and maoary wells a Se on 20K 7.2 for connections or panel ence for panels “Ape Sets Zonet 2 and $y “Ground suport ste rage racks muy be designed ang he provi of Sotons 208%, Lal vd eine fcr ih ay be tt for the dei of ct formes sel moms prone wisn dei fares a al or greater Hae se specie Sea S822 a 20009 at apiroprate (Only schon or restraned be desioned, © Ceiing wright sal mca igh fstres aor equine’ or partion haar aera spp heli. For purposes of determining the seit force, cen weight of cfs tha 0.2 hal he woe! Ceiigsconsruced of tak and pier ar gypium board srew or nal tached to aqponded membre th support ring a ne eve econing rom wallo wall need not Leanayed, reed the wl are nl on 3 eters apr. Ligh fires and mechanical services lataled in meal suspension sytenz far acon! te and fain panel ces shall be Independent supported fom te srcire above as speed iv UBC Stared 25-2, Part I Mfr access flor stems sale he dead ond of he aces lor sstem plu 25 percent thelr ive foo ps «0.5 Pa pation ead allowance "Equipment includes but not ined io, Boiler, chiles, eo exchangers, pps handing wis, coking lowes. eno panel ‘melon cher raniformers and Wafer quien. shall nce major conde, cing ond pian. hich torr such ‘machinery ond eqipnent and fie sprinkler ston See Seon 20423 for addon reir for sero oo rong feb moaned equipment Seismic reruns may be ome ro ppg and dct suppor il te olowina onion reas: 2 yatera mation fh piping or dct wil no case demaging impact wither systems, "The piping or duct is made of ce materia with ductile conection "SLavera motion of he piping OF det doesnot eau imps of agile appurtoacs Ceiprinkler head) with ae eqpnt. ‘big o scr mene “staterat mation fhe piping 2” du does Not cals ose vere super. **Redshane sypport aftss than 300/mm in engl hase op conscns that cannot deve monn {*Sypport members canter wp, fom the flor are ech or stabi " Seismic restraints may be omit fram eecical raceways sucha cable tas. condi and bus ducts. fa the flowing condition ave sous °°" Loved moon ofthe raceay wil nt case damaging input with ake sete "tater motion ofthe raceney doc not cease les of stem vertical super. today support of zs hon 307 mm in engi Rove op comcton that conor dsp nomen © Sipport members eniever dp ro tke oer oe checked for sabi "Pipi duis ond efeeat races, which man! be fexconl fing on carte, spanning Beto deen! Mads a» ruta ses sal ein fll wit clave main ovat point eso hae etn " Vration toto supporting equipment shail he designed fr teal lads retin fom aioli lotr BY er eos. esr shal ato be prone, bic its verte plac such ha ltr ret mt cee dong yan By or equipment sported on vivo ilaor shall be taken at 2.5 und 1. rept, xr tht if the bolton mowing frome 6 ‘pponed ly shalow or expansion archrm the deen forces for the anchor aula Hy unt: 208-19}.97 (20819) Ginn inital be adic nip by fat of 20 ° Baulpment anchor hal nt be dried suck tat lads ave revise by gravy filet (eto ln % Bxpanrion molars. which are required to rest seen load i ension, shal no) be ed where operational iran Ind oe pest * Movement of components within electrical cabinet, rachaud skikimoned equipment aul portions of submosted eecironechaseal equipment tht may emase damage 0 wher components by spacing. shall be vest Otto Yo nen ean Sepp rans erie on ruck sul retrained again movement al dein det 9 gua for Seam rexinu my incl rap. cai. ol. bare oF cher mechan th evo sing ll roach acta ‘fflanonabe ond tov matral Frc farcen my nese tases teal ads nH srs eps pif rehab provided whch ensures ha the fiction frescos Association of Stuctural Engineers ofthe Phiippines208.8 Detailed Systems Design Requirements F 298.8.1 General All structural framing systems shall comply with the ‘equirements of Section 208.4, Only the elements of the designated seismic-force-esisting system shall be used 10 resist design forces. The individual components shall be designed 10 resist the prescribed design seismic forces aeting on them. The components shall also comply with the specific requirements for the material contained in Chapters 4 through 7. In addition, such framing systems and components shall comply with the detailed system design requirements coniained in Section 208 8 Seismic Zones 2 and 4 shall seismic forces ings from {All building components be designed to resist the effects of prescribed herein and the effects of gravity lo ‘dead and Mloor live loads. Consideration shall be given to design for upliN effects caused by seismic loads In Seismic Zones 2 and 4, provision shall be made forthe effects of earthquake forces acting in a direction other than the principal axes in each of the following circumstances: 1. The structure has plan regularity Type 5 as given in ‘Table 208-10. 