CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Lecture Set 1:
Chemical Engineering Fundamentals: An Introduction
Professor Dr. Saibal Ganguly
Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS May 2012
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Lecture Set 1: OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lecture, students should be able to:
Understand chemical engineering fundamentals Understand chemical processes and variables Understand basic definitions
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Industrial Chemical Plant
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Engineering: A journey from the basic laboratory to the large scale industries
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Role of a Chemist
Invention of New Chemical Processes Understand fundamental mechanisms Determine the suitable catalysts Determine suitable process conditions [temperature, pressure, concentration, pH etc] Chemical Analysis [Product/Reactant etc]
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Role of Chemical Engineers in Industrial Process Design
Reactant
Product
Sizing of Equipment Costing of Equipment Process Control of Reaction and Separation Process Heat Integration (Reduce Operating Cost) Overall Economy Analysis Waste Treatment etc.
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Important Chemical Industries
1. Petroleum and Refining 2. Natural gas and gas processing 3. Petrochemicals 4. Polymers 5. Coal and coal chemicals 6. Paper and pulp industries 7. Fertilizer and agricultural chemicals 8. Paints and dyes 9. Iron, Steel, Zinc, Copper & minerals 10. Pharmaceutical and drugs 11. Food and beverages 12. Solvents and refrigerants etc etc.
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Typical Questions to be answered
Raw materials used? Products and intermediates formed? Types of processes used? Process alternatives and economics? Use of products? Where to market? Hazard and safety issues? Storage and transportation?
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
What is a chemical Process?
A process is any operation or series of operations by which a particular objective is accomplished. The operations cause physical or chemical changes in a substance or mixture of substances. The material that enters a process is referred as the INPUT or FEED, and that which leaves is the OUTPUT or PRODUCT.
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Industrial Chemical Process: Reactor
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CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Separation: The distillation process
In a distillation column, vapor and liquid flow in countercurrent directions to each other. Liquid is vaporized at the bottom, and vapor is condensed from the top product and withdrawn from the column. A number of trays are placed in the column, or the column is packed with open material, so that the vapor phase contacts the liquid phase, and components are transferred from one phase to the other.
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
One distillation tray in the column 12
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
As you proceed up the column the temperature decreases, and the net effect is an increase in the more volatile component(s) in the vapor and a decrease in the less volatile components in the liquid. Vapor is withdrawn from the top of the column and liquid from the bottom. Feed to the column usually enters part way up the column.
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly Chemical Process with Multiple steps It is common for processes to consist of multiple steps, each of which is carried out in a process unit, and each process unit has associated with it a set of INPUT and OUTPUT process streams.
What is Flowcharting or Flowsheeting?
Flowcharting is representation of an industrial process or a plant consisting of a series of processes by schematic block diagrams and a systematic analysis of the process.
CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Common steps in chemical processes
Step Step Step Step Step Step Step Step 1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6: 7: 8: Raw Material Storage Raw material preprocessing Separation Reaction and conversion Separation and recycle Product storage Packaging Product Transportation
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CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Flowsheet of a single distillation process
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CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Draw schematic flowchart for multiple units
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CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Process and Operating Variables
Common process variables are: 1. Temperature 2. Pressure 3. Volume 4. Flowrate 5. Weight 6. Level 7. Composition 8. pH 9. quality factor or q (vapor or liquid in feed) 10. Humidity etc
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CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Class Practice:
Assume that you are a chemical engineer working in a company. The owner wants to produce sulfuric acid and start an industry. Draw a very simple schematic process flowsheet as an engineer.
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CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
Assignment 1
Select and Describe ONE chemical industry. What are the raw materials and products? How can you fit as a chemical engineer in this chemical industry and what can be your role?
You can work in a group of two, and each group should focus on different chemical products. Assignment should not more than 5 pages. Submit your assignment by 31st May 2012.
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CCB 1064: Professor Saibal Ganguly
End of Lecture Set 1
THANK YOU
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