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Answers To AS Physics Hodder Book

Answers to AS Physics Hodder Book

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Answers To AS Physics Hodder Book

Answers to AS Physics Hodder Book

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Biology
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Full Answers to Review Questions 1 Quantities and units 1a) Metre and second are hase units, and speed is a derived quantity; the cally ‘hase quantity is therefore length — the answer is A. 1b) Force isa derived quantity; metre and second arc both hase units; the ‘newton, N, is the only derived unit ~ the answer is C, ‘¢) Acceleration and force both have implied direction and so are vector ‘quantities: metre is a unit; speed has magnitude only, and so is a scalar ‘quantity ~ the answer is D. 4) Distance, mass and time have magnitude but not direction and are all scalar quantities; velocity is the only vector quantity ~ the answer is D. LF =PA= 10 10°Pax 220 x 10-°mt = 22 x IN = 2.2KN 3 From Table 1.2 (page 3): * The units of Qare: As # Those of V are: knw’ Ats* Therefore the units of C ae: 4a) 1km:S 27°E 1b) Average speed = 3.0kmb”! Average velocity = 2.2kmh~! in the direction $ 27°E 5 Horizontal component = 120cos30 = 104ms# ‘Vertical component = 120sin 30 = 60ms" 2 A guide to practical work 1 a) For example: LS i 25 e2 a 36 fe ra Average | 95(.5) ez 43 Tabs AT ‘Volume: V =lwt = 9:55em x 6.2om «43cm = 255cm? 250g Bicm = 0.98 gem"? (980g) 1b) Percentage uncertainty in | Edexcel Physics for AS Crete Ehcsen a Full Answers to Review Questions: 2 A guide to practical work ‘The overall percentage uncertainty is thercforc in the onder of 39% (reobably more when abo taking into account any manafacturing tolerance and the mas: of the wrapper). This means thatthe density of the buter could le hetween about O95 gem" and L.O3gem™". “Although the experimental value of 0.98gem" suggests that buter wil float, the experiment may ‘lece of butter in acup of water!) 2a) 3) Forexample, mas of packet of paper M=252ke ii) Mass of single shect This is accepeable experimental account the mass of the packet and the lack of sensitivity of the Ieitchen scales. ©) i) Forexample, measured thickness of packet/mm 48,417.48, 49 average = 48mm Thickness of single sheet . 504g * Dems Tem x000e6em = 0.84 gem (840kem-) ii) The thickness ofa single sheet of paper could be checked as fllows: 4 First check che micrometer screw gauge or digital callipers for 10 «Fold the paper four ties to get 16 thickness. Compress to remove any at Measure 16 in four dent places. + Take the average and hence find t ‘not be sensitive cnough to confirm this ‘heyond all doubt. (You might like to check what happens with a small crv, particularly when taking into [Note that your Final anawer can bbe quoted oniy tothe number ot ‘Sgnifcant fgutes ofthe least precise ‘of your measuremenis. In tis case, ‘the anawer can only be stated to two ‘Significant fgures as thas only been meaeured to 2 0f Lo Noe the exprimerial octiques given here pe readings (16) {ken n cient places ~ and the Use of but points. Thisis a good Seog ast yu ate yar Full Answers to Review Questions: 2 A guide to practical work 3 a) For example: Table AS A ‘Note thar d and t have been found by measuring the length of ten coins ima row and the height of ten coins, respectively bv -adt " 100% - 9% Do epee “This is more than the estimated experimental uncertainties, wit shold Nolet the feneson and ‘be pout to dutingich beeen the tw types of con. In particular, eater the dference in 10 thicknenes would be (165 ~15.2)mm-= 13mm, uantitve sidonee. eu must ‘which can cay be detected with a mie if only one coin were available, remeber odo tis where the difrence in thskness would he O.13anm, which coull be detected” pasate tout with emicroncter or dig calle. Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 Bi Full Answers to Review Questions: 2 A guide to practical work 4a) hater e=thed ah A graph oft sagsnst h therefore should be a stright line through the ‘origin of gradient equal to 2. by a oa fazs oat __Joar__oan 000 last oe Jazat oro Toe a Your graph should be as in Figure A.1. Pons hen Figure Ad & ©) The graph isa straight line but does not pass through the origin. This ‘suggests a small systematic error. There has possibly been a systematic ‘ertor in measuring the distance, h (pethaps caused by measuring tw the wrong place cach time} or, more likely, there has been a systematic error imedue to time delays in releasing the sphere or opening the trap door. ce) Percentage difference _(98-9.7)ms! “98m 1 i) The values of h have heen recorded only to the nearest centimetre when they would have, presumably, been set toa precision cf I mm. The values should therefore have been recorded as 40.0cm, 60.0cm, tc, toreflect this, ii) Repeat timings should definitely have been recorded, with atleast three values for ech height. More readings, with larger values of hf possible, would also improve the results. 100% = 1% Edexcel Physics for AS (Hodder Education 2009 | Full Answers to Review Questions: 3 Rectilnear motion = AOE Oxo 80s = 1600m~ the answer B. 2. The gradient of a dsplacement-time graph represents the velocity —the sanewer is D. 3. The area under a velocity=time graph repreacnts the displacement ~ the 85 ae an instant 5 a) Accelerate change of vety nuit ima = 1B) i) Average acceleration = 3ms-* 4i) Gear changes are likely to affect the acceleration. 6 se Hut oe 8B) Fora height of ahout 2m, the time is about O.6s. The % uncertainty in his (£0.001m)/(2.0001m) x 100% = 0.05% fort, the value i (0.015)(0.60s) x 100% = 1.7%. Therefore, time has the greater effect cn the uncertainty in g 9 a) seues for = 0+ 4x 98ms* x (2.29 B) v=u+ar=0+98ms?x22s=2ms 10 a) 73m b) 12s ©) Toms (downward) 11a) Vertical component = 10ms-! Horicontal component = 17 ms! 12 a) A = stationary: B= uniform velocity; C = uniform velocity in the ‘opposite direction to Bs D'= increasing velocity (acceleration) 1b) A= constant velocity; B= uniform acceleration; C= uniform deceleration; D/= increasing acceleration. 