28.
0 PRESSES:
PARTS OF PRESSES
CAPACITY OF PRESS The rated capacity of press is the force, which the slide will exert near the bottom of the stroke. PRESS BED Press bed serves as table to which the bolster plate or the lower tool assembly is mounted. PRESS SLIDE It is the reciprocating member of the press. It is guided in the press frame. The upper tool member is called plunger slide. On a Hydraulic press it is called as platen. PLUNGER SLIDE The inner slide of double action is called plunger slide. In a double action press the punch is mounted on this slide. BLANK HOLDER SLIDE The outer slide of double action press is called blank holder slide. BOLSTER PLATE It is the plate secured to the press bed for locating and supporting the tool. PITMAN Pitman is the connecting rod, which conveys power and motion for the main shaft to the press slide.
CLUTCH It is the coupling used to connect or disconnect the driving machine member to or from driven machine member in a press it connects or disconnects the flywheel to the main shaft. STROKE The stroke of the press is the reciprocating motion of the press slide. It is the distance between terminal points of motion. SHUT HEIGHT It is the distance from the top of the bed to the bottom of the slide with the stroke down and the adjustment up. DIE SPACE Die space is the area available for mounting tools in the press. CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSES Presses are classified by following characteristics. Source of power. Method of actuation of slides. Number of slides. Frame types. Intended use. SOURCES OF POWER The press is powered by one of the following sources Manual Mechanical Hydraulic Pneumatic
1.MANUAL The presses are hand or foot operated through levers, screws, or gears. 2.MECHANICAL There are three major types of mechanical drives. 1. Non-geared or a fly type. 2. Single reduction gear type. 3. Multiple reduction gear type. 3.HYDRAULIC PRESSES In these types of presses oil pressure in a cylinder in a closed and reacting against a piston moves the slide. Constant pressure and speed can be maintained throughout the entire stroke. 4.PNEUMATIC PRESSES Such presses are operated by pneumatic, pneumatic cylinders provide the necessary forces. PRESS SELECTION: The first & foremost consideration for choosing a press is the tonnage required for the operation of tool, similarly the table size, throat, stroke & shut height of the press should be suit the press tool. A STANDARD SPECIFICATION OF PRESS IS : 1. 2. . 3. 4. Type of construction: Power source: Operating speed: Types of frame: :Casted Steel or Welded Steel : Pneumatic, Manual, Mechanical, And Hydraulics. :Low or Medium or High Speed :Straight sided, Gap frame or C frame
5. 6. 7.
Capacity of press: Size of bed: Available facilities:
:10, 20, 40, 80 and 100 tonnes. :450x710, 560x710, and 560x900. :Strip straighter, feeding equipment, safety switches. etc.
NUMBER OF SLIDES With respect to the action upon the material the presses are classified as single action, double action and triple action. A single action press has only one slide. These presses are employed for operations such as blanking, piercing, bending, shallow drawing, forming, etc. A double action press has two slides arranged one within the other and moving independently of each other. The outer one serves as a blank holder and the inner one carries the punch. The triple action press has three slides, two of which are located above and one within the bed. Such presses are used for complicated deep drawing operation. METHOD OF ACTUATION OF SLIDES The crankshaft is not commonly used for actuating slides. For comparatively short strokes the throw is obtained by means of full eccentric machined on the shaft. Crankshafts are used for longer strokes. Knuckle joint presses exert high tonnages only at the bottom of the strokes. This type incorporates a crank or eccentric main shaft, which moves the joint consisting of two levers that oscillate to and from
dead center and results in short powerful movements of the slide with the slow travel near the bottom of the stroke. Toggle press blank holder slides are actuated by the crank or eccentric working through a series of leavers moving together through two or more dead center positions. In hydraulic and pneumatic presses, hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders actuate the leavers respectively. PRESS FRAMES Press frames are broadly in to two general types, Gap frames or C frames and Straight side. GAP FRAME The housing of gap frame presses are cut back below the gibs to the form the shape of the letter C. This permits the feeding of wide strips from the side. They have the solid back or an open back to permit feeding from front to back or ejection of finished parts through back. The inclined position allowed the parts to fallout by gravity. STRAIGHT SIDE The slide of press travels downward between two straight sides or housings. These presses are used for heavy work. CLUTCHES AND BRAKES Trimming and control of the intermittent reciprocating movement of the slide in a mechanical power press are provided by a clutch. The clutch is placed between the flywheel and a drive mechanism.
The clutches are divided in to three main groups 1. Positive clutches in which driven and driving members of the clutch are inter touched in engagement. 2. Friction clutches. 3. Eddy current clutches. PRESS SELECTION Depending upon the operation requirements the press is to be selected. CUTTING OPERATIONS Majority of work can be done on short stroke mechanical presses. BENDING Straight side of the frame are inclined single action press with a stroke to suit the operation can be selected. Hydraulic presses and press brakes are also suitable. FORMING Up to 75 to 100mm deep forming operation can be done on mechanical presses. Forming with die cushion is more accurate on mechanical presses, because the depth of the form is regulated by the throw of the crank.
DRAWING Drawing can be done in presses used for blanking operation if the stroke is suitable & the press is equipped with die cushion. But the operating seed should be slower. Long stroke hydraulic presses are recommended for deep drawing, redrawing and ironing operations. STROKE ADJUSTMENT IN PRESSES The method of adjusting the stroke in a crank press is explained below. The overhanging end of the crankshaft carries eccentric bushing and bronze bushing. The later enters the cavity of the head of the pitman. The eccentric bushing has blind holes drilled over its circumferences. The bushing can be turned around the shafts. Turning the bushing changes the eccentricity of the crank and consequently the slide stroke. Spontaneous turning of bushing is prevented by lock clutch whose projections engage depression in the bushing. The front end of the crankshaft is threaded to receive the nut whose shoulder connects it with the lock clutch. When unscrewed the nut shoulder will draw the lock clutch away from its place & thereby disengage clutch & bushing. After this the bush is free for adjustment by turning it through the required angle. Clutch is connected with shaft by key. The maximum slide stroke is equal to the run of the eccentricities of bush & shaft. The stroke is minimized by setting the eccentricity of the bushing opposite to the eccentricity of the shaft. The distance from the bed to the lower plane of the slide is adjusted by the screw screwed in to
the shank of pitman and resting against the spherical bearing. The adjusted screw is fixed in position by slide block. DIE CUSHIONS The application of the pressure to the blank holder is one of the features of the double action press. Single action presses lack this feature and therefore require supplementary blank holding equipment. Tools are some times built with the blank holder using compression springs or PUR springs. The pressure exerted by the compression springs increases, as they are depressed. The most common type of pressure control mediums for single control mediums for a single action press and drawing operation are the pneumatic and hydraulic die cushions. PNEUMATIC DIE CUSHIONS A pneumatic design normally uses one pitman and cylinder. A multiple pneumatic die cushion is preferable over a hydro pneumatic die cushion because of speed restriction of latter. Die cushions are used in double setting presses to keep the bottom of the blank flat or to hold it to shape to prevent distortion or slippage while drawing.
HYDROPNEUMATIC DIE CUSHION
These die cushions are used where the capacity required is more than that can be obtained with 7x105 Pa air pressure on pneumatic cushion.
STRIP FEED ARRANGEMENT For simple dies the strip feeding is done manually. But when the production rate is very high automatic feeding is employed.
COIL UNWINDING EQUIPMENT: It uses the reels and coil cradles. Power driven reels have mechanism which switches off the power to drive when enough coils is unwound. The press feeding mechanism draws stock from this loop. Unpowered reels require external power source. They are equipped with an automatic or manual brake to stop the reel after sufficient stock has been unwound. STRIP STRAIGHTENING DEVICES: The function of the device is to remove wrinkles and curvatures after uncoiling. The mechanism consists of a series of rolls, which bend the stock back and forth past its elastic limit. STRIP FEEDING EQUIPMENT: Their selection depends upon, 1. Width of the strip 2. Thickness of the strip 3. Surface condition of the material
4. 5. 6.
Feeding interval Feeding length Feeding speed
BASIC FEED TYPES: There are two basic types of feed used with coil and strip stock. 1. Slide feed 2. Roll feed