2. ‘The structure has plan irregularity Type 1 as given in Table 208-10 for both major axes. 3. Accolumn of a structure forms part af two or more imersecting lateral-foree-resisting systems, Brception: Fess callin i tn co Sd pet Se a ate anit bial ah 20 Snead 9 he ge oresrene, The requrient that onhogonl fects be considered ray be sated by designing such eleven Tor 100 Decent ef the presi dein seam fess oe rection pis 30 percent of the prescribed design seismic faces Inthe perpendicular Jaton. The combinion requiring the eter component siren al be sd sigh Alteratvely, the effects of the two orthogonal Gietons maybe combined on a aque rota thes a he squares (SRSS) basis. When the SRSS method of Combing drtional effets suse, each em computed Sint! be aid th sgn that wl esl 0 mt conservative sul CHAPTER 2—Minimum Design Loads 2:97 208.8.2 Structural Framing Systems Four types of general building framing systems defined in Section 208.46 are recognized in these provisions and shown in Table 208-11. Bach type is subuivided by the types of vertical clements used to resist Iaeral seismic forces. Special fiaming requirements are given in this section and in Chapters 4 through 7. 208.8.2.1 Detailing for Combinations of Systems For components common to different structural systems, the more restrictive detailing requirements shall be used. 208.8.2.2 Connections Connections that resist design seis designed and detailed on the drawings, je foroes shall be 208.8.2.3 Deformation Compatibility All structural ffaming clements and their connections, not requited by design to be part ofthe lateral-force-resisting system, shall be designed and/or detailed to be adequate to maintain support of design dead plus live loads when subjected tothe expected deformations caused by seismic forces. Pa effects on such elements shall be considered, Expected deformations shall be determined as the greater of the Maximum inelastic Response Displacement, dv considering Pa effects determined in accordance with Section 208,5.9.2 or the deformation induced by a story ‘dif of 0.0025 times the story height. When computing expected deformations, the stiffening effect of those elements not part of the lateral-force-resisting. system Shall be neglected, For elements not part ofthe lateral-force-resisting system, the forces inducted by the expected deformation may be considered as ultimate or factored forces. When computing the forces induced by expected deformations, the restraining effect of adjoining rigid structures and nonstructural elements shall be considered and a rational value of member and restraint stiffness shall be used, Inelastic deformations of members and connections may be considered in the evaluation, provided the assumed calculated capacities are consistent with member and ion design and detail For conerete and masonry elements that are part of the lateral- foree-resistng system, the assumed flexural and shear stiffness propemies shall not exceed one half of the _arost section properties unless a rational cracked-section nays is performed, Additional deformations that may result fom foundation Mlexibiity and diaphragm deflections shall be considered. For conerete elements not oree-ssting system, see Section [National Strucuial Case of the Phiippings 6" Elion Voie 12.98 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minunum Design Loads 2088.23.1 Adjoining Rigid Elements Momentresisting ffemes and shear walls may be enclosed by oradjoined by more rigid elements, provided it can be shown that the parisipation or fila of the ‘more sigid elements will not impair the verical ond Interal- load-esisting ability of the gravity load and Iateral-forceresisting, systems. The effects of adjoining rigid clements shall be considered wien assessing ‘whether a structure shall be designated regia: or irregular in Section 208.45. 208.8.2.3.2 Exterior Blements Exterior non-bearing, non-shear wall panels or elements that are attached {0 or enclose the exterior shall be designed to resist the forces per Equation (208-18) or (208-19) and shall accommodate movements of the structure based on Ay and temperature changes. Such elements shall be supported by means of cast-in-place ‘concrete or by mechanical connections and fasteners in ‘accordance with the following provisions: |. Connections and panel joints shall atlow fora relative ‘movement between stories of not less than two times story drift caused by wind, the calculated story drift ‘based on dy or 12.7 mm, whichever is greater. 