OLED for Lighting
Monica Katiyar MME & SCDT Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur
Outline
Lighting Photometry and colorimetry Some examples Various approaches to W-OLED
Lighting
500,000 years ago Gas lighting 1772 Electric bulb 1876 Fluorescent lamp 1938 ~2000
The vision of Solid-State Lighting is to complete the evolution of lighting from primitive fire-based technologies like candles and lanterns, to vacuum-tube and bulb based technologies like incandescent and fluorescent bulbs, and finally to semiconductor-based technologies like LEDs and lasers. From: lighting.sandia.gov
US power consumption on lighting - 20%
Energy savings potential of solid state lighting in general lighting applications, DOE report, 2001
Terminology
100 Relative Sensitivity
Radiometry
Photometry
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm)
Response of human eye (luminance response)
Radiometry 1. Radiant Flux: total radiant power (W)
Photometry 1. Luminous Flux: power useful to eye; at 555nm 1W radiant flux corresponds to 683 (lm) - Luminous efficacy: lm/W, theoretical maximum 683
2. Radiant Intensity: radiant flux through a cone of one steradian (W/sr)
2. Luminous Intensity: luminous flux through a cone of one steradian (lm/sr = Cd)
Radiometry 3. Irradiance: optical radiation falling upon a specified area (W/m2) 4. Radiant Exitance: optical radiation emitted/reflected/ transmitted by m2 of surface (W/m2) 5. Radiance: light emitted/ reflected/transmitted by diffusing surface (W/sr/m2)
Photometry 3. Illuminance: visible light falling upon a specified area (lm/m2=lx) 4. Luminous Exitance: visible light emitted/reflected/ transmitted by m2 of surface (lm/m2) 5. Luminance: visible light emitted/reflected/ transmitted by diffusing surface (lm/sr/m2= Cd/m2) - equivalent to subjective
quantity Brightness
A light source 100 lm of luminous flux, but is it white or is it green?
Colorimetry Primary colours: R, Y, B or R, G, B? CIE colour coordinates
CIE Standard
CIE: International Commission on Illumination (Comission Internationale de lEclairage). Human perception based standard (1931), established with color matching experiment. Standard observer: a composite of a group of 15 to 20 people
Chromaticity Diagram
Colour expressed as 2-D plane by projecting tristimulus values (x + y + z = 1) Chromaticity coordinates (x, y) define colour
x=
X X +Y + Z Y y= X + Y +Z
The co-ordinates of white point in Commission Internationale de lEclairage (CIE) system 1931 is defined as (0.33, 0.33).
Colour Temperature
A body heated above 800K will produce broad emission spectrum with its colour related to temperature. Increasing temperature changes colour from red to orange, yellow, white and bluish white (called the Planckian locus). Sun, stars, fire produce light on this locus. So goal of man made light sources is also to make light sources lie on this locus. Incandescent lamp (2854K), warm-white fluorescent lamp (3000K), day light fluorescent lamp (6500K) all fall on the locus. Those that dont: sodium and mercury lamps, with high efficiencies but with unnatural appearance (Correlated Colour Temperature)
Colour Rendering Index
Color Rendering Index (CRI) of a light source is the measure of how true the colors of an object look when illuminated by that light source. It is measured in 0100 scale, with 100 being the highest ability for color rendering.
Status of solid state lighting(SSL)
Lighting Sources Efficacy (lumens/W att) Incandescent 16 Tube Fluorescent 85 White -LEDs 25 (III-V semiconductor based) White -OLEDs 46 Color Rendering Index 95 75 75 Lamp Life Lamp Price ($ (1000 hrs /klm) 1 10 20 0.4 1.5 200
80
Adapted from : Organic Light Emitting Diodes for General Illumination, Report prepared by Optoelectronics Industry Development Association and Department of Energy Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs
Promise of Solid State lighting
Reduction of energy consumption Positively affect the greenhouse effect by reducing the emission of CO2 Create new industry and new jobs.
New Applications
OLEDs will eventually displace area (distributed) sources such as fluorescent lamps, but in many applications also incandescent lamps. OLEDs will also create new lighting possibilities by enabling large area illumination sources, panels, ceilings, walls, partitions, fabrics etc.
Lumileds
Lumileds, a joint venture between Philips Lighting and Agilent Technologies, is the world's leading manufacturer of high-power inorganic coloured and white LEDs, and a pioneer in the use of solid-state lighting solutions for everyday purposes, including automotive lighting, traffic signalling, signage, LCD backlighting and general lighting. From: www.research.philips.com
Inorganic vs. Organic SSL
Shift from inorganic to organic LEDs for this application:
ease of production low cost,
low operating voltages, wide viewing angles, tunability of the color emission, fast response time, compatibility to flexible substrates and ease of forming large area.
Luminance and efficiency have been continuously improving
WOLED SSL
General Electricss Whilte OLED using a down conversion phosphor system and a blue OLED. From: oemagazine.com.
March 2008 Osrams polymer LED 46 lm/W Brightness ~ 1000 Cd/m2 Life time 5000 hrs
10
How to generate WOLED?
White light is made up of nearly equal intensities of light from all regions (VIBGYOR) of the visible spectrum.
Combining three different wavelengths of light primary colors. complementary colors where the combination of only two colors can produce white light. Organic molecules generally have very broad emission spectra, therefore, combination of emission from not exactly complementary colors may also give white light.
Various Approaches to obtain white light
Host-guest system Multilayer structure Exciplex emission Microcavity Down conversion phosphorous Single Molecule
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Host-guest System
Single/multiple dopants Full/partial energy transfer Fluorescent/phosphorescent dopants Colour tunability
Dopant concentration Dependent on energy transfer rates Change in colour with current densities
Host-Guest Cont..
Acceptor absorption spectrum
Frster Energy Transfer
Donor Emission S Spectrum
S1
S1 S0 Host Guest
S1 S0 Host Guest
S1 S0
Dexter Energy Transfer (Singlet to Singlet)
Intensity
S1
S1 S0 Host Guest
S1 S0 Host Guest
S1 S0
Spectral Overlap
S0
Dexter Energy Transfer (Triplet to Triplet)
T1 S0 Wavelength Host Guest T1 S0 T1 S0 Host Guest T1 S0
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Multilayer structures
Mixing of the emission from different layers Spectral characteristic by adjusting the recombination-zone Excitons are also allowed to diffuse between two layers
Multilayer structures cont.
Emission depends on layer thickness and voltage
electron-hole mobility and exciton diffusion length
Solution: put carrier and exciton barriers for different layers
Improves efficiency as well
Drawback-processing difficulty
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Alq3 ~300 70% quenching LD ~210
July 14, 2007
Current Balance
is made more difficult because of large difference in carrier mobility
LUMO Cathode HOMO Anode
Alq3 :
po =1.9 10 6 cm 2 / Vs ; no =1.9 10 8 cm 2 / Vs
July 14, 2007
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Carrier Profile in Single Layer OLED with widely differing electron and hole mobilities
6x10 5x10
17
17
BN BP
Carrier Conc. (cm )
-3
4x10 3x10 2x10
17
17
17
1x10
17
0 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Distance From Cathode (m)
July 14, 2007
Recombination Profile
1.0x10
22
Recombination Rate (cm s )
-3 -1
8.0x10
21
6.0x10
21
4.0x10
21
2.0x10
21
0.0 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
Distance From Cathode (m)
July 14, 2007
15
large fraction of holes are simply collected at the Cathode. Most of recombination takes place close to Cathode where probability of non-radiative recombination is high. Key Problem:
How do we balance electron and hole currents?
July 14, 2007
Use two different organic materials with properties such that electron flow to Anode and hole flow to cathode is blocked.
HTL Cathode ETL Anode
July 14, 2007
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Carrier Profile in Bilayer OLED
3.5x10 3.0x10
20
20
N P
Carrier Conc. (cm )
-3
2.5x10 2.0x10 1.5x10 1.0x10 5.0x10
20
20
20
20
19
0.0 -5.0x10
19
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Distance From Cathode (m)
July 14, 2007
Recombination Profile in Bilayer OLED
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8x10
Recombination rate (cm s )
7x10 6x10 5x10 4x10 3x10 2x10 1x10
22
-3 -1
22
22
22
22
22
22
0 -1x10
22
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
Distance From Cathode (m)
July 14, 2007
17
1987, C.W. Tang and S.A. VanSlyke from Eastman Kodak Company reported an OLED based on the above principle
Mg : Ag (10:1) Alq3 , 600 A
o
Diamine , 750 A ITO
Glass
July 14, 2007
Exciplex/Excimer Emission
Two blue emitting molecules with sufficient spatial overlap in a blend -depends on concentration, structure and morphology of the film Exciplex formation at the interface Large difference in the HOMO/LUMO levels is preferred Emission colour dependent on thickness of the layer and applied electric field
Drawback: Temperature dependence of the emission
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Microcavity
Concept of Fabry-perot resonant cavity
Draw back : angular dependence of emission
Down conversion phosphors with OLEDs
Popular technique in inorganic semiconductors
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UV-OLED : Polysilane - series
J. Appl. Phys. 102, 084506, (2007).
White emission from single molecule
Material should have chromophores for all regions
PL shows blue emission EL has all components
Intra/inter molecular charge transfer complexes aggregates
Drawbacks
Voltage dependent emission Solvent and morphology dependence
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References Dipti Gupta. M. Katiyar, Deepak, Optical Materials (available online) Energy savings potential of solid state lighting in general lighting applications, DOE report, 2001 Organic Light Emitting Diodes for General Illumination, Report prepared by Optoelectronics Industry Development Association and Department of Energy Office of Building Technology, State and Community Programs
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