Remote Real-Time Measurements of Voltage, Current and Energy

Michael A. Brubaker, Ph.D Pamela J. Hamilton Christopher P. Yakymyshyn, Ph.D Wireless Technologies in the Power Industry Workshop May 5-6, 2005, Toronto, Canada

Partially funded by DOE and DHS SBIR grants

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 1
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Outline
Vision The FieldMetrics MetPod Wireless Hardware Wireless Testing Conclusions

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 2
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Vision
Targets for next-generation instrumentation
Cost-effective relative to existing solutions Simplified installation/retrofit (clamp-on, light-weight, small, wireless, self-powered) Not confined to substation environment Environmentally friendly (no SF6 or oil) High reliability (meet or exceed relevant test standards) Multifunctional

Exploit rapid advances in wireless, precision electronics, transducers and embedded controllers Create new GREEN solutions for monitoring and controlling the power grid

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 3
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Vision - cont.
Wireless service area Substation Satellite modem Wireless service area (highway corridor)

Power-on-tower:
Broadband wireless services for customers in vicinity of line Cellular hub Sensor suite Utility O&M communications Security AMR SCADA communications

Sensor platform

Substation

Broadband repeater, PMP server and PowerPod Wireless service area

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 4
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Power Flow Monitoring- Conventional Equipment

To meter energy, we need a current measurement, a voltage measurement and a meter
Current transformer (CT) Potential transformer (PT) or Capacitively Coupled Voltage Transformer (CCVT) Analog or digital meter In addition, there will be cabling, foundations and support structures

Existing measurement devices are accepted by the industry and have demonstrated service life in excess of 30 years, but have some less desirable properties

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 5
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Power Flow Monitoring - Conventional Equipment- cont.

Three separate pieces of equipment are required per phase along with cabling and support structures

PT

CT Meter

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 6
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Power Flow Monitoring - Conventional Equipment- cont.

Instrument transformers (CT and PT)
High accuracy possible, performance acceptable for relaying Iron core => very heavy, saturation and signal distortion issues Mineral oil => heavy, not environmentally friendly Weight requires foundation and/or support structure for installation Lower cost than PT HV capacitor stack + LV wound transformer => very heavy Mineral oil => heavy, not environmentally friendly Weight requires foundation and/or support structure for installation Poor response for relaying Issues with ferro-resonance and calibration stability

CVT

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 7
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Improved Power Flow Monitoring, The MetPod

36 kV prototype

Current Monitor Meter + Electronics Voltage Monitor No oil required Weight < 35 lbs 0.2% Accuracy
www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 8
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The FieldMetrics MetPod - cont.

Integrated device with voltage sensor, current sensor and meter in light-weight, low cost package Device clamps onto an existing bus or overhead line Exceeds dielectric type test requirements for IEEE C57.13 and IEC 60044-7 => safety margin of 50% Low-pressure nitrogen gas used for insulation Composite insulator for reduced weight and increased safety Wireless link to computer via base station

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 9
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The FieldMetrics MetPod - cont.

Power Supply Self-contained power supply with extended standby capability Power supplied by voltage potential Power availability independent of current flowing in line Scalable design for any voltage class, wide range of loads Activates when energized, standby when de-energized Primary battery backup for extended outages Battery rated for >10 years, -50 to +80 C, with negligible selfdischarge rate

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 10
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The FieldMetrics MetPod - cont.

MetPod specifications summary Digital meter provided as OEM module Active, reactive and apparent power; rms voltage and current; frequency, power factor, time stamp and self-diagnostics can be imported directly into Microsoft ExcelTM Current and Voltage sensors accurate to 0.2%, -40 oC to +80 oC No oil or wound cores CT bandwidth of DC - 5 kHz, VT bandwidth of <1 Hz - 5 kHz Meets ANSI C12.20, 0.2S meter accuracy, 20 oC to +50 oC

TM

Excel is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 11
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MetPod CT Temperature Performance

Temp. Coeff. Of Ratio #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 +2 ppm/C +4 ppm/C -5 ppm/C -3 ppm/C -12 ppm/C -12 ppm/C +5 ppm/C +9 ppm/C +7 ppm/C -8 ppm/C
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 Ratio % Error 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0 -20 0 20 40 Temperature in degrees C 60 80 100 y = -0.0005x - 0.0086

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 12
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The FieldMetrics MetPod - cont.

Accuracy tests per ANSI C12.20
0.2S Accuracy Meter Specification
Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Active Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy at 0.1% rated I at 3% rated I at 5% rated I at 10% rated I at 30% rated I at 50% rated I at PF=0.5 at 50 C, PF=1 at -5 C, PF=1 at 50 C, PF=0.5 at -5 C, PF=0.5 98% rated freq. 102% of rated freq. 90% of rated V 110% of rated V

Allowed error Measured

NA 0.40% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.50% 0.30% 0.50% 0.50% 0.90% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.14% -0.02% -0.13% 0.01% 0.00% -0.01% -0.02% 0.00% -0.04% -0.22% -0.15% -0.07% -0.05% -0.03% 0.02%

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 13
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The FieldMetrics MetPod - cont.

The MetPod technology is modular and readily scales to higher voltage classes (demonstrated up to 138 kV so far, simulated to 765 kV)

Scale x 4

36 kV

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

138 kV
Slide 14
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The FieldMetrics MetPod - cont.

12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 0 200 400 Voltage class in kV conv wt. fm wt. 600 800

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 15
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Power Grid Monitoring Equipment, Future Form

Project Goals -Determine the feasibility of an independent, cost-effective monitoring platform to provide a hardware backup for SCADA systems in power utilities -Provide V & I phasors with 100 nanosecond time accuracy -Deploy monitors away from substations -Create a macroscopic view of the power grid, which will improve response to faults -Provide a powered platform for additional sensors to detect biological, chemical or radiation threats, conductor temperature, sag, weather, Results -Developed intelligent modular string insulator concept for voltage classes between 12.5 kV and 765 kV -Dielectric simulations look promising -GPS precision timing module identified and tested -Power-on-tower concept developed Technical approach -Miniaturize and integrate functionality found in substation/control house into self-powered, line-mounted pod -Provide real time secure wireless links between monitors and a central hub -Base form factor on currently used insulators -Offer clamp-on functionality for easy installation -Expand application of FieldMetrics patent-pending technology

161 kV device Modular VT segment

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 16
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Wireless Hardware
A variety of commercial wireless options are available
Radio
Low hardware cost, no service fee (unlicensed), limited range

Satellite Modem
Moderate hardware cost, service fee depends on number of data packets, can be deployed anywhere

VSAT
High hardware cost, fixed service fee, high power requirement, line of sight, skilled installer required, high security

Radio modem used for prototype development Wireless technology used in product may be specified by customer

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 17
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Wireless Hardware - cont.

Requirements for radio
Low cost OEM module Maximum of 2 W power requirement Variety of antenna configurations Range from < 1 mile up to >10 miles Minimum baud rate of 9600 RS-232 compatible interface Easy reconfiguration Point to point or point to multi-point operation Unlicensed band, up to 1 W radiated power Potential for mesh network in the future

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 18
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Wireless Hardware - cont.

Select transceiver for prototype testing
900 - 930 MHz band (frequency hopping spread spectrum with encryption) Up to 115,200 baud Broadcast power up to 1 W (adjustable) RS-232 interface Compact and light weight OEM module Multiple vendors Microstrip, monopole, dipole or Yagi antennas available Supports point to point or point to multi-point (and other options)

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 19
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Wireless Hardware - cont.

Prototype configuration
LAN Meter Voltage Monitor Current Monitor Transceiver Micro-controller PC

Transceiver

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 20
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Wireless Hardware - cont.

For substation trials, mount antenna in a dielectric NEMA 4X box
Antenna Box CT Junction Box

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 21
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Wireless Hardware - cont.

Use one transceiver as the hub for multiple units in the substation for field trials
Each unit has a unique ID number Hub operates in broadcast mode A query command is sent to request the desired data from a specific unit 9600 baud Small data packet: < 500 hex characters If power line goes down, operate in low-power sleep mode User command to wake up unit Automatic turn on when line is energized

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 22
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Wireless Testing
Determined range for 200 mW broadcast power easily provided by the pod during early testing
Micro-strip antenna works up to 0.25 mile (line of sight) Monopole antenna extends range to 1 mile (line of sight)

1 W units will be used for field trials

Range beyond 1 mile for monopole antenna (line of sight) Range is extended when antennas are raised off the ground Directional antenna will extend range further if needed

Monopole antenna is adequate for field trials

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 23
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Wireless Testing - cont.

Type testing at NEETRAC 36 kV units qualified to worst case of IEEE and IEC standards
Monitor partial discharge at 25 kV AC rms for 1 minute. Positive full wave impulse at 200 kV crest (1.2 s x 50 s). Two positive chopped wave impulses at 230 kV crest (1.2 s x 3 s). 14 positive full wave impulses at 200 kV crest (1.2 s x 50 s). Negative full wave impulse at 200 kV crest (1.2 s x 50 s). Two negative chopped wave impulses at 230 kV crest (1.2 s x 3 s). 14 negative full wave impulses at 200 kV crest (1.2 s x 50 s). AC withstand test at 70 kV AC rms for 1 minute. Monitor partial discharge at 25 kV AC rms after lowering voltage from withstand. AC wet test at 70 kV AC rms for 1 minute.

(Bold type indicates tests most likely to damage wireless)

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 24
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Wireless Testing - cont.

Impulse testing most severe 1.2 sec x 50 sec waveform for full wave 1.2 sec x 3 sec waveform for chopped wave
Bus Bar

CT

Chopping Gap

Monopole Antenna

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 25
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Wireless Testing - cont.

Wireless system survived type testing without incident Wireless also survived full-wave impulse testing of device to failure
External flashover at 150% of required for positive polarity (+300 kV peak) Repeated strikes within inches of antenna location Internal failure for negative polarity at nearly 200% of requirement (-400 kV peak) Wireless still fully functional

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 26
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Conclusions
Integrated voltage and current monitor with digital meter is ideal for digital data output via wireless
No burden issues No cabling requirements FMI housing provides secure mounting for wireless technologies

Commercial radio modems meet requirements

Option of satellite modem for more remote applications Other technologies may be used based on customer requirements

Initial EMI testing very promising Intelligent FMI technology provides Power on the Tower 12 kV - 138 kV prototypes ready for field trials

www.fieldmetricsinc.com 2005 FieldMetrics Inc. (FMI) 13352 82nd Avenue, Seminole, FL 33776

Slide 27
Phone: (727)-319-0299 Fax: (727) 231-0729