2. Camrections to permit movement in the plane of the panel for story drift shail be sliding connections using slotted or oversize holes, connections that permit movement by bending of stecl, or other connections providing equivalent sliding and ductility capacity 3. Bodies of connections shall have sufficient ductility and rotation capacity 10 prechide fracture of the conerete or brittle failures at or near welds 4. ‘The body of the connection shall be designed for the force determined by Equation (208-19), where Ry 3.0anda,= 1.0, 5. All fasteners in the connecting system, such as bolts, inserts, welds and dowels, shall be designed for the forces determined by Equation (208-19), where Ry = Loand,™ 1.0. 16, Fasteners embedded in conerete shall be attached to for hooked around, reinforcing steel or otherwise terminated 19 effectively wansfer forces to. the reinforcing siel 208.8.2.3 Ties and Continuity Al parts of a structure shall be interconnected and the connections shall be capable of transmitting the seismic force induced by the parts being connected. Asa ‘minimum, any sinaller portion ofthe building shall be ted to the remainder of the building with clements having at least a strength to resist 0.8 Cy/ times the weight of the smaller portion A positive connection for resisting horizontal forve acting parallel to the member shall be provided for each ‘yum, girder or truss. This force shall not be less thant 0.3 «7 times the dead plus live load. 208.8,2-4 Collector Elements Collector elements shall be provided that are capable of transferring the seismic forces originating in other portions of the structure to the element providing tesistance to those forces. Collector elements, splices and their connection: 1 resisting clements shall resist the forces determines) x accordance with Equation (208-20), In addition, collet clements, splices, and their connections 10 resisting clements’ shall have the design strength to resist the combined loads resulting from the special seismic load of Section 203.5, Exception In structures, or portions thereof, braced entirely by ght. frame wood shear walls or light-frame steel and wood ‘structural panel shear wall systems, collector elesnts, splices and connections to resisting elements need on be designed 10 resist forces in accordance with Equation (208-20). ‘The quantity £,y need not exceed the maximurn force that cean be transferred to the collector by the diaphragm and other elements of the lateral-force-resisting system. For Allowable Stress Design, the design strength may be Setermined using an allowable stess increase of 1.7 and @ resistance factor, , of 1.0. This increase shall not be combined with the one-third stress increase permited by Section 203.4, but may be combined with the duration of load increase permitted in Section 615.34 208.8.2.5 Concrete Frames Concrete frames required by design to be part of the lateral-force-resisting system shall conform 10 the Following: 1. In Seismic Zone 4 they shall be special moment resisting frames. 2. In Seismic Zone 2 they shall, as a evininn intermediate moment-resisting frames be 208.8.2.6 Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Walls Concrete or masonry walls shall be anchored to all Moor and roofs that provide out-of-plane fateral support of the wall. The anchorage shall provide a positive direct connection between the wall and floor or roof construction capable of resisting the larger of the horizontal foroes specified in this section and. Sections 206.4 an 208.7. In addition, in Seismic Zone 4, -Assoriation of Stctural Engineers of the Philppwnesiaphragi to wall anchorage using embedded straps shall hve the straps attached to or hooked around the reinforcing steel or otherwise terminated 10 effectively transfer forces to the reinforcing steel, Requirements for developing anchorage forces in diaphragms are given in Section 2088.2.8 Diaphragm deformation shall be considered inthe design ofthe supported walls 208.8.2.6.1 Out-of- Plane Wall Anchorage to Flexible Diaphragms ‘This seation shall apply in Seismie Zone 4 where flexible diaphragms, as defined in Section 208.5.6, provide lateral support for walls 1. Elements of the wall anchorage system shall. be designed for the forces specified in Section 208.7 where y= 3.0 and a, = 1.5, 2. In Seismic Zone 4, the value of F, used for the design of the elemenis of the wall anchorage system shall rot be less than 6.1 KN per Tineal meter of wall substituted for £: 3. See Section 206.4 for minimum design forces in other seismic zones, 4. Whew elements of the wall anchorage system are not loaded concentrically or