13 a) -O2mst 1B) 180m ) 10mst Edexcel Physics for AS Crete Eh a Full Answers to Review Questions: 4 Fores 4 Forces 1 a) The resultant force acting on the system = JO00N - (1000 + 1000)N = SOO0N, Vaing Newtons second la = = Fh ‘bY Resultant force on the trailer = (T - 1000)N = 2500kg x 1.00ms-? T= 2500N + 1000N = 3500N the answer iB. 2 a) The weight is a downward gravitational fonee of the Earth on the man. By Newton's third law there must be an equal upward gravitational force cof the man on the Earth - the answer is C. [bY Only two forces act on the man; his weight pulling him down, and the ‘upward push of the table on his feet. For the man to be in equilibrium ‘these must be equal and opposite ~ the answer is B. 3 Examples of distant forces are: gravitational, electrostatic and magnetic (electromagnetic) and nuclear. [Examples of contact forces are: friction, air tesistance and normal reaction forces. 4 Examples of gravitational forces are: sun and planets, satellites, weight of sbjects on Earth [Examples of electromagnetic forces are: motors electrons orbiting the ‘nucleus, forces on static electrical charges. Examples of nuclear forces are: strong forces binding, protons and neutrons, ‘weak forces involved in beta decay. 5. A body is in equilibrium if the vector sum ofall the forces acting on i is ze. 6 bY Weight ©) F= (40KN) con: B+ (AORN) sin |.25ms"?—the answer SKN = 3.9kN 800hg x 9.8ms7 = R= 681 LN ~7kN 5 Work, energy and power 1 Werk done by each force = Fs cos@'= I00N x 100m x AAR, = ott ‘Plot a graph of v? against h The percentage of GPE converted to KE is found by te aradient * 100% 10 Bice = npr * 100% 11a) Powers the rite of doing work. leis measured in watts (W). 1b) Werk done = force x distance = (70 x 9.8)N x (200.25)m = 3430) Power = totkdone . 4 30) Se = 6900 1) The student will do more work moving limbs, contracting muscles, pumping blood, ete. 12 a) Using? = uf + 2as where v= 0} 0=(5.0ms"¥ + 2a(20m) =: 1B) i) F=ma= (L00kg) x (0.6ms”) i) P= Fu =(60N)x(50me 6 Fluids | a) At the instane of release, the viscous force i ser; the ull will begin to fall at the rate ofthe acceleration duc to gravity, 98ms— the answer sD. 1 At point 3 the phere rveling at constant veloc: the acceleration is zero ~the answer is A. «) Between points land 2 the sphere is sill accelerating Jownwars; there ‘must be a resultant downward force, sa the weight is greater than the ssum of the two upward forces, U and F — the answer is D. 4) At point 5 the sphere is moving atthe terminal velocity the resultant {ong iro, s0 the weight must sual th sum ofthe two pal forse = the anmwer iC mas _ _30xI La) p= FQ x 1Oemp kom Edexcel Physics for AS Crete Eh a Full Answers to Review Questions: 7 Solid materials 1b) The air is compressed so its density inside the balloon is greater than ‘that at normal atmospheric pressure, 3.0.76m of mercury 4a) 51x10? m 1b) The above volume is less than the volume displaced by the less dense ‘water in the pool. 5 a) The temperature and the place of origin will hth affect the viscosity ‘of the of. The rate of flow is inversely proportional to the viscosity — stickier fluids move more slowly through the pipelin, so the rate of flow is greater at higher temperatures. Increasing the diameter of the pipe will greatly inerease the rate at ‘which the oil flows through i (atthe same pressure). 1b) If the low rate is too fast, turbulence occurs and much more energy is ‘needed to transport the oil 6 f= (6x) m (h)( Bor} Units of pare: Naw SP be. Nm? Ta) vel mms 1b) The larger raindrops have a much bigger terminal velocity 7 Solid materials | a) The toughest material has the largest area beneath the curve — the answer is C. 1b) The strongest material has the greatest breaking stress ~the answer is B ©) A polymer stretches easily asthe chain molecules untangle, and then stiffens (the gradient rises) when they are aligned ~ the answer is D. dA brite material has little or no plastic extension before it breaks ~ the 1b) Caleulate the area under the line. ©) 1) The wire returns to its original length. it) The wire will be permanently extended. «l) The wire regains its original stiffness —it will follow an identical loading 4a) 1) Stress (o)= i) Strain (a= 4 it) Young moduls E = SON 303% 10m 25x m 9 Bm. 135.10 by o= LS x 10*Pa, 1.8 10°Pa r ee IPPS 145 10"'P Edexcel Physics for AS Crete Eh a ‘Full Answers to Review Questions: 8 Nature of waves 5 Ductile material can be drawn into wires; malleable metals can be readily Ihammered into thin shects. Copper can he drawn into wires for electrical ‘work, and gold can be hammered into very thin leaves for decoration. 6 a) Hysteresis cocurs when the unloading curve ‘tags’ behind the loading 1b) The Hue (upper) line isthe loading curve. ©) The area enclosed by the loop represents the energy per unit volume (ese desity) taser intemal enn of the rubber dringeach cl 48) The band is iniialy slighty stiff until the weak crosslinks between the ‘angled chains are broken. The chains are then uncoiled, giving a lange imcrease in strain for alittle extra stress until the molecules become aligned. The hand now becomes stiff as the strong covalent bonds ‘between the atoms are stretched. On releasing the stress, the chains ‘recoil until the initial amorphous state is regained. 8 Nature of waves 1 Waves are in antiphase when they are half a cycle out of phase. One cycle represents a phase difference of 2x radians; the phases of oscillations in antiphase therfore difer by 7 radians ~ the answer is B, 2 Sound waves are longitudinal waves that transfer energy from vibrating sources. The speed of sound in ait is about 340ms"! at 20°C, but it wares -with air temperature — the answer is A. 3. X-rays are produced by electron bombardment, travel atthe speed of light and can prosluce images on a photographic ats ERMiaraactat ‘more encegctic than those of visible ight, and as E = AE, their wavelenath ‘slower than that of light — the answer ts C. 5x 10H: = 2.5GHs-the answer 5. Amplitude isthe maximum displacement from the mean position. Its SI ‘unit is metre. feogcncy the rember of comple ocean er cr bs St wnt Period isthe time taken for one oscillation, Its SI unit is second. {6 The particles in Ionwitudinal waves osilate along the line of the direction of propasation of the wave, e.g. sound waves. The particles in a iransverse wave cecillate at right angles to the dtection of propagation of the wave, ex waves on a stretched wire. Ta) T=40msf = 1b) Amplitude of the upper trace is 4.0em the lower trace 2.0 em, ) The osilanonsare of acyl cur of phase a phase ference of F 8 Wavelength isthe distance between two adjacent points that ar in phase. 