EXER CISE2.1 I. 1. Statement. 4. Nonstatement; suggestion. 7. Statement. (This is a brief and emphatic way of saying This is great.) 10.

Statement. (You might be lying.) 13. Nonstatement; request. 16. Statement. (This is an emphatic way of saying This is a crock.) 19. Nonstatement; request. 22. Statement. (Spanish for My house is your house.) 25. Nonstatement; exclamation. II. 1. Yes. 4. Yes. 7. Yes. 10. Yes. 13. Yes. EXER CISE2.2 I. 1. Premise: Light takes time to reach our eyes. Conclusion: All that we see really existed in the past. 4. Premise: Faith means believing a proposition when there is no good reason for believing it. Conclusion: Faith is a vice. 7. Premise: Science is based on experiment, on a will-ingness to see the universe as it really is. Conclusion: Science sometimes requires courage at the very least the courage to question the conventional wisdom. 10. Premise: The lowest animal is a lot nicer and kinder than most of the humans beings that inhabit this earth. Conclusion: Animals have souls. 13. Premise: Oil isnt helping anyone when it sits in the ground. Conclusion: There is nothing wrong with burning crude oil like crazyso long as theres a plan for energy alternatives when the cheap oil runs out. 16. Premise: If we encourage each other to blame God

for injustices, we are giving the evil or dark side a victory by keeping Gods precious childrenthats all of usaway from His loving arms. Conclusion: Although it is part of human nature to be angry at God when bad things happen, there is no point in doing so. 19. Premise 1: More than 99 percent of all the creatures that have ever lived have died without progeny. Premise 2: Not a single one of your ancestors falls into this group. Conclusion: You are lucky to be alive. II. 1. Premise 1: Man knows that he is dying. Premise 2: Of its victory over man, the universe knows nothing. Conclusion: When the universe has crushed him, man will be nobler than that which kills him. 4. Premise 1: Moral responsibility presupposes freewill. Premise 2: This freedom is not compatible with universal causal determination. Premise 3: Universal causal determinism appears to be the case. Conclusion: Contrary to what most people believe, human beings are not morally responsible. 7. Premise 1: If youre not speeding, you dont have to worry about speed traps. Premise 2: A speed trap could save your life if some other speeder is stopped. Conclusion: No one in his right mind should criti-cize the state police for the speed traps. 10. Premise: He that loveth not his brother whom he hath seen, cannot love God whom he hath not seen. Conclusion: If a man say, I love God, and hateth his brother, he is a liar. 13. Premise: Your alternative to accepting reality the way it occurs is continuous anxiety and desperate disappointments. Conclusion: Whether you like it or not, youd better accept reality the way it occurs: as highly imperfect and filled with the most fallible human beings. 16. Premise 1: Those who develop the first-thing-inthe-morning routine tend to be more consistent in their training.

Premise 2: Morning runs avoid the heat and peak air pollution. Premise 3: You can enjoy your runs without car-rying along all the stress that builds up during the day. Premise 4: Early-morning runs save time by combining your morning and postrun shower. Conclusion: Getting in your run early certainly has its advantages. 19. Premise 1: Youll begin to eat food in season, when it is at the peak of its nutritional value and f lavor. Premise 2: You wont find anything processed or microwavable. Premise 3 (subconclusion): Youll cook. Premise 4: Youll be supporting the farmers in your community. Premise 5: Youll be helping defend the countryside from sprawl. Premise 6: Youll be saving oil by eating food produced nearby. Premise 7: Youll be teaching your children that a carrot