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Reversible and Irreversible Processes: PHY 471, Statistical Physics, 2007

This document summarizes a lecture on reversible and irreversible processes in statistical physics. It outlines topics on equilibrium through mechanical, thermal, and chemical interactions. It discusses how equilibrium states under constraints can lead to irreversibility when constraints are removed. The maximum entropy theorem states that isolated systems will evolve to the equilibrium state with the maximum entropy. The first law of thermodynamics relates changes in internal energy to work and heat. The second law states that entropy never decreases for isolated systems. The zeroth law establishes the transitive property of thermal equilibrium.

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32 views12 pages

Reversible and Irreversible Processes: PHY 471, Statistical Physics, 2007

This document summarizes a lecture on reversible and irreversible processes in statistical physics. It outlines topics on equilibrium through mechanical, thermal, and chemical interactions. It discusses how equilibrium states under constraints can lead to irreversibility when constraints are removed. The maximum entropy theorem states that isolated systems will evolve to the equilibrium state with the maximum entropy. The first law of thermodynamics relates changes in internal energy to work and heat. The second law states that entropy never decreases for isolated systems. The zeroth law establishes the transitive property of thermal equilibrium.

Uploaded by

Arie James
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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PHY 471, Statistical Physics, 2007

Lecture 06. Reversible and Irreversible Processes


Mahn-Soo Choi (Korea University)
F. Reif, Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics (1965) Chapter 3.

Outline

External parameters (external constraints) Irreversibility of thermodynamic processes Thermodynamic laws (statistical interpretations)

Equilibrium through Mechanical Interaction

thermally insulating

thermally insulating

Equilibrium through Thermal Interaction

thermally insulating

thermally insulating

Equilibrium through Chemical Interaction

thermally insulating

thermally insulating

Thermodynamic Irreversibility
Equilibrium under a given constraint (E ) Equilibrium after removing the constraint (E )

Thermodynamic Irreversibility
Equilibrium under a given constraint (E ) Equilibrium after removing the constraint (E ) Entropy of an isolated system never descreases! (E ) (E )

S (E ) S(E )

Maximum Entropy Theorem


Funddamental Postulate of Statistical Physics (Equal a priori Postulate)

If some constraints of an isolated system are removed, the parameters of the system tend to readjust themselves in such a way that (y1 , , yn ) appraches a maximum. That is to say, (y1 , , yn ) maximum .

The First Law of Thermodynamics

If a system is allowed to interact with another system and thus goes from one macrostate (equilibrium) to another, the resulting change in the internal energy U has the form U = W + Q

U=

P E dP E
dQ

dU =

P dE +
dW

The Second Law of Thermodynamics


In any process in which a thermally isolated system goes from one macrostate to another, the entropy never decreases, i.e., S 0 . If the system is not thermally isolated and undergoes a qusi-static innitismal process absorbing heat dQ, then dS = dQ . T

U = U(S, V ) ,

dU = TdS PdV
dQ dW

The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

If the two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third system C , they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other.

TA = TC , TB = TC TA = TB .

Summary

External parameters (external constraints) Irreversibility of thermodynamic processes Thermodynamic laws (statistical interpretations)

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