(Third Lecture) Techno Forum on Micro-optics and Nano-optics Technologies
Surface plasmons and its dispersion relation
, , http://optics.anyang.ac.kr/~shsong
TM pol. pol
1. What is the surface plasmon (polaroton)? 2. What is the dispersion relation of SPs? 3. How can the SP modes be excited? 4. What can we play with SPPs for nanophotonics?
Key notes
Plasmon = plasma wave (oscillation)
Plasmons = density fluctuation of free electrons
Bulk plasmons
+ +
Plasmons in the bulk oscillate at p determined by the free electron density and effective mass
Surface plasmon polaritons
drude
Ne 2 = m 0
Plasmons confined to surfaces that can interact with light to form propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
ksp =
Localized plasmons
m d c m + d
Confinement effects result in resonant SPP modes C fi t ff t lt i t d in nanoparticles
particle
drude
1 Ne 2 = 3 m 0
Surface plasmons? plasmons?
SPP
TM pol.
/
4
Surface plasmons p
(Gary Wiederrecht, Purdue University)
Definitions: collective excitation of the free electrons in a metal Can be excited by light: photon-electron coupling (polariton) Thin metal films or metal nanoparticles Bound to the interface (exponentially decaying along the normal) Longitudinal surface wave in metal films Propagates along the interface anywhere from a few microns to several millimeters (l l illi t (long range plasmon) or can b extremely l ) be t l confined in nanostructures (localized plasmon)
Note: SP is a TM wave!
vs.
(Surface Plasmon, SP)
Dielectric () ++ Metal ++
m
z
x
e 1z
++
e 2z
(Surface Plasmon Polariton, SPP) Polariton,
( ) TM ~ mm SPP
TM pol.
Surface plasmons
Local field intensity depends on wavelength y p g
(small propagation constant, k) constant
(large propagation constant, k) constant
Material permittivity
Note: Dielectric constants of optical materials
D( ) = 0 r ( ) E ( )
(spatially local response of media)
r ( )
: relative dielectric constant = relative permittivity = dielectric function
Insulating media (dielectric) : Lorentz model Conducting media (Metal, in free-electron region) : Drude model Conducting media (Metal, in bound-electron region) : Drude-Sommerfeld model ( ) Extended Drude model (Lorentz-Drude model)
Material permittivity
Dielectric constant (relative permittivity)
Lorentz model for dielectric (insulator)
N ( ) = 1 + 1 N
j j j 1 3 j j
2 p
,
j
2 p / N j j = 2 , j 2 i
2 = j
Cj m
Drude model for metal in free-electron region
2 2 p p r ( ) = 1 2 = 1 2 +i + 2 3 + 2 + i
Modified Drude model for metal in bound electron region bound-electron
2 2 p p = 2 +i r ( ) = 2 2 3 + 2 + i + 2 p
Extended Drude (Drude-Lorentz) model
2 p r ( ) = 2 + i
2 L 2 ( 2 ) + i L L
Metal permittivity
Drude model for metals: Dielectric constant of free-electron plasma
2 2 p p r ( ) = 1 2 = 1 2 +i + 2 3 + 2 + i 2 p
N e2 = 0 c 0 = = m 0
2 p 2
N e2 0 = : static conductivity m
(1) For an optical f frequency, visible >>
2 2 p p r ( ) 1 2 + i 3 / 2 2 p p = 1 2 + i 3
(2) Ideal case for metals as an undamped free-electron gas
no decay (infinite relaxation time) no interband transitions
2 p r ( ) r () = 1 2 0
Bulk plasmons
Dispersion relation for bulk plasmons
Dispersion relation:
= (k )
surface plasmon plaritons
Dispersion relation for surface plasmon polaritons
Lets solve the curl equations for TE & TM modes with boundary conditions
H i = i 0 i Ei Ei = +i0 H i
Ei ( x, y, z ) = Ei ( z )e jkxi x H i ( x, y, z ) = H i ( z )e jk xi x
: i = d ( z > 0) & i = m ( z < 0)
TE mode
TM mode
Ei ( z ) = (0, E yi , 0), H i ( z ) = ( H xi , 0, H zi ) E yd (0) = E ym (0) H xd (0) = H xm (0)
Ei ( z ) = ( Exi , 0, Ezi ), H i ( z ) = (0, H yi , 0) H yd (0) = H ym (0) Exd (0) = Exm (0)
surface plasmon plaritons
TE modes :
H i = i 0 i Ei Ei = +i0 H i
Ei ( z ) = (0, E yi , 0) H i ( z ) = ( H xi , 0, H zi ) 0
H xi H zi H xi = i 0 i E yi ik xi H zi = i 0 i E yi y y z x z E yi Ezi E yi = +i0 H xi = i0 H xi y z z E yi Exi = +i0 H zi ik xi E yi = i0 H zi k x y
2 E yi z
2
2 + (k02 i k xi ) E yi = 0
We want wave solutions propagating in x-direction, but confined to the interface with evanescent decay in z-direction.
