Number N Independent of Z So That For All Z in R: To Establish The Uniform Convergence Use
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Ammar AjmalNumber N Independent of Z So That For All Z in R: To Establish The Uniform Convergence Use
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Ammar AjmalComplex Variables
5.3 Uniform Convergence of Series
DEFINITION (Uniform Convergence) The series
whose nth partial sum is
Sn (z) is said to converge uniformly to S (z) in a region R if, for any > 0, there exists a
number N independent of z so that for all z in R
To establish the uniform convergence use:
THEOREM 7 (Weierstrass M Test) Let
be a convergent series whose terms M1,
M2 , . . . are all positive constants. The series
converges uniformly (and
absolutely) in a region R if
u j z M j
for all z in R
EXAMPLE 1 Use the M test to show that
z 3 4.
j 1
3 3
1
M j 1 ...
3
4 4
j 1
1
4
1
Now: u j z z j 1 u j z 1 z z 2 ..
1 z
j 1
Solution. Observe:
3
Mj
4
is uniformly convergent in the disc
And for z 3 4 (and for z 1 )
That proofs the statement.
u j ( z) M j
1
Complex Variables
Without a proof.
THEOREM 8 Let
converge uniformly in a region R to S(z). Let f(z) be bounded
in R, that is,| f(z)| k (k is constant) throughout R. Then in R,
The series converges uniformly to f(z)S(z).
For instance: for |z|<1 :
THEOREM 9 Let
be a series converging uniformly to S(z) in R. If all the
functions u1(z), u2(z),... are continuous in R, then so is the sum S(z).
For instance: for |z|<1 :
u j z 1 z z 2 ..
j 1
1
1 z
THEOREM 10 (Term-by-Term Integration) Let
be a series that is uniformly
convergent to S(z) in R and let all the terms u1(z), u2(z),... be continuous in R. If C is a
contour in R, then
that is, when a uniformly convergent series of continuous functions is integrated term by
term the resulting series has a sum that is the integral of the sum of the original series.2
Complex Variables
For instance: for |z|<1 :
1
1 z z 2 ...
1 z
For a contour C inside |z|<1
and for the principal branch of the logarithm:
So inside |z|<1 :
THEOREM 11 (Analyticity of the Sum of a Series) If
converges uniformly to
S(z) for all z in R and if u1(z), u2(z),... are all analytic in R, then S(z) is analytic in R.
THEOREM 12 (Term-by-Term Differentiation) Let
converge uniformly to S(z)
in a region R. If u1(z), u2(z),... are all analytic in R, then at any interior point of this region:
Complex Variables
For instance: for |z|<1 :
z j 1 1 z z 2 ..
j 1
1
1 z
we have
d 1
1
d j 1 d
z 1 z z 2 .. 1 2 z 3z 2 ...
2
dz 1 z 1 z
dz j 1
dz
1 z
jz j 1 ;
z 1
j 1