THE 21ST CENTURY GREEN SPACE
DEFINED BY INCREASING HYBRIDIZATION OF ACCESSIBILITY AND COLLAGE OF AMENITY OR
PROGRAM. FURTHER DEMOCRATIC DISTRIBUTION CREATING A PATCHWORK OF LEISURE
POCKETS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT. MORE SOCIALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY-CONSCIOUS
- THE PARK IS AS MUCH A GREEN RECLAMATION ZONE OR GARDEN AS A LEISURE VENUE.
PRESENT
CONTEMPORARY EXPERIMENTATION
GREEN WALL
VERTICAL GARDEN
INDOOR/OUTDOOR
DECOR OR FACADE
2015
GREEN ROOF
EXTENSION OF THE EXISTING ROOF.
DOUBLES AS MEANS OF DRAINAGE IN
SOME CASES
URBAN FARM
GROWING COLLECTIVE PARTICIPATION
IN SUSTAINABILITY PRACTICES.
BLOOMINGDALE TRAIL (606), CHICAGO
MUNICIPALLY-OWNED, PUBLIC GREENWAY
CONVERSION OF AN OLD
ELEVATED RAILROAD INTO AN
URBAN GREENWAY.
A LINEAR PARK OR CORRIDOR
CONNECTING SEPARATE
NEIGHBORHOODS.
2012-2014
EMERGENCE OF THE
SHARE ECONOMY:
UBER, AIRBNB, ETC.
DENVER CITY LOOP
PORT URBANISM, CORPORATE INTEREST IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
COMPETITION ENTRY TO
REVITALIZE AN AGING PARK
IN ONE OF DENVERS
LARGEST PUBLIC
ATTRACTIONS
A PARK EMPHASIZING
PROGRAM: SPECIFIC
(GREATER ABILITY TO
TARGET CONSUMER
DEMANDS) AND CREATIVE
ACTIVITIES (REQUIRING
PHYSICAL OR MENTAL
SKILL), AND EXPERIENCES.
2009
2007
GREAT RECESSION
2001
WAR ON TERROR
THE HIGH LINE, NEW YORK CITY
MUNICIPALLY-OWNED, PUBLIC GREENWAY
A REVITALIZATION AND
RE-PURPOSING OF EXISTING
INFRASTRUCTURE, THE HIGH LINE
STILL RETAINS ITS UTILITY AS A
TRAVERSABLE MEANS OF GETTING
FROM ONE POINT TO ANOTHER,
WHILE ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF
SUSTAINABILITY AND PROVIDING A
PUBLIC SPACE FOR ACTIVITY.
A LINEAR PARK OR CORRIDOR
CONNECTING SEPARATE
NEIGHBORHOODS - GREATER
ACCESSIBILITY.
1991
RAPID GROWTH OF
INTERNET / INFORMATION
AGE / COLD WAR ENDS
LANDSCHAFTSPARK DUISBURG-NORD, GERMANY
LATZ + PARTNER, MUNICIPALLY-OWNED
RE-USE OF A RETIRED
INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX AS
EDUCATIVE MEMORIAL TO THE
INDUSTRIAL PAST.
1980
AN EXAMPLE OF THE PARK
EVOLVING TO MEET SPECIFIC
SOCIOCULTURAL NEEDS BY
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF A
PRE-EXISTING ENVIRONMENT.
INCREASING EMPHASIS
ON SUSTAINABILITY
1954
IBIRAPUERA PARK, BRAZIL
MUNICIPALLY-OWNED, ROBERTO BURLE MARX
A LARGE URBAN PARK WITH
AN EMPHASIS ON A
DIVERSITY OF ACTIVITIES
ACCESSIBLE IN THE CITY
CENTER.
1947
COLD WAR BEGINS
1939-1945
BURLE MARX ONCE SAID,
THE LARGER AND MORE
OPEN A PROJECT, THE MORE
HE LIKED IT, BECAUSE IT
COULD BE ENJOYED BY ALL
SOCIAL STRATA.
WORLD WAR II
1929
GREAT DEPRESSION
1914-1918
WORLD WAR I
1908
FIRST MODEL-T
PRODUCED
TRANSITION FROM MILITARY-RELIGIOUS COMPLEX
TO MILITARY-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX... ?
1898
~1870
SECOND INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION +
EMERGENCE OF
MODERNISM
THE GARDEN CITY
EBENEZER HOWARDS GARDEN CITY / TOWN-COUNTRY MAGNET
WITH THE CITY BECOMING
SYNONYMOUS WITH THE IMAGE
OF INDUSTRIAL LIFE, THE
GARDEN CITY WOULD OFFER
THE BEST OF BOTH MUNICIPAL
SERVICES AND A CLEANER
COUNTRY ENVIRONMENT.
THE PARK AND CITY BECOME
ONE AND THE SAME FOR THE
BENEFIT OF ALL CITIZENS PERHAPS FORESHADOWING
THE FUTURE OF URBAN PARK
DEVELOPMENT.
1857
CENTRAL PARK, NEW YORK CITY
FREDERICK LAW OLMSTED, MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP
THE LAND WAS INITIALLY
OCCUPIED BY FREE
AFRICAN-AMERICANS AND IRISH
IMMIGRANTS WHO NOT ONLY
RAISED LIVESTOCK BUT BUILT
CHURCHES AND CEMETERIES.