E yi ( z ) = Ai e jk xi x e kzi z : (i = d ), + (i = m); Re [ k zi ] > 0
E yi
Curl equation
= i0 H xi H xi ( z ) = iAi
k zi
eikx x e kz z
Boundary cond.
E yd (0) = E ym (0) & H xd (0) = H xm (0)
Ad = Ad & Ad (k zd + k zm ) = 0
Ad = Am = 0
No surface modes exist for TE polarization !
surface plasmon plaritons
TM modes :
Ei ( z ) = ( Exi , 0, Ezi ) H i ( z ) = (0, H yi , 0)
(ik zi H yi ,0, ik xi H yi )
(i i E xi ,0,i i E zi )
k zi H yi = i E xi
k zm H ym = m E xm
k zd H yd = d E xd
Exm = Exd
H ym = H yd
k zm
H ym =
k zd
k zm
H yd
k zd
surface plasmon plaritons
TM modes :
For any EM wave: y
2 k 2 = i = k x2 + k zi , where k x k xm = k xd c
SP Dispersion Relation
m d kx = c m + d
surface plasmon plaritons
TM modes :
x-direction:
m d k x = k 'x + ik "x = c m + d
2 2 zi
1/ 2
' " m = m + i m
z-direction: k = i k x2 c For a bound SP mode:
k zii = k 'zii + ik zii = c m + d
2 i
1/ 2
kzi must be imaginary: m + d < 0
k zi = i k x2 = i k x2 i c c
2 2
kx > i c
+ for z < 0 - for z > 0
kx must be real: m < 0 So,
< d
' m
surface plasmon plaritons
m d k x = k + ik = c m + d
' x " x
1/ 2
' " m = m + i m
k = ' " c ( m + d ) 2 + m 2
' x
1 2
( ) ( )
2 + 4 + " e m d e 2
1 2
d " kx = ' " c ( m + d ) 2 + m
,
2 " m d 2 2 + 4 + " 2 2 e e m d
1 2
1 2
' " ' where, e = m + m + d m 2 2 2
( ) ( )
' ' ' " m < 0, m > d , and m >> m in most of metals, ,
' kx
' c m + d
' m d
1/ 2
' m d " kx ' c d + d
3/ 2
( )
" m
' 2 m
surface plasmon plaritons
Propagation length
The length after which the intensity decreases to 1/e : h l h f hi h h i i d / Li = ( 2k
" 1 x
, where k = ' c 1 + 2
" x ' 1 2
3/ 2
1" 2(1' ) 2
surface plasmon plaritons
Plot of the dispersion relation : For ideal free-electrons
Plot of the dielectric constants:
p2 m ( ) = 1 2
Plot of the dispersion relation:
m d kx = c m + d
When m d , k x , sp =
k x = k sp =
( 2 p ) d
2
(1 + d ) 2 p
p
1+ d
surface plasmon plaritons
Surface plasmon dispersion relation Surface plasmon dispersionrelation:
kx = m d c m + d
1/ 2
k zi = c m + d
i2
1/ 2
2 2 = p + c 2 k x2
ck x
Radiative modes
('m > 0)
real kx real kz
Quasi-bound modes
p
1+ d
z x
Dielectric: d
(d < 'm < 0)
imaginary kx real kz
Bound modes
('m < d)
real kx l imaginary kz
Metal: m = m' + m"
Re kx
surface plasmon plaritons
Dispersion relation for bulk and surface plasmons
kx = m d c m + d
1/ 2
2 2 p 2 p 2 m = 1 +i 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
Cut-off frequency of SP
2 2 p p p 2 2 2 When m = 1 2 = d , p = d = sp = 1+ d 1+ d
surface plasmon plaritons
Ag/air, Ag/glass
2 2 p 2 p 2 m = + i = B +i 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 ' m " m
For noble metals : J&C measured constants
Silver(Ag) dispersion ( g) p
5
SP Ag/air
light line air SP Ag/glass light line glass
300
E [eV]
600 900 1200 1500
1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.1 1 10 100
Gold(Au) dispersion
1 kx [um-1]
5
SP Au/air light line air
L [um] [ ]
300
SP Au/glass light line glass
