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This document discusses vocal tract acoustics and sound propagation modeling. It describes the source-filter theory of speech production where sound is generated in the vocal tract and filtered by its shape. The document outlines assumptions and solutions for modeling sound waves propagating as plane waves in tubes of varying cross-sectional areas, including boundary conditions. Resonances from wave reflections at area changes correspond to vocal tract formants that characterize different vowels.

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56 views22 pages

Slides 06

This document discusses vocal tract acoustics and sound propagation modeling. It describes the source-filter theory of speech production where sound is generated in the vocal tract and filtered by its shape. The document outlines assumptions and solutions for modeling sound waves propagating as plane waves in tubes of varying cross-sectional areas, including boundary conditions. Resonances from wave reflections at area changes correspond to vocal tract formants that characterize different vowels.

Uploaded by

api-3731921
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EEM.

ssr: Speaker & Speech Recognition

Vocal-tract acoustics

by
Philip Jackson

CVSSP, School of Electronics & Physical Sciences


Articulators
• Jaw mid-sagittal MRI for vowel /i/
• Lips
• Tongue
tip
• Tongue
blade
• Velum
• Larynx
Source-filter theory (1)

• Sound is generated within the vocal tract


(Source)
• Vocal tract independently filters that sound
(Filter)
• Radiated from the lips to the far field
Source-filter theory (2)
Plane waves
1-D wave  2  2

equation: − 0
2
=0
 2
 2

where c 0 = γRT0

There exist solutions of the form:


Assumptions
• The duct • Sound waves
– Straight – Propagating
along the axis
– Rigid
– With planar
– Static wavefronts
– Abrupt area changes – Small
– Lossless
• The medium (isentropic)
– Frictionless – Radiated only
from the open
– Homogeneous end
– Fluid at rest
Boundary conditions

Closed end: Open end:


Wave travelling in a tube

d((t - t 0 ) - x c 0 )t 0
Wave travelling in a tube

d ((t - t 0 ) - x c 0 )t1
Wave travelling in a tube

d((t - t 0 ) - x c 0 )t 2
Wave travelling in a tube

d((t - t 0 ) - x c 0 )t 3
= d (- (x - l ) c 0 )
Wave travelling in a tube

- d((t - t 3 ) + (x - l ) c 0 )t 4 = - d(t 4 + (x - 2l ) c 0 )
= - d ((x - l ) c 0 )
Wave travelling in a tube

- d((t - t 3 ) + (x - l ) c 0 )t5 = - d(t 5 + (x - 2l ) c 0 )


Wave travelling in a tube

- d((t - t 3 ) + (x - l ) c 0 )t 6 = - d(t 6 + (x - 2l ) c 0 )
Wave travelling in a tube

- d ((t - t 6 ) - x c 0 )t 7 = - d (t 7 - (x + 2l ) c 0 )
Wave travelling in a tube

- d ((t - t 6 ) - x c 0 )t 9 = - d (t 9 - (x + 2l ) c 0 )
= - d (- (x - l ) c 0 )
Wave travelling in a tube

d((t - t 9 ) + (x - l ) c 0 )t10 = d (t10 + (x - 4l ) c 0 )


= d ((x - l ) c 0 )
Wave travelling in a tube

d((t - t 9 ) + (x - l ) c 0 )t12 = d (t12 + (x - 4l ) c 0 )


Wave travelling in a tube

d ((t - t12 ) - x c 0 )t13 = d (t13 - (x + 4l ) c 0 )


Resonances of a closed tube

c0
fn = (2n - 1)
4l
Vowels
Summary
• Plane waves approximate sound
propagation in the vocal tract
• Reflections at area changes create
resonances (called formants)
• Formant estimates can be made
from simple tube shapes

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