AS THE CITY EXPANDED
NORTHWARD PEOPLE BECAME
DRAWN TO THE EXISTING OPEN
SPACES.
PARK SERVING AS REFUGE
FROM THE NOISE AND
POLLUTION OF THE CITY ISOLATED IN ITS EXPANSE.
1830
BOSTON COMMON
MUNICIPAL OWNERSHIP
DATING FROM 1634, THE
COMMONS PURPOSE CHANGED
OVER THE YEARS, NOTABLY
SERVING AS A GRAZING FIELD
FOR COWS AT ONE POINT.
IN 1830, ITS SERVICE AS A
PASTURE ENDED AND WAS
OPENED TO THE PUBLIC - AN
URBAN CLOISTER. THE
POPULACE LIVES AND WORKS
ON THE PERIPHERY, BUT THE
PARK IS NO LONGER A SOCIAL
DIVIDE.
THE GARDEN AS PRECEDENT TO THE COMMON OR PARK
1785
VAUXHALL GARDENS, LONDON
MUNICIPALLY-OWNED, PUBLIC ENTERTAINMENT VENUE
LOCATED ON THE PERIPHERY OF
LONDON AS APUBLIC LESIURE
VENTURE.
~1760
OFFICIALLY A GARDEN, IT COULD
BE MORE ACCURATELY DESCRIBED
AS A PUBLIC AMENTIY
INCORPORATING ELEMENTS OF
THE FORMAL GARDEN AS WELL AS
MORE URBAN TYPES OF
ENTERTAINMENT; I.E. VENUES FOR
THEATRE AND THE ARTS. A
PRECEDENT TO THE MODERN
PARK, IT IS CHARACTERIZED BY
LANDSCAPE FORMALITY.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
MID-ENLIGHTENMENT
1729
CHISWICK HOUSE GARDENS, LONDON
WILLIAM KENT, PRIVATELY-OWNED ESTATE
THE QUINTESSENTIAL ENGLISH
PICTURESQUE LANDSCAPE GARDEN
FEATURING ELEMENTS OF THE
FRENCH FORMAL GARDEN AND
NATURAL RE-CREATIONS - AN
IDEALIZATION OF NATURE.
AN ATTEMPTED DEPARTURE FROM AN
ARTIFICIAL AESTHETIC IN FAVOR OF A
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT AVAILABLE FOR THE PRIVATE
WEALTHY INDIVIDUAL.
1680
NANZEN-JI TEMPLE, JAPAN
SHINTO TEMPLE TAKING
GREAT CARE TO PRESERVE
MUCH OF THE EXISTING
LANDSCAPE.
GARDEN BECOMES INTEGRAL
TO THE ARCHITECTURE.
1668
GARDENS OF VERSAILLES, FRANCE
PLEASURE GARDENS BUILT FOR LOUIX XIV
THE FRENCH FORMAL
GARDEN, PERHAPS GIVING
NEW MEANING TO THE TERM
GARDEN. VAST, SCULPTED,
RESERVED FOR WEALTHY
NOBILITY.
~1400-1600
ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
THE GARDEN REMAINS
HIGHLY PRIVATIZED IN THE
HANDS OF THE RULING FEW.
1096-1487
CRUSADES
SALISBURY CATHEDRAL, ENGLAND, 1258
CLERICAL LEADERSHIP
THE CLOISTER, OR ENCLOSURE INDICATION OF A MONASTIC
FOUNDATION (ABBEY). IT
SEPARATED MONKS FROM SERFS
AND WORKMEN, WHOSE LIVES AND
WORK TOOK PLACE IN THE
CLOISTERS PERIMETER.
THE GARDEN IS EXCLUSIVE LIMITED TO THE PRIVILEGED
RELIGIOUS AUTHORITY AND A
SPATIAL BUFFER BETWEEN SOCIAL
CLASSES.
GARDENS OF ANTIQUITY
~700 AD
EMERGENCE OF THE ALCAZAR ON IBERIAN PENINSULA
UMAYYAD CALIPHATE, FORTIFICATIONS / CASTLES, RELIGIOUS-MILITARISTIC LEADERSHIP
THE MILITARY AND RELIGIOUS
INSTITUTIONS WERE LINKED AND THE
FORTIFICATION / CASTLE WAS THE
EXPRESSION OF THIS CONNECTION.
THE ENCLOSED GARDEN SERVED
PRIMARILY AS A MEANS OF REPOSE
OFTEN IN THE FORM OF WALKING
MEDITATION.
~600 BC &
PRIOR
BIBLICAL PERIOD
HANGING GARDENS OF BABYLON
KING NEBUCHADNEZZAR II
A MYTHICAL MOUNTAIN OF STEPPED
GARDENS - A POSSIBLE PRECEDENT
THAT WOULD LATER MOTIVATE OR
INFORM THE DESIGN OF CASTLE
GARDENS.
ALLEGEDLY BUILT AS A REMINDER OF
THE HILLS AND VALLEYS OF QUEEN
AMYTIS HOME.