are not perpendicular to the wall, the system shall be designed 10 resist all ‘components of the forces induced by the eccentricity 5. When pilasters are present in the wall, the anchorage force at the pilasters shal be calculated considering. the additional load transferred from the wall panels to the pilasters. However, the minimum anchorage force at a floor or roof shall be that specified in Section 208.8.2.7.1 ler | 6. The strength design forces for steel elements of the wall anchorage system shall be 1.4 times the forces ‘otherwise required by this section, 7. The strength desigo forces for wood elements of the wall anchorage system shall be 0.85 times the force otherwise required by this section and these wood elements shall have a ininimui® actual not thickness 0f 63.5 mm. 208.8.2.7 Diaphragms 3. The deflection in the plane of the diaphragm shell not exceed the permissible deflection of the attached clements. Permissible deflection shall be that deflection that will permit the attached element to ‘maintain its structural integrity under the individual Foadingg and continue to support the prescribed loads. 2. Floor and root diaphragms shall be designed to resist the forces determined in uceordance with the National Structural Code of the CHAPTER 2 Minium Design Loads 2-89 +3R tw, (208-20) Em, F, The force Fy determined from Equation (208-20) need not exceed {OC yj, but shall not be tess than 0.5C.fvp. When the diaptragm is required to transfer design seismic forces from the vertical-resisting elements above the diaphragm to other vertical-resisting elements below the diaphragm due to offset in the placement of the elements for to changes in stiffness in the vertical elements, these forces shall be added to those determined from Equation (208-20), 3. Design seismic forces for flexible diaphragms providing lateral supports for walls or frames of masonry or conerete shall be determined using Equation (208-20) based on the load determined in accordance with Section 2085.2 using @ R not exceeding 4 4. Diaphragms supporting concrete or masonry walls shall have continuous ties or struts between diaphragm chords to distribute the anchorage forces specified in Section 20882.7, Added chords of subdiaphragms may be used to form subdiaphragms Yo transmit the anchorage forces to the main continuous crossties. The maximum length-to-widkh ratio of tae wood structural sub-diaphragm shall be 2b 5. Where wood digphragms are used to laterally support conerete or masonry walls, the anchorage shall conform to Section 208.8,2.7. In Seismic Zone 2 and 4, anchorage shall not be accomplished by use of toenails oF nails subject to withdrawal, wood ledgers or framing shat] not be used in eross-grain bending or cross-grain tension, and the continuous ties required by Item 4 shall be in addition to the diaphragm sheathing 6. Connections of diaphragms to the vertical elesnents in structures in Seismic Zone 4, having a plan irregularity of Type 1, 2,3 or 4 in Table 208-10, shall be designed without considering either the one-third increase or the durction of load increase considered in allowable stresses for elements resisting cath) ke forces. 7. In structures in Seismie Zone 4 having a plan itregularity of Type 2 in Table 208-10, diapheagin chords and drag members shall be designed ‘considering independent movement of the projecting wings of the slruelure. Each of these diaphragm itippines 6” Ealtion Volume 12-400 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minimum Design Loads clements shall be designed for the more severe of the following to assumptions a. Motion of the projecting wings in the same direction, b. Motion of the projecting wings in opposing directions, Exception: This requirement may. be deemed. satisfied if. the procedures of Section 208.6 in conjunction with a three dimensional: model have been used 10. determine the lateral seismic forces for design. 208.8.2.8 Framing Below the Base ‘The strength and stiffness ofthe framing between the base and the foundation shall not be less than that of the superstructure, The special detailing requirements of Chapters 4, 5 and 7, as appropriate, shall apply to columns supporting discontinuous lateral-force-resisting clements and to SMRF, IMRE, EBP, STMF and MMRWF system elements below the base, which are required to transmit the forces resulting ftom lateral loads to the foundation, 208.8.2.9 Building Separations {All structures shall be separated from adjoining structures. ‘Separations shall allow forthe displacement 4. Adjacent buildings on the same property shall be separated by at Feast Aug where Sur = Van) +a) and Quy and Avg are the displacements of the adjacent buildings. (208-21) When a structure adjoins a property line not common to @ public way, that strueture shall also be set back from the property line by at least the displacement yy of that structure Exception: ‘Smaller separations or property line. setbacks ‘may be permitted when justified by rational analyses based on ‘maximum expected ground motions. 