9 Mechanical waves require particles to oscillate and so must have a ‘medium for transmission. Blectromametic waves are associated variations of electric and magnetic fields and they travel through vacuum with 2 speed of 3x 10°ms 10 a) i) O75ms" Edexcel Physics for AS Crete Ehcsen a Ful Answers to Review Questions: 9 Transmission and reflection of waves: fi) 60x 10m ‘ii) LL GH 1b) The waves in (i) are in the ultraviolet (UV) region. 9 Transmission and reflection of waves 1 Blue light has a shorter wavelength and higher frequency than red light. ‘Blue light is slowed down more than red light (it has a higher reactive index) and so itis deviated more towands the normal when it enters the sales ~ the answer is D. 2. Passing lighe through a nartow sit may produce diffraction but the ‘of esillations within photons isso small that vibrations in all planes will be transmitted, Reflection, scattering and Polaroid films ean, allereate polarised light ~ the answer is A. 3. Ultrasound is nom-ionising radiation; itis much less likely to kill or mutate cells than X-rays ~ the answer is C. 4 The observed frequency of a moving source changes acconding tothe ‘Doppler effect. The observe frequency becomes lower when the source moves away from the observer, with the change in frequency depending ‘on the speed of the source. The firework is accelerating away from usi 0 the observed frequency, and hence the pitch ofthe sound, will continue to fall asthe speed increases ~ the answer is C. 5. Sound travels more slowly than light. It takes the sound 0.3s to travel 100m so the speed is 300ms"* (estimate to I significant figure). 6B) Light travels faster in water than in glass so in your diagram you nec tw show that the wavelenuth will increase. The direction of the wave moves away from the normal sind are 1) 155 sin24.5 = sin 28 ue 137 12 8 sino= 153 =o 9 Sound waves cannot be polarised because they are langitulinal. No Particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of the wave. 10 Reflected glare is completely or partially polarised inthe plane a right angles tothe plane of transmission ofthe 11 0.44mi 12 1200m 15 Advantage: etter resolution; disadvantage: shorter range. 14. As the space proke moves away from the Earth, the ceived signal will heat a lower Requency than the transmitted one (Doppler effect). Any. changes in speed relative tothe receiver will requite i tobe tuned to the ‘appropriate frequency. 10 Superposition of waves 1 Although a constant phase relationship is needed for coherence, itt is not ‘essential that the sources are always in phase; it is essential that they have ‘the same frequeney — the answer is B. 10 Edexcel Physics for AS (© Hodder Education 2009 || Ta) 1555 Full Answers to Review Questions: 11 Charge and current 2 To form a minimum on an interference pattern the waves must be in antiphase at that point. The path diference must therefore be half a wavelength — the answer is B 3A guitar string vibrating in the fundamental mode has a mode at cach ‘end with a single antinode in between. The length is equal to half a -wavelenath, so wavelength = 1.24m- the answer is D. 4 The second harmonic has a frequency twice that of the fundamental ~ the answer is D. 5 The engine noise is picked up by a microphone, electronically processed and delivered to the pilot's headphones exactly out of phase with the noise so that destructive superposition occurs, Other signals tothe headphones are not processed. 6 At the edges of the bumps ligt reflected from the top interferes destructively with reflections from the ‘well’. The path difference between the reflections at the receiver must he half a wavelength, and so the height ‘of the hump will be onc quarcr of a wavslength: 42 160nm 4=640nm_ 7 The distance between adjacent antinodes in a standing wave i half a ‘wavelength: Ynbem de ldem 3x 10'ms fa teal Me 025. 10H 8 a) i) Narrower slit gives more diffraction and so the central maximum, should be wider on your sketch, ii) and ai) Red light has a longer wavelength than blue so the central ‘maximum will be wider for the red light sketch. 1b) The peak of the central maximum of the blue pattem falls within the fast minimum and so the two images can he resolved. The central ‘maximum of the re light les outside the fist minimum and so oaly one image is detected. 9% a) i) Sce Figure 10.19, page 113. ti) Fundamental: &= 21 Fist overtone: 1b) i) For an open-ended pipe I= 4 in the fundamental mode; hence 4 = 2 PR |Gradient = 170ms"! = v= 40ms* .c) The speed of sound in air increases as the temperature rises. As the wavelength is fixed the frequency is proportional to the speed, and will therefore rise and fall with the temperature. z 11 Charge and current 1a) Substituting into Q = It, and remembering to put the current in amperes and the time in seconds: Q= 32 109A 60x 60s = 1152C ‘This now has to be divided by the charge on each electron: Edexcel Physics for AS 4 Cre Ehcaen Full Answers to Review Questions: 11 Charge and current 1152 Number of electrons per hour= 7 HS The answer is B. 1b) The time taken for an electron to crass the tube is given by = ‘Substituting into Q = It gives Q= 52x 107A x50 105 = 16x 10C Dividing bythe charge on an electron: ‘Number of electrons in hear The answer is A, 2 a) Rearmanging Q = It, Is 8S _ 0004 = TOS 5 107; ~ 160A = I6kA 1b) To find the number of ions in each strike, divide the total charge (8C) ‘by the change on each ion (1.6 x 10” C}: ‘Number of ions in cach strike 3a) In the equation I = mug 11 current in the conductor sn = number of charge carricrs per unit volume of the conductor OO | A= area of cross-section perpendicular to direction of curent Gel akc Ener i 10 = dit speed of change carriers sr: carts clin rt