GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication and is an open, digital cell ular technology used
for transmitting mobile voice and data services The GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200kHz channel into eight 2 5kHz time-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1 .9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US. The GSM is a circuit-switched system that divides each 200kHz channel into eight 2 5kHz time-slots. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands in Europe and the 1 .9GHz and 850MHz bands in the US. The GSM is owning a market share of more than 70 percent of the world's digital ce llular subscribers. The GSM makes use of narrowband Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technique for transmitting signals.
------------------------------------FROM THE BOOK,ERICSSON PDF, WHICH RAVI SHARED -------------------------------------
Lower frequencies, with longer wavelengths, are better suited to transmission ov er large distances,because they bounce on the surface of the earth and in the at mosphere. Television and FM radio are examples of applications, which use lower frequencies.
Higher frequencies, with shorter wavelengths, are better suited to transmission over small distances, because they are sensitive to such problems as obstacles i n the line of the transmission path. Higher frequencies are suited to small area s of coverage, where the receiver is relatively close to the transmitter.
The amount of bandwidth available is an important factor in determining the capa city of a mobile system, i.e. the number of calls, which can be handled.
Because it requires less power to transmit a lower frequency over a given distan ce, uplink frequencies in mobile systems are always the lower band of frequencie s - this saves valuable battery power of the MSs.
Duplex Distance The use of full duplex requires that uplink and downlink transmissions are separ ated in frequency by a minimum distance, called duplex distance. Without it, upl
ink and downlink frequencies would interfere with each other.
The higher the interference, the lower the call quality.
The same frequencies can not be re-used in neighboring cells as they would inter fere with each other,
TRANSMISSION RATE The amount of information transmitted over a radio channel over a period of time is known as the transmission rate. Transmission rate is expressed in bits per s econd or bit/s. In GSM the net bit rate over the air interface is 270kbit/s
SHADOWING --------------------Shadowing occurs when there are physical obstacles including hills and buildings between the BTS and the MS. The obstacles create a shadowing effect which can d ecrease the received signal strength.
MULTIPATH FADING --------------------Multipath fading occurs when there is more than one transmission path to the MS or BTS, and therefore more than one signal is arriving at the receiver. This may be due to buildings or mountains,either close to or far from the receiving devi ce. Rayleigh fading and time dispersion are forms of multipath fading.
TIME DISPERSION --------------------One bit is transmitted every 3.7 ms. Radio waves travel at 3x108 m/s. Therefore, one bit travels approximately 1 km within one bit period. Thus, if the direct p ath is 1km and the indirect path is 3 km long, the first bit transmitted will in terfere with the 3rd bit transmitted.
ADAPTIVE MULTI RATE (AMR) --------------------------