208.9 Nonbuilding Structures 208.9.1General 208.9.1.1 Scope Nonbuilding stractures include all self supporting structures other than buildings that carry gravity loads and resist the effects of earthquakes. Nonbuilding structures shall be designed to provide the strength required to resis the displacements induced by the minimum lateral forces specified in this section. Design shall conform to the applicable provisions of other sections as modified by the provisions contained in Section 208.9. 208.9.1.2 Criteria The minimum design seismic forces prescribed in this section are at a level that produces displacements in a fixed base, elastic model of the structure, comparable to those expected of the real structure when responding, to the Design Basis Ground Motion. Reductions in these forces using the coefficient R is permitted where the design of nonbuilding structures provides sufficient strength and ductility, consistent with the provisions specified herein for buildings, 10 resist the effects of seismic ground motions as represented by these design forces When applicable, design strengths and other detailed design criteria shall be obtained from other sections or their referenced standards. The design of nonbuilding, structures shall use the loud combinations or factors specified in Section 203.3 or 203.4. For nonbuilding structures designed using Section 208.93, 2089.4 or 2089.5, the Reliablity/Redundancy Factor, p, may be taken as 1.0, When applicable design strengths and other design criteria are not contained in or referenced by this code, such criteria shall be obtained from approved rational standards 208.9.1.3 Weight The weight, 1, for nonbuilding structures shall include all dead loads as defined for buildings in Section 208.5.1.1 For purpases of calculating design seismic forees in ronbuilding structures, J shall also include all normal operating contents for items such as tanks, vessels, bis and piping. 208.9.1.4 Period ‘The fundamental period of the structure shall be ddetermisied by rational methods such as by using Method Bin Section 208.5.2.2 208.9.1.5 Drift The drift limitations of Section 208.5.10 need not apply 10 onbuilding structures. Drift limitations shall established for structural or nonstructural elemens “nese failure would cause life hazards, PA effects sll! be considered for structures whose calculated drifts exceed the values in Section 208.5.1.3, [Association of Structural Engineers ofthe Philippines8.9.1.6 Interaction Effects 1 Scismic Zone 4, structures that support flexible sonstructual clements whose combined weight exceeds 25 percent of the weight ofthe structure shall be designed considering interaction effects between the structure and the supported elements, 08.9.2 Lateral Force force procedures for nonbuilding structures with jtural systems similar 19 buildings (those with tural systems which are listed in Table 208-11) shall selected in accordance with the provisions of Section “Intermediate momentresisting frames (IMRF) may be ted in Seismic Zone 4 far non-building structures in Occupancy Categories It and IF if (1) the structure is less than 15 m in height and (2) the value R used in reducing calculated member forces and moments does nol exceed 28 208.9.3 Rigid Steuctures Rigid structures (those with period T' less than 0.06 second) anc their anchorages shall be designed for the Isteral force obtained from Equation (208-22). v=071C IW (208-22) The force ¥ shall be distributed according 10 the isribution of mass and shall be assumed to act in any Dorizontal direction, i 208.94 Tanks with Supported Bott Flat bottom tanks or other tanks with supported bottoms, founded at or below grade, shall be desired to resist the samie forces calculated using the procedures in Section 208.7 for rigid structures considering the entire weight of the tank and its contents. Alternatively, such tanks may be designed using one of the two procedures. described below: 1. A. response spectrum analysis hat includes consideration of the actual ground motion anticipated at the site and the inertial effeets of the contained fuia. 2A design basis prescribed for the particular type of tank by an approved national