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"Objectives" of Lecture #DSP: - The Need For DSP - Aliasing & Windowing - Introduction To FFT

This document introduces key concepts in digital signal processing including aliasing, windowing, and the fast Fourier transform (FFT). It discusses how analog signals are converted to digital signals using analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, and how the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency present to avoid aliasing. It also explains how windowing addresses issues caused by analyzing finite-length digital signals, and how the FFT is used to transform time domain signals to the frequency domain.

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Venino Egitry Asa
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105 views21 pages

"Objectives" of Lecture #DSP: - The Need For DSP - Aliasing & Windowing - Introduction To FFT

This document introduces key concepts in digital signal processing including aliasing, windowing, and the fast Fourier transform (FFT). It discusses how analog signals are converted to digital signals using analog-to-digital (A/D) converters, and how the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest frequency present to avoid aliasing. It also explains how windowing addresses issues caused by analyzing finite-length digital signals, and how the FFT is used to transform time domain signals to the frequency domain.

Uploaded by

Venino Egitry Asa
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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"Objectives" of Lecture #DSP

The need for DSP Aliasing & windowing Introduction to FFT.

Why Digital Signal Processing?


Allows fast & complex calculations, usually without loss of information.

E.G.
MRIs Communication (TV,CD,MP3, etc.) Signal diagnostics (machine health, looking for hidden details)
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A/D converters (analogue/digital)


This lecture, 3 concepts & 1 process.

Aliasing (sampling rate) A/D resolution Windowing (leakage)

Time domain FFT Frequency domain


3

Getting it into the computer! (A/D)


x(t)

time, t We now have a sequence of numbers, i.e., a vector.


4

Mention of one other issue: Resolution


voltage

For a specific voltage range there will only be a certain number of "divisions" available (see later).

Some definitions
x(t) Sampling rate fs=1/t t Window length or Time Record length, T.R.

t T.R.
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Example of a A/D spec.


12bit A/D converter with a sampling rate of 15kHz over a range of -/+ 5 volts Voltage increments: Time increment:

voltage = 10/212 = 10/4096 = 2.441mV t = 1/15,000 sec.


7

Aliasing
How fast do we have to sample? What happens if we don't sample fast enough? What can we do about it?

Fast enough?

1Hz analogue signal 10Hz sampling frequency


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Fast enough?

1Hz analogue signal 5Hz sampling frequency


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1Hz analogue signal or a 4Hz analogue signal 5Hz sampling frequency


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We must sample AT LEAST twice as fast as the highest frequency that is present. e.g. here, 4Hz signal therefore sample 8Hz.
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To avoid aliasing, the analogue signal is first FILTERED (anti-aliasing filters) to ensure that all frequencies higher than 1/2 the sampling frequency have been removed. The maximum detectable frequency is sometimes called the Nyquist frequency.

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Windowing
Finite record length, hence "stop" and "start"

T.R.
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Windowing

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Windowing function

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Recap Fourier series.


Periodic signal of period ,

and where See eq(1.2.1-3)


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Fourier series and FFT


Recall that for the following square wave: 1 x(t) t

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Another way of viewing this:


x(t) t Time domain

FFT
Magnitude of Sine component

Frequency domain

frequency
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Lab. Example

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FFT summary
t Mag. 1/T.R. time

* * *

* *
frequency

0 T.R. FFT N data points

1/2t N/2 Mag. data points N/2 Phase. data points


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