600 900 1200 1500 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.1 1 10 100
Copper(Cu) dispersion
5
kx [ um -1 ]
SP Cu/air light line air
L [um]
300
SP Cu/glass
E [eV]
light line glass
600 900 1200 1500 0 10 20 30 -1 40 kx [ um ] 50 60 0.1 1 10 100
L [um]
[nm]
[nm]
E [eV]
[nm]
surface plasmon plaritons
X-ray wavelengths at optical frequencies
Very small SP wavelength
vac=360 nm
SiO2 Ag
surface plasmon plaritons
Penetration depth
At large k x (1' 2 ), zi
1 . kx
Strong concentration near the surface in both media.
Ez = iEx (air : +i, metal : -i)
At low k x ( 1' >> 1),
Ez = i 1' in air : Larger Ez component Ex Ez 1 =i in t l i metal : Smaller Ez component ' Ex
1
Gooood waveguide!
Generalization : Surface Electric Polaritons and Surface Magnetic Polaritons
: Energy quanta of surface localized oscillation of electric or magnetic dipoles in coherent manner
Surface Electric Polariton (SEP)
Surface Magnetic Polariton (SMP)
E
+q q -q q +q q -q q N S N S
Coupling to TM polarized EM wave
Coupling to TE polarized EM wave
Common Features
- Non-radiative modes scale down of control elements - Smaller group velocity than light coupling to SP - Enhancement of field and surface photon DOS
Importance of understanding the dispersion relation : Total external reflection
Slow Propagation, Anomalous Absorption, and Total External Reflection of Surface Plasmon Polaritons in Nanolayer Systems
A layer of a high-permittivity dielectric on the surface of a metal plays the role of a near-perfect mirror causing the t t l reflection of SPP from it. i i th total fl ti f SPPs f it total t t t l external reflection l fl ti
Importance of understanding the dispersion relation : Broadband slow and subwavelength light in air
Importance of understanding the dispersion relation : Negative group velocity
SiO2 Si3N4
d =0 dk
d <0 dk
p
1 + SiO 2
Re kx
SiO2 Si3N4 Al
1 + Si 3 N 4
Excitation of surface plasmons p
The large k of SP needs specific configurations!
k bp
= nbp k 0 = 1 c
2 p 2
2 2 2 = p + c 2 k bp
m ( ) d k sp = nsp k0 = m ( ) + d c
m ( ) =
2 p
2 + i
k0
Radiative modes
( ( 'm > 0)
real kx real kz
Quasi bound Quasi-bound modes
p
1+ d
Dielectric: d
(d < 'm < 0)
imaginary imaginar kx real kz
Bound modes
('m < d)
Metal: M l m = m' + m"
z x
real kx imaginary kz
Re k
nh
2 2 p p ) r ( ) = 2 = +i + i 2 + 2 3 + 2
2 p
Note: R does to zero at resonance when i = rad
k //,d = ksp mG
k // d = kd sin = d //,
k sp = k //,d mG
sin
d
metal
=
c
kd
+G
ksp
kd
k //,d = kd sin
Localized surface plasmons
Localized surface plasmons (Particle plasmons) p ( p )
(Plasmons in metal nanostructures, Dissertation, University of Munich by Carsten Sonnichsen, 2001)
Lycurgus cup, 4th century (now at the British Museum London) Museum, London). The colors originates from metal nanoparticles embedded in the glass. At places, where light is transmitted through the glass it appears red, at places where li ht i scattered near l h light is tt d the surface, the scattered light appears greenish.