slandard, provided that the seismic zones and occupancy categories shall be in conformance with the provisions af Section 208.44 and 208.42, respectively, CHAPTER 2 Minimum Design Loads 2-101 208.9.5 Other Nonbuilding Structures Nonbuilding structures that are not covered by Sections 208.9.3 and 208.94 shall be designed to resist design seismic forces not less than those determined in accordance with the provisions in Section 208.5 with the following additions and exceptions: 1. The factors & and 2, shall be as set forth in Table 208-13. The total design base shear determined in ‘accordance with Section 208.5.2 shall not be less than the following: V=05C1W (208.23) Additionally, for Seismic Zone 4, the total base shear shall also not be less than the following L6ZNy1 ® 2, The vertical distribution of the design seismic forces in structures covered by this section may be determined by using the provisions of Section 208.5.5 or by using the procedures of Section 208.6. Exception: For trreguiar structures assigned to Occupancy Categories I and II that egnnot be modeled as a single mass, the procedures of Section 208.6 shall be used. 3. Where an approved national standard provides a basis for the earthquake-resistant design of a particular type of nonbuidng structure covered by this seetion, such a standard may be used, subject to the liestations in this section: v w (208-24) The seismic zones and occupancy categories shall be in conformance with the provisions of Sections 208,4.4 and 208.4.2, respectively. The values for total lateral force and total base ‘overturning moment used in design shall not be less than 80 percent of the values that would be obtained using these provisions, jon Procedure 10.1 Scope This section describes the procedure for determining S Profile Types S; through Syas defined in Table 208-2. National Structural Code ofthe Philippines 6” Editon Voiuine 12402 CHAPTER 2- Minimum Design Loads Table 208-13 Rand Q, Factors for Nonbuilding Sircnues STRUCTURE TYPE ae Wesel, etding kad resized spheres. ontracedor | 22 | 20 tmbwed lege 2. Canvnrploeconra silos ad chineeyshaving wallscontmoes | 36 | 20 tothe foundation. - 3, Ditibuted mas trochiec exch ck ‘chimney, los and si 29/20 Supponed vera vse - 4. Thssed ower (ieestnding aye), guyed stacks nd 29 | 20 china 5 Cainceseatimone 33d a9 6. Cooling ower 36 | 20 7 Bins and boppes on tized or ai tine eps pope ee 3 Sage racks a6 | 20 9. Signs and bitboards 36 | 20 18 Ao irs dk alae 11 Aittber elsuppartngsesctuss | 3 tether cored a9 | 20 3. (> 3.m of peat andlor highy where #7 thickness of soil) 4. Very high plasticity clays 5. (H>75mwith PI> 75). 6 1 Very thick sofmesum stiely= (i> 36 my Bxgeption:. |. r hi at pi own i ape SE ee Peo iting fae that Soil Pri | hoe Ft et et Dn ted by geotechnical ata, e ‘The criteria sot forth inthe definition for Soi! "fle Type ‘Sr-requiring site-specific evaluation shall ie considered. IF the site corresponds to these criteria, the site shall be classified as Soil Profile Type Sp and a site-specific ‘ovalustion shall be conducted, 1208.10.21 v, Average Shear Waye Velocity shall be determined in accordance with the folowing equation (208-25) 208.10.2 Definitions Soil profile types are defined as follows: Se Sr Se So Se 5. Hard rock with measured shear wave velocity, vi > 1500 as Rock with 760 m/s 50 of s,2 100 kPa, Stiff soil with 180 mvs < v, $360.mvs or with 15 20, wa, > 40 percent an ty <25 kPa Soils requiring site-specific evaluation |. Soils vuinerable to potenti! failure or collapse under seismic loading such as Fiquefiable soils, quick and highly sensitive clays, collapsible ‘weakly cemented soils, eats andor highly organic clays 208.10.2.2 N, Average Field Standard Penetration Resistance and Ni», Average Standard Penetration Resistance for Cohesionless Soit Layers WN and Now shall be determined in accordance with the following equation: (208-26) (208-27 where d, = thickness of La Association of Structural Engineers ofthe Pnaippinesthickness of cohesionless soil layers in the dard penetration resistance of soil layer in accordance with approved nationally recognized ds 208,.10.2.3 5, Average Undrained Shear Strength shall be detennined in accordance with the following equation. (208-28) where: 4, © the total thickness (100-2) of cohesive soil layers in the top 30m Su =the undrained shear strength in accordance with approved nationally recognized standards, not 10 ‘exceed 250 kPa 208,10.2.4 Soft Clay Profile, Se The existence of total thickness of soft clay greater than 3m shall be investigated where a soft clay layer is defined by sy < 24 KPA, Wa.