hee aed 4 = change on each charge camier = mAuy and remembering to pur the current in amperes sand the dimensions in metres: by «) From the rearranged equation » = IfuAq we can sce that the drift speed, 4, is inversely proportional to n, the number of charge carriers per unit ‘volume. It follows that ifthe drift speed in copper is about 10 ms"* (ce. about 10° times less than in the semiconductor), the number of ‘charge carriers per unit volume in the copper must be about 10 more than in the semiconductor — that isin the onder of 10*m"?, which is, indeed, the ease. 4a) i). Substituting into Q = It, and remembering to put the current in amperes and the time in seconds: Q= 15 IDFA x 80x 60s= 126 ii) Now divide this charge by the charge on an electron: Re Bx 10 1) As the filament isin series with the leads, che current I must be the same in each, As the copper leads and the tungsten filament are och ‘neta the change caren wil he free’ clctronsinbothexcs, 04 will be the same for both. The tungsten filament will be much thinner ‘Note that the possibile etfact of each than the copper leads and so the area of cross-section A will be much ‘quantity in the equation has been less forthe tungsten, This woull tend to make the deft specd inthe considered in tun. tungsten much greater. As both materials are metal, the muraber of SS. i Edexcel Physics for AS ‘Hodder Education 2009 | ‘Number of electrons = Full Answers to Review Questions: 12 Potential cifference, electramative force and power ‘change caries per unit volume, n, is tnlkely to be more than an onder ‘of magnitude different and so will have a relatively small elect. The drift speed in the tunasten filament is therefore likely to be greater than inthe copper leads. — 12 Potential difference, electromotive force and power 1a) W= Js" (power = rate of doing work) J = Nm (work = force » distance) ‘anowers a5 far 2s possible, # ime parm inthis cage we coud use our ‘Brower lo pata) as flows: From P =VI we have fo akg a 1b) Working from frst principles, potential difference = work done per pening taco a (Goay tia i a mich char way, =¢-2 Heme g's tA but i does depend on you gating the ‘never to pata comect! Which quantiy, when Ghiced by te, | Curent = charge = time (rem / = Oi) 2 pessibl answers) 3a) Rearranging P= VI, 1b) Substituting into Q = It, and remembering to put the time in seconds: Q=65A x 20 x 60s = 78 x 10°C (to 2 significant figures) «) Rearranging the definition that power = work done/time taken: ‘Thermal energy = powcr x time of operation = 1500]s- x 20 x 60s = LSM) 4a) Work done = force x distance moved = mg xh = 0.600kg x 9SNkg x 094m = 5.5) sworkdone | 3.5272)) time taken 775 o) P=VI=32Vx0.75A=24W fcicnay = Stu! power taken out _ 0 71SW. A) Eley = Tose pura OW 100% ~ 30° €) The rest ofthe enengy wil be converted into heat bythe work done ‘by the motor aginst friction asi rotates and by the masses against air 1b) Power =0.72W Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 i Full Answers to Review Questions: 12 Potential cifference, electramative force and power ‘existance, Ako heat will be generated in the col of the motor and in ‘the connecting wires due to the current in thers having to overcome ‘their electrical resistance. 5a) “ 4 Figure A2 1b) Rate of doing work = power = VI= 0.53 Vx LSA = 0.95(4)W ) Rearranging I = nny: LSA, c I Ag” 80m 10m 5 0.059 « 10m’ x 16x I 4) Using P = Fu (sce page 48): a B= DPMS = 400N (eo sigan gus) 6 a} Power delivered by altematce = VI= 14Vx 70A = 980W 1b) Curent taken by starter motor is given by rearranging P= VI: P , L0ow nv ) Foreach headlight: PL eow_ Tay 734 sonext fase up, Le. 8A, would be suitable ) Energy = Vie = 12V = 1A = 62 «60 x 60s = 2.7M) «) Ifthe four sidelights are let on for 12 hours: senengy used = 4 x SW x 12 x 60 x 60s = 864000) ‘battery capacity, from part d), is 2678400] 864000) T6TS40] 1) Using P = Fo (see page 48), power to drive at 90km per hour up a _stadient of 10% is given by: 24mm" 25A, ‘fraction wed = O32— 4 P=O1 xmene= Ol x 174Dks 5 98N kg! x Dele = BEW (to 2 significant figures) “Maxamum power is stared as ISD, so fraction of maximum power = AY contd T a) Energy saved over S000 hours = (60~ 18) W S000h = 42 x SLWh = S36kWh cost of nergy saved will he = 336 x 5p = £5040 Allowing for £2 cost of lamp, total cast saved will be £48.40, which ‘comfortably exceeds the manufacturers claim, 1b) Apart from monetary cest, the saving in energy is important in ‘conserving the world’s eneray resources as well as reducing the carbon oorprint (les electrical enemy consumed means les carbon dioxide is Edexcel Physics for AS 14 Crete Eh a Full Answers to Review Questions: 13 Curent-potential afference relationships sted in i production), Aint di chee mayb sear carkon cont a low-energy lamp compared with a filament Lamp, although te wll amat certainly lst Tonge. Pom a safety aspect, che low-energy lamp will pobably not get as hot. 18 Current-potential difference relationships | a) A sypical semiconductor diode will not start to conduct until a potential difference of about 0.5 V is applied - the answer is C. 1b) The filament will have resistance even when there isno potential slffrence applied — its resistance isa property ofthe wire from which it is constructed. This resistance will increase when a potential difference is applied as the current heats the filament ~ the answer is D. 2a) Graph A, for the carbon resistor, sa straight line through the origin. ‘This indicates thar the current is proportional to the potential diference sothat the resistor obeys Ohm’ law and has a constant resistance. As sgraph B, forthe filament lamp, is curve, it shows that the lamp does ‘not obey Ohm's law. As the curve gets les steep it indicates that the ‘resistance of the lamp increases wath increased potential difference due ‘tothe heating effect of the current in the tungsten filament wire. 1b) 1) As the resistor is ohmic, R= }-= constant = inverse gradient. Using a lange triangle: (8.0-0.0)V = ors-o0ya= 22 enna Aaa, 100% (3-32) ” 2 = B32 100% = 3% which is within the stated 5% tolerance. The nominal valuc is 339 + 5% = (33 + 1.65), so the measured valic of 320 iswithin the stated