Focusing and guidance of light at nanometer length scales
Localized surface plasmons
Rayleigh Theory for metal = dipole surface-plasmon resonance of a metal nanoparticle
(Plasmons in metal nanostructures, Dissertation, University of Munich by Carsten Sonnichsen, 2001)
p = 4 0 R 3
p E = E0 p + 2 0
(surrounding medium, m ) p (particle, )
The polarizability of the metal sphere is
The scattering and absorption cross-section are then
-!
Frohlich condition
Scattering and absorption exhibit the plasmon resonance where,
Re p () + 2 = 0
For free particles in vacuum, resonance energies of 3.48 eV for silver ( p g (near UV) and 2.6 eV for g ) gold ( (blue) are calculated. ) When embedded in polarizable media, the resonance shifts towards lower energies (the red side of the visible spectrum).
Localized surface plasmons
Beyond the quasi-static approximation : Mie scattering Theory
For particles of larger diameter (> 100 nm in visible), the phase of the driving field significantly changes over the particle volume. Mie theory valid for larger particles than wavelength from smaller particles than the mean free-path of its oscillating electrons. Mie calculations for particle shapes other than spheres are not readily performed. The spherical symmetry suggests the use of a multipole extension of the fields, here numbered by n. The Rayleigh-type p y g yp plasmon resonance, discussed in the p previous sections, corresponds to the dipole mode n = 1. p p In the Mie theory, the scattering and extinction efficiencies are calculated by:
Frohlich condition
n + 1 Re p () = embedded n
(Plasmons in metal nanostructures, Dissertation, University of Munich by Carsten Sonnichsen, 2001)
For the first (n=1) TM mode of Mies formulation is
Localized surface plasmons
For a 60 nm gold nanosphere embedded in a medium with refractive index n = 1.5. (use of bulk dielectric functions (e.g. Johnson and Christy, 1972))
By the Mie theory for cross-sections By the Mie theory for spherical particle By the Rayleigh theory for ellipsoidal particles.
a/b = 1+3.6 (2.25 Eres / eV)
The red-shift observed for increasing size is partly due to increased damping and to retardation effects. The broadening of the resonance is due to increasing radiation damping for larger nanospheres.
Influence of the refractive index of the embedding medium I fl f th f ti i d f th b ddi di on the resonance position and linewidth of the particle plasmon resonance of a 20 nm gold nanosphere. Calculated using the Mie theory.
Resonance energy for a 40 nm gold nanosphere embedded in water (n = 1.33) with increasing thickness d of a layer with refractive index n = 1.5.
Localized surface plasmons
Experimental measurement of particle plasmons
Scanning near field microscop (SNOM) near-field microscopy(SNOM)
SNOM images gold nanodisks 633 nm
SEM image
550 nm
Dark-field microscopy in reflection
Total internal reflection microscopy(TIRM)
Dark field Dark-field microscopy in transmission
Localized surface plasmons
Interaction between particles
an isolated sphere is symmetric, so the p polarization direction doesnt matter. LONGITUDINAL: restoring force reduced by coupling to neighbor Resonance shifts to lower frequency TRANSVERSE: restoring force increased by coupling to neighbor Resonance shifts to higher frequency
pair of silver nanospheres with 60 nm diameter
Nanofocusing of surface plasmons
Nanofocusing of surface plasmons
using metal nanorods and nanotips
D. E. Chang, A. S. Srensen, P. R. Hemmer, and M. D. Lukin, Strong coupling of single emitters to surface plasmons, PR B 76,035420 (2007) M. I. Stockman Nanofocusing M I Stockman, Nanofocusing of Optical Energy in Tapered Plasmonic Waveguides, Phys Rev. Lett. 93, 137404 (2004) Waveguides Phys. Rev Lett 93
Nanofocusing of surface plasmons
Dispersion relation of metal nanorods
D. E. Chang, A S. Srensen, P. R Hemmer, D E Chang A. S Srensen P R. Hemmer and M D Lukin Strong coupling of single emitters to surface plasmons PR B 76 035420 (2007) M. D. Lukin, plasmons, 76,035420
For the special case a TM mode ( Hz = 0) with no winding m=0 (fundamental mode).