> 40 percent and P/> 20, 1f these criteria are met, the site shall be classified as Soil Profile Type Si 208.10.2.5 Soil Profiles Sy Sp and Sr Sites with Soil Profile Types Se. Sp and Se shall be classified by using one of the following three methods th vs. Nand s, computed in all cases as specified in Section 208.10.2 Lv, forthe top 30 meters (, method). 2, N forthe top 30 meters (W method), 3. Ney for cohesiontess soil layers (PF < 20) i the top. 30m and average s, for cohesive soil layers ("1 * 20) inthe top 30 m (3, method) 208.10.2.6 Rack Profiles, Sand Sy The shear wave velocity for rock, Soil Profile Type Sa shall be cither measured on site or estimated by a geotechnical engineer, engineering geologist or seismologist for competent rock with moderate fracturing and weathering. Softer and more highly fractured and ‘Weathered rock shall either be measured on site for shear ‘ave velocity or classified as Soil Profile Type Se ‘The hard rock, Soil Profile Type Sy, category shall be Supported by shear wave velocity measurement either on Site or on profiles of the same rock type in the same formation with an equal or greater degree of weathering Lona Sela Co of the Phiypines CHAPTER 2-- Minimirn Besign Loads 2-103 and fracturing Where hard rock conditions are known 10 bbe continuous to a depth of 30 m, surficial shear wave velocity measusements may be extrapolated 10 assess ‘The rock categories, Soil Profile Types Sy and Sp, shall not be used if there is more than 3 meters of soil between the rock surface ind the bottom of the spread footing or ‘mat foundation, ‘The definitions presented herein shall apply to the upper 30 meters ofthe site profile. Profiles containing distinctly ifferent soil layers shall be subdivided into those layers designated by a number from | to n atthe bottom, wisere there area total of n distinct layers in the upper 30 meters. ‘The symbol i then refer to any one of the layers between | and n 208.11 Alternative Earthquake Load Procedure ‘The earthquake load procedure of ASCE/SEI 7-05 may be used in determining the carthquake loads as an alternative procedure subject to reliable research work commissioned by the owner or the enginecr-on-record to provide for all data required due to the nos-availability of Phivoles- issued spectral acceleration maps for all areas in the Philippines. The engineer-on-record shall be responsible for the spectral acceleration and other related dala not issued by Phivoles used in the determination of the earthquake loads. This altemative earthquake los: procedure shall be subject to Peer Review and approval of the Building Official 8 dion Voturno 12.404 CHAPTER 2 ~ Minimum Design Loads »» Distribution ‘of Active Faults and Trenches Association of Structural Engineers of the PhilippinesCHAPTER 2~ Minimum Design Loads 2-105 = ama. = = Active Faults in Nértheri Philippines Figure 208-28, Seis [Natonal Structural Code ofthe Philippines 6” Editon Volume 4issn East Central Philippin "Roti Fau : 3s awfy Active Fault in pcentral Philip) ines2408 CHAPTER 2 Minimum Design Loads Gan &CHAPTER 2 Minimum Design Loads 2-109 Control Periods 1, = C/25C, T =n9r Tolls Period (77s) Figure 208-3 - Design Response Spectra ‘Table 209-1 - Soil Lateral Load Design Lateral Soil Load™ United Soil kPa per m width Deseription Of Backfill Material Chassitiation |Acve pressure | Atrest pressure ‘Well-graded, clean gravels; gravel-sond mines ca 10 Poorly graded clean gravels, gravel-sand mixes 10 Silty gravels, poorly graded gravel-sand mixes 6 10 Clayey gravels, poorly graded graveland-clay mixes 7 10 Wel-graded, clean sands; gravelly sand mines 3 1 Poorly graced clean sands; sand-gravel mixes 3 meee ity sands, poorly praded sandcsit mies 7 io Sand-sit clay mix with plastic fines 7 16 ‘Clayey sands, poorly graded sand:clay mixes 10 16 Thorganic sls and clayey sills 7 16 ‘Mixture of inorganic silt and cla 10 te Trorganie clays of low to medium plastic 10 16 Organic silts and silt elays, low plasticity Noted Note Toorganic clayey sls, elas sits Note b Noe Inorganic clays of high plasticity Note Note [Organic clays and silty clays ‘oli ‘Note Note b "Design litera ol ade are given for waa ondion or the seid ws tei pina dese: Amel fd condions sal govern Submerged or tomato ops cal tactade the wrt fe bow sl pa the rasta la Unstable or hath neta, ‘The dein and clasifcaion of macs hl he i accordance with ASPM D 248? atonal Structural Code of the Phippries 6" Edition Volume 12:10 CHAPTER 2 Minimum Design Loads aw se ar +o sen ee ee . m nu s at > ae 1 ow ZONE 4 401 ar] 19" ste * Figwe 2084 Reseed Seine Mop fhe Pine Associaton of Structural Enginee