tolerance. ) 1), Reading off from graph B, when the potential difference actoss the lamp is 12V, the current init ts 0.375, so: PHVI=12Vx03575A=45W )) Percentage difference between this value and the stated value of SW ) i) From graph B, when the potential difference across the lamp is 12.0V4 the current in itis 0.375, so: *T*035A~ ti) From graph B, when the potential difference across the lamp is 10, the current in it isO.10A, so: eV. OV ©) i) When the resistor and lamp are connected in series, the 12.V potential difference is shared between them, so the potential difference across the Lamp will be less than {2'V. As the lamp has the same value of resistance as the resistor at I2V (322), is resistance ata lower potential difference will he less than that of the resistor. This means the lamp will take less than half ofthe 12 V and so ‘only glow dimly. Es ‘A commen rictake that candidates ‘make isto ascume that the resistance ‘of a filament lamp ie za when the potenti dference across itis 26. ‘This isnot the case. 15 Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 Bn Full Answers to Review Questions: 13 Current-potentiaaiference relationships A similar argument in terms of current can bs made. As the tesistance of the lamp is about the same as that of the resistor, the circuit resistance is approximately doubled when they are connected imseries. This means the current in the lamp is only about half the — ‘normal operating current and so the lamp will only glow dimly. ii) The latter angument is better for considering the power, which, isgiven by ER. In series, cach will take the same current. As the resistance of the lamp at a patential difference of less than 12 V is less than that of the resistor (which remains at 320), the power developed in the resistor is greater than that in the lamp. 34) Ohms sae that for ames snd at amin te: the ent inthe cnr seein to the potential Srey ii) The resistance of any conductor is defined 2s the potential difference efiion and get fal mks. scros the conductor divided by the current in the conductor = ITT mA +t i o Figure A4 a. The current sensor and voltage scrsor are connected to the data logue (analogue to digital converter), the output of which is fed into.a ‘computer. The potential divider is used to vary the potential difference from zero to 2.0V (note thata series variable resistor cannot do this — sce page 153) and the current and potential diference are recorded at set intervals. This data is stored in the data logser and can then be used ‘to plot agraph via the computer. ‘The main advantage of using a data logger ts that a large amount of data ‘can be collected and processed in a relatively short time, thus giving ‘etter average values The only real disadvantage is the complexity of the set-up compared ‘with just using digital meters. Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 Bi Full Answers to Review Questions: 14 Resistance and resistivity +) The resistance of the whole ribbon when the toaster is operating at 240, 1OCOW is given by Vp -¥2_ (240 _ paYor- = CE = 5160 — Ifa length of 1.00 hasa resistance of 11.32, then the total length of ‘the abhon will be ihhon = 57.62 - length of ribbon = $1.88 5 1.00m = 5.10m ‘This asumes that the resistivity ofthe nichrome is the same when it is at the operating temperature of the toaster as itis at 2.0V. In practice, ‘the resistivity will increase with temperature and s0 the length of ribbon | will he ess than the calculated value. An estimate of ‘about Sim’ would ‘not be unreasonable. 4a) ° 35 TTY 4 Figure AS 1b) Reading from the graph, when the current in the diode is 25m, its ‘resistance is 309, ‘The potential difference across the diode is then given by W = IR: V=25x10°A x 300-=075V, ‘The potential difference across the resistor will therefore be (158-0.75)V =083v. ‘The required value of resistance is given by R R= 083V_ 2 320 The most suitable value would therefore be the 3382 resistor. 14 Resistance and resistivity 1a) The number of change carriers per unit volume will remain virtually ‘constant with temperature (it would actually reduce very slightly as ‘the copper expanded, but this would be almost neglzible aver the ‘temperature ange of O°C-100°C) — the answer is B 1b) The resistance would increase linearly with temperature from 3 finite vue at O°C (not zero) ~ the answer is C. (©) The resistance ofa thermistor decrases with temperature due to the significant increase in the number of charge carts the answer is D: 2a) From Figure 14.1h on page 140, the potential difference is about 0.7 fora current of 40mA. Using R= Vil gives: =—01v A xIPA =115a- 160 47 Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 | Full Answers to Review Questions: 14 Resistance and resistivity 1b) Drawa straight line through the origin and the point (0.8V, 16 mA). This represents a resistance of 500 This cus the curve at about 0.6V, so the component will have a resistance of 500 when the potential difference across it is about 0.6V. — DN “Asa check, the current at 0.6¥ is about 12 mA, givinge panes Ba pach a _06v ‘hee anes ae ory aperonmute, T"T2x 107A” —EEEEs 3 a) Between the longer edaes of the chip: 15mm = 5% 10m A= 10mm x Lm = 10 x 1%m x 10m = 10 10m? Resistance is: pel, M0 10ms 5410 A 10 «10m? 1b) Between the faces of the chip: T= Imm = 1x 109m A= 10mm x Smm = 10 x 10m x 5x 10m = 50% 10m? Resistance is pal 0x 1@mx 1 x 10” a 50 x 1D 4a) i) Rearanging P = VI, 1=§ =F = 125A So the kettle will operate safely with a BA fuse. R 6xta it) From R=, R= HL = 2a 90 1) i) At LIOV, fom EE Noe thal you can check i 1) The power disputed is given by P= amo p_liov) P= Vi=110Vx5.7A-620W “Tia” ©) The assumption i reasonable. Asa kettle is used to boil water, the ‘clement will heat up the water until bth reach a temperature of 100°C ‘whether the voltage is 249V or IOV — it will just take lenger at HOV. As the temperature of the element is the same in both eases, its ‘resistance will be the same. 120 5 a) Resistivity, symbol p, is defined by the equation: P| RA itis asia to data eit by oT means ofthe snoop equation, tat remember that athe quanies hee Rs he restnce, [isthe rath and area ofsrosvetion Ss eqs mtb