Product Life-Cycle Strategies
Product Life-Cycle Strategies
Copyright 2007, Prentice Hall, Inc.
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Product Life-Cycle Strategies
Product development
Sales are zero and investment costs mount
Introduction
Slow sales growth and profits are nonexistent
Growth
Rapid market acceptance and increasing profits.
Maturity
Slowdown in sales growth and profits level off or decline
Decline
Sales fall off and profits drop
Product Life-Cycle Strategies
The Product Life Cycle
Product Development Introduction Growth Maturity Decline
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Practical Problems of PLC
Hard to identify which stage of the PLC the product is in. Hard to pinpoint when the product moves to the next stage. Hard to identify factors that affect products movement through stages. Hard to forecast sales level, length of each stage, and shape of PLC. Strategy is both a cause and result of the PLC.
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Introduction Stage of PLC
Sales: low Costs: high cost per customer Profits: negative Marketing Objective: create product awareness and trial Product: offer a basic product Price: use cost-plus formula Distribution: build selective distribution Promotion: heavy to entice product trial
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Growth Stage of PLC
Sales: rapidly rising Costs: average cost per customer Profits: rising Marketing Objective: maximize market share Product: offer extension, service, warranty Price: penetration strategy Distribution: build intensive distribution Promotion: reduce to take advantage of demand
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Maturity Stage of PLC
Sales: peak Costs: low cost per customer Profits: high Marketing Objective: maximize profits while defending market share Product: diversify brand and models Price: match or best competitors Distribution: build more intensive distribution Promotion: increase to encourage brand switching
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Maturity Stage of the PLC
Modifying the Market:
Increase the consumption of the current product.
How?
Look for new users and market segments. Reposition the brand to appeal to larger or faster-growing segment. Look for ways to increase usage among present customers.
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Maturity Stage of the PLC
Modifying the Product:
Changing characteristics such as quality, features, or style to attract new users and to inspire more usage.
How?
Improve durability, reliability, speed, taste. Improve styling and attractiveness. Add new features. Expand usefulness, safety, convenience.
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Maturity Stage of the PLC
Modifying the Marketing Mix:
Improving sales by changing one or more marketing mix elements.
How?
Cut prices. Launch a better ad campaign. Move into larger market channels.
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Decline Stage of PLC
Sales: declining Costs: low cost per customer Profits: declining Marketing Objective: reduce expenditures and milk the brand Product: phase out weak items Price: cut price Distribution: selective--phase out unprofitable outlets Promotion: reduce to minimal level
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