(TM mode with m = 0) : ai = 0 E = 0, Hz = 0 1 (dielectric) 2 (metal)
Continuity of the remaining tangential field components Ez and H at the boundary requires that
Setting the determinant of the above matrix equal to zero (det M=0) immediately yields the dispersion relation,
In the limit of
where Im, Km are modified Bessel functions
When
(nanoscale-radius wire)
Nanofocusing of surface plasmons
Dispersion relation of metal nanotips
m
y For a thin, nanoscale-radius wire x
k = nk0 k
For
, the phase velocity v p = c / n( z ) 0 and the group velocity vg = c / [ d (n ) / d ] 0 The time to reach the point R = 0 (or z = 0)
Intensity
Energy density
In Summary
Permittivity of a metal y
p2 p2 +i 2 m ( ) = 1 2 2 + + 2
1 p2 / 2
Dispersion relations
kSPP
dm = c d + m
1/ 2
Type-A : low k
Type-A
- Low frequency region (IR) - Weak field-confinement - Most of energy is guided in clad - Low propagation loss
H. Won, APL 88, 011110 (2006).
clad sensitive applications SPP waveguides applications
Type-B : middle k
Type-B
- Visible-light frequency region
Nano-hole
- Coupling of localized field and propagation field - Moderated field enhancement
Sensors, display applications
Extraordinary transmission of light
Type-B : SPR sensors
Type-C : high k
Type-C yp
- UV frequency region - Strong field confinement -V Very-low group velocity l l it Nano-focusing, Nano-lithography SP-enhanced LEDs
Ag (20nm) p GaN (20nm, p-GaN (20nm 120nm) QW n-GaN
Light emission
QW
SE Rate : 1 1 R= = ( ) 2 0
f pE i
( )
Photon DOS (Density of States)
Electric field strength of half photon (vacuum fluctuation)
Type-C : SP Nano Lithography
Final comments
Key notes
1. What is the surface plasmon (polaroton)? 2. What is the dispersion relation of SPs? 3. How can the SP modes be excited? 4. What can we play with SPPs for nanophotonics?
Challenges of SPs
Ekmel Ozbay, Science, vol.311, pp.189-193 (13 Jan. 2006).
Some of the challenges that face plasmonics research in the coming years are
(i) demonstrate optical frequency subwavelength metallic wired circuits with a propagation loss that is comparable to conventional optical waveguides; (ii) develop highly efficient plasmonic organic and inorganic LEDs with tunable radiation properties; (iii) achieve active control of plasmonic signals by implementing electro-optic, all-optical, and piezoelectric modulation and gain mechanisms to plasmonic structures; (iv) demonstrate 2D plasmonic optical components, including lenses and grating couplers, that can couple single mode fiber directly to plasmonic circuits; h l i l d fib di l l i i i (v) develop deep subwavelength plasmonic nanolithography over large surfaces.
Next lecture at 07/14 N tl t t
(06/23) (06/30) (07/07) (07/14) (07/21) Introduction: Micro- and nano-optics based on diffraction effect for next generation technologies Guided-mode resonance (GMR) effect for filtering devices in LCD display panels Surface-plasmons: A basic Surface-plasmon waveguides for biosensor applications Efficient light emission from LED, OLED, and nanolasers by surface-plasmon resonance