nad 1) i) Rearrnging R = 9 2x 10am U7 A 02453 x 10*m o.o70a mt iv) From 2 EXOT mm 0659 wat 1) Rearranging p= BA: f= An B= 00591 x 10m! x 830m 1.08 x 10*2m_ 6 a) As the graph is a straight Line though the orig, it shows that the current is proportional tothe potential difference, which is Ohm’ law. Note the importance of incucing 1b) Resistivity is given by p= RAML We are given (= 200m), Acanbe though the arigin, without which the found from the diameter (D = 0.25mm) and R can be found from the --SPSWEF Would be of tla value, inverse gradient ofthe graph: eaDE _ xx (025% 10m) a Asa = BARS UCC £491 x 10 mi = 40 Bax 17a M4 ow (RA, 44400491 x 10%m' _ ” po® Als = 11x 10m Ta) 7 . ty 4 Fgueas ‘b) Rearranging P= VIR: ve _ (av Rape gy 798 (©) When the lamp is ‘off itis at a much lower temperature than when it is‘on’ and glowing white hot. Ata lower temperature, the lattice ions ‘vibrate much less and thercforc less impede the flow of electron charge ‘carriers. The drift velocity of the electrons is therefore much greater. ‘This means that in the equation I = nA, v is much greater whilst n, -Acand qremain the same. The current is therefore much greater, which ‘means the resistance is much less. 8 a) i) From the graph, when V= LOV,I= 20mA: Lov Wx 107, ii) From the graph, when V = 3.0, ¥___30v 100 107A BY) P=VI=10V x 20% 10%, i) P= VI=3.0V x 100 x 107A =300 mW Re =a R- =3028 Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 | Full Answers to Review Questions: 15 Bleetric cirurts s) i) The above answers suggest that as energy is being converted at a much greater rate-at 30, then the temperature of the thermistor will be greater at 30V than at LOV, ii) A thermistor isa semiconductor. In semiconductors the number of change caries increases exponentially with temperature. This ‘means that in the equation I = nAny, n increases significantly ‘with temperature whibt the quantities A and remain the same. Although v is slightly reduced due to increased lattice vibrations, this is nowhere near as significant as the increase in n. The overall cffct is that the current increases, and therefore the resistance gets less, as the temperature rises. 15 Electric circuits 1 Start by working out the resistance of each of the combinations: We Inserics R = R, +R, + R= 5+ 152+ a= 52, [X: Start hy adding the two series resistors: 15@ + 1502 = 300 nesters teat Le 1#2_ 3 pe RoR sia’ Has Sia" wat = 2 rR = R= BeBe Then adding the 1582 in series gives 15@ + 750 = 2250 7: Combining the three parallel resistor: ets lt tol... “i, RAR Ga Ge baa a) We can now see that Z = Wi9 — the answer is A. 1B) W = 2 — the ansmer is D. e) X22 Z—the answer sD. 2a) Each ‘arm’ has two 4.70 resistors in series, giving 9.402 in total for each “arm. These ‘arms’ are in parallel, so: Li tot. Pb eek va ota wha 1b) This netwcek of four resistors has a resistance equal to that ofeach of the single resistors. [t might be preferable to use this network rather than a single resistor as the current will split, with half going through ‘cach ‘arm’, This means that the current in each resistor is only half ‘what it would have been fora single resistor. As the power depends on the square of the current (P = F R), the power in each resistor will be 2 quarter of what it would be ina single resistor. This means that the ‘resistors will not heat as much. =R=50 aE =R=410 ‘Note that the tual power developed in che network is the same as fora single resistor ~ its shared equally by the four resistors. 3 Ifthe battery is short-circuited, the only resistance will he the intemal resistance ofthe batter. Using I= B= of P=ER=(ISA¥ x sulci ate er | tis worth temiemberng that two resistors of the eam valve are ‘connected in paral, thir combined resistance is hal the incu ‘2s far as possible, in his exampla by ‘showing that the power developed in the batiery would be 1624. Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 | Full Answers to Review Questions: 15 Bleetric cirurts 4 a) A50.MQ resistor in series with the output will kesp the current very Small. As the severity of an electric shock depends on the current ‘passing through your kody to earth, the resistor acts asa safety device. 1) From 1= ¥ the maximum current will be: Sxl0V sas SelON = 1.04 104A=0.10mA. (©) The total resistance between the terminal ofthe supply and the ground vwill be 50 MG + 10k. As 10k? is only 0.01 MO, the gc’ resistance ‘has very litle effect and so the current inthe gil would be virally the ‘same as in part b), 4) Using P = FR, the power dissipated in the gil would be: P= (10x 10+A)*x 10 x 10° = 10x 1*W =0.10 mW “This is considerably less than the 14 mW from the car battery, and so shows the efloctivencss of the 50 MG resistor asa safety devise. ‘Waring: high voltage supplies, even when safety protected, are still very dangerous and must be treated with the utmost caution. 5 The table is completed by adding values forthe resistance and power, for ‘example V = L44V and] = 0.20 gives: 14a ay- 700 and P=VI=LHV x 020A =029W 740 [160 ors [ose [oso jor Toe [oat Table AB & o os 10 1s 20 28 30 55 RO 4 FigueAT [Note that in onder to achieve a sensible scale, the first data point has been omitted. From the graph it can be seen thar the power has a maximum value when the load R = 0.602 which is equal to the intemal resistance of the cell. 6 a) The table is completed by adding values fr the resistance and power, for cexample V = 590W and |= O.15mA gives: Edexcel Physics for AS Crete Chain 2| Ful Answers to Review Questions: 15 Electric circuits 590V__ yISmA 7 393K P= VE=590V x015mA = 0.88 mW O18 jo20 080 [oo [oso [060 [08s sa0_[ave [535 _[as7 azo |s00_ [201 wa [ees [va [ia [es [so [ar oss [iia |1eo [tee j2to |1ao [rat Table AT a a) "5 oi 02 03 oc 03 08 OF OMA 4 FigweAS For small currents the graph, as shown in Figure A.8, is linear, indicating a constant intemal resistance. For larger currents the sgtaph clearly curves downwards, showing that the internal resistance increases as the current gets larger. ii) The emf of the cell will be the voltage when the current is 2er0, i. the intercept om the voltage axis. From the graph this is 6.5. Pc ‘The internal resistance for low current values is given by the Your answers may difler slightly fram ‘numerical value of the gradient ofthe linear par of the graph, those gen. Drawing graph and Extending the linear par to give a lage triangle: ‘etractng doa tom tis not en exact ssoence atts lays subject to (6.50 -4.25)V_ fone, "= (60 —00)ma ~ > 7kO Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 | Full Answers to Review Questions: 15 Electric circuits oi) oe oe 8 RS ue AD ii) From the graph, the maximum power is approximarcly 2.1 mW. Ta) i) Combining the 2292 and 3382 parallel resistors: bade hgh b2+ gdp n- 82-20 RT R" Na *Ha~ ea wo ‘The total circuit resistance is therefore 472 + 13.20 = 6020. The circuit current willbe given by: The current through the 47 resistor is therefore 100mA. When this current comes to the parallel network, it will split in the inverse ‘tio ofthe esistances, i. 22/35 (= 40mA) through the 3392 resistor and 33/55 (= 60 mA) through the 220 resistor. Alternatively, the potential difference acrass the parallel netwoek is: V=IR= 010A x3.20=132V ssiving the current in the 220 resistor as: -¥_13v . == TRY - 00608 = 60mA and the current in the 33€2 resistor as viv . Fn Be OHA = 40mA ii) The power generated is given by P = FFR in each case: 479: (Q.10A} «470 = 047 222 (006A) «220 = 0079 330: (004A)! «330 = 0053W 1b) The 4790 resistor takes 470m, which is just on the limit of the power ‘ating of SOOmW. The other two resistors are comfortably within the ‘ating. Thus the resistors would be suitable, although a LW rating for ‘the 47.9 resistor might be more prudent. 8 a) Before the veltmeter is connected, the total circuit resistance is RTO + HkO= 55k This gives cireut current of: B Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 | 1 Full Answers to Review Questions: 15 Bleetric cirurts Ev. d= BY = 0u36ma ‘The potential difference across the 33KO resistor is therefore: V=IR= 0.136mA x 33k = 4.5V = Alternatively, ifyou are good at ratios you might spot that the 7.5¥V will split up in the ratio ofthe two resistors V across 3380 = 33/55 4 75V =45V 16) 1). When the switch i closed, the voltmeter is connected in parallel with the 3349 resistor. The resistance ofthis parallel combination will be ss than 33k so the voltage dropped across the combination will be less than the previous 4.5 V. it) ifthe voltmeter reads 4.0V, the potential difference across the 22kQ resistor must he (7.5 - 4.0) V = 3.5V. ‘he cent inthe 22k, which abo dhe cic cure 2235 = RRs 01s9ma The combined resistance of the parallel arangement of the volimeter and the 33k resistor wll therefre be: 1 iy = 106k €) Hfche voltmeter is rated as L0V/IO0¥A, is resistance should be: tow T" 00« 107A “This difers by 6% from the experimental value. As each resistor has a ‘tolerance of 3%, the experimental valuc is within the overall tolerance and s0.is compatible with the stated rating of the voltmeter. 9 a) As the temperature of the thermistce fall, its resistance increases as ‘there will be less change carriers per unit volume. If the resistance of the ‘thermistor increases, the proportion of the supply voltage dropped across it will abo increase and so the proportion of the supply voltage across ‘the resistor R will decrease and V,, will fall. 1) 1). Reading from the graph, at 0°C the thermistor as a resistance of 180k0. ‘When V._. is 5.0V, the voltage across the thermistor and the potentiometer wil be (9.0 — 5.0) = 4.0V, Assuming that the potentiometer is set at zero, the voltage across the thermistor will ke 40V. ‘The current in the thermistor (and therefore the cicuit current as it isa scries circuit) will be given by: 0 10° = 100k -40V__, 1 hh -02tma The value of Ris then given by: Vou. 5.0V_ = ® Oma 72542 Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 Bi Full Answers to Review Questions: 16 Nature of ight The best value to use would therefore be the 22402 resistor, ii) The purpose of the potentiometer is to fine tune the ciecuit. [tis adjusted so that the lamp is switched on at exactly O°C. 16 Nature of light 1a) First ofall, 5% of €0W = 3W. We then need to we the relationship that intensity I ata distance rs given by: power 3W or” ex (Lim The answer is A. 1b) Wewill need toruse E = hf 30 we must find the frequency comesponding to a wavelength of 660nm. Rearranging ¢ = Wm 6.63 «LMJ 04.55 x LOS = 3.01 LY Converting to electron-volts using LeV = 1.6 x 10° nsOr 10) E*Texl™yev The anste is. 2 a) Rearranging @ = hf, and remembering to convert eV into J: eV ebb x 10 JeV4 663 x10 "Js =55 x 10H: The answer is C. 1b) We will need to use E = hf, so we must find the frequency corresponding to a wavelength of 447mm. Rearranging ¢ = 3.00. 10me 447 1m TI «104s Then: = Hf= 6.63 x LO Js 6.71 x LOS" Converting to electron-volts using LeV = 16 x 10°] = 445 ONT The answer is C. 's) In part b) we found that the snergy of a photon of blu light is LISCV. As the work function is 2.28eV, the reverse potential difference that would have to be applied t just prevent photoemission would be: V=(278-228)V=050¥ The answer is A. 3 a) Using hf = E, ~E, and remembering to convert the energy from eV to E 34) 1.6 x LO) 34x 10st Edexcel Physics for AS Cre Eh a Full Answers to Review Questions: 16 Nature of ight = 128 10m 13m The answer is C. Jb) The red end of the visible is about 700nm (= 0.7m), 50 13pm will be just heyond the re, ie. in the infrared. The answer is A. 4a) Aphoton isa small, discrete amount, or quantum, of energy associated. with electromagnetic radiation. 1b) The energy to move an electron through a potential diference of 0.48 V is given by: E=QV= 16x IOC x 048V = 7.68 x10] = 8x 10) <) The efficiency of energy conversion is therefore: ‘ Es eficeney = LEAT « 10% = 19% you ue tha ‘show that value of * 8x 104 and got 20% you wl st A) Rearanging E = hf ‘at fl maka, tis bei to ue 40% 10-4) . ree earcake ca opps 7 603 1m Rearranging c=: 497 107m = 500nm (co 2 sgicant ius) 5. a) The work function of a surface is the amount of energy that is needed to jst remove an electron from the surface. 1) Wewill need tose & = bf so we must find the frequency corresponding to a wavelength of 532mm, Rearranging ¢ = © 3002 10m et 53x LOtm 7 Ot IOs 6.63 LO) 5.64 10S 23.74 1 Convegno wn JV = 16 «10 Be pnt 2HeV = 2300 <) Rearranging hf = 6+ ¢mv"_, gives: aw? = hf = (2.34 — L9)eV = 044eV = OAV x 16m 10 ]eV"E = 20 x 1 44) The frequency ofthe red it willbe less than that ofthe green light, so a quantum of the red light may not have sufficient energy (hf) to overcome the work function and elease photoelectrons. ‘A quick way of calculating the wavslenath corresponding tothe work fanction ito sy that 2 34eV corresponds to532rm (rom part b), therefore L9¢V (the work function) wil coespond to: Ol ‘fo to question acks you ta suggest, {he reason OU would nat be Saat Sees) This in the red region of the specrum and so ifthe ls has a eecen oe swarcletedh goesker hen tbh, Levi net cane any phokocecteone to nn woukios be emitted, 6 a) Green light has the shortest wavelength and therefore the highest frequency. The green LED will therefore emit photons ofthe highest ‘nergy as the photon energy is given by E = hf. 1) i) We will need to use E = hf, 30 we must find the frequency comesponding to a wavelength of 630 nm. Rearranging ¢ = fh: Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 | Full Answers to Review Questions: 16 Nature of fant = 476 W's! 363 mI Ys x 4.76 x 10S 16x10] =3 x10) i Astey= 165 19h Tox yey 20° ) i) We then need use the relationship that intensity at a distance ris ap 7 159 mW mn 16m W ii) The area of the pupil is given by: aD. MS 105 my _ Z A= F ¥ = 196 10% ‘The energy of the photons entering the cye per second is given by: nergy per second = intensity x area = 15. 9mWim™ x 1.96 x 10m? =3.12e 107Jet ‘From part b) i), the energy of each photon is 3.16 x 10 ‘umber of photons per second = eer = 10x 108s! 18 ago mon fare ay. he uber hos nt your second wil get ls and so the intensity wil gs les. 4) Boca, sable la emieed — jomey = Hable yf emia, ~ 18m : = MG x 100% = 15 ) Even at 15% efficiency, LEDs are far mote efficient than filament lamps, which typically have an efficiency of less than 5%. In addition, the coloured glass necessary for filament lamps absorbs 3 certain amount of the light, and LEDS tend to last much longer than filaments It is therefore much cheapsr and far more cnergy-cHicicnt to-use LEDS for traffic lights 7 a) Difracton and interference suggest that light can behave as a wave. 1h) Monochromatic literally means ‘one colour, in other words light all, having the sume frequency or wavelensth. oS) way morn 4 Figure A.10 Edexcel Physics for AS Crete Eisen a Full Answers to Review Questions: 16 Nature of ight 42) The term eV, is equal tothe maximum kinetic enengy Yim the Tt isa measure of the work that has to be done to just stop the most energetic photoelectrons. ©) i) The threshold frequency f, is the frequency when the stopping potential ¥,= 0 From the graph p= 43 x 10H fi) The work function § is given by: B= Hf = 6.63 x 1s 43 x 10ST = 29.4 10] As leV = 16x 10"): = Texto Pyeve eV 4) The energy to release a photoelectron comes from one photon. Below the threshold frequency {na electrons are emitted because the enerry ofeach photon, snot sficien to provide an clecon aca the surface with enough energy to ecape 8 a) Using hf = E, ~E, and remembering to convert the energy from eV to}: (68.6 ~ 18) x 10%eV x 1.6 x 10" JeV = 64x 10"s! 1b) Thisis in the X-ray region of the electromagnetic spectrum, 9a) i) Excited means that the electrons have been given energy to raise ‘ham to higher energy level chan their noma owes ence level ii) The electrons inthe excited mercury atoms are in an unstable state. In order to achieve stability, they emit energy in the form of quanta of electromagnetic radiation, thus returning to lower, more stable, cnergy levels iii) According to quantum theory, the electrons can only exis i certain allowed discrete energy levels. The frequency of the emitted radiation correspond exactly to the energy released when an electron drops from cne of these allowed energy levels toa lower energy level, given by f= E,~ E,. Therefore only certain wavelengths of radiation are emitted. 1h) i) The energy levels for the phosphor electrons are different fom those of mercury and so the enengy transitions will give rise to diferent wavelengths from the mercury. 4) Using Q = It and remembering to convert 18 hour to scone Q= 200 IDA x 15x 60 6s = 1080C iii) Fluorescent tubes are more efficent, insomuch 2s they give out ‘more light than a tungsten filament light forthe same amount of electrical energy supplied. They therefore castles to run and are more environmentally friendly. They are, however, more costly to manufacture, both in terms of money and carbon footprint. 10 a) Consider simple model of an atom consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons in some form of ‘orbits’. An electron in a particular ‘orbit’ will have a certain amount of energy associated with it, made up ofits kinetic ensrgy of rotation and its potential energy duc tothe electric field of the nucleus. This called the ‘energy level! of the electron. 1b) A photon is a small, discrete amount, or quantum, of enensy associated with electromagnetic radiation. ‘Athough yrays could have the sare ‘warelength, yrays come fram the ‘rucisus and nt fem transtions of ‘Secton energy levels as ws have there. An answer of r-raciation would ‘harefore be wrong. Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 | Full Answers to Review Questions: 16 Nature of ight +s) The ensray of the photon in the absorption déagram is: N=E,-E, 44) When a photon is absorbed by an electron, the increase in the enemy = level of the electron is exactly equal to the energy of the pheton. ‘When the electron returns to its lower encrzy level the photon cmieted has an amount of eneray exactly equal to the difference between the energy levels. Therefore the lascr light emitted by the stimulated emission process must have the same wavelenath as the photon in the spontancous emission diagram. ‘¢) In general, coherent" means that there is a constant phase relationship between tiro waves, In the ease of a laser, it means that the emitted photons are all ofthe same frequency and in phase. Edexcel Physicsfor AS © Hodder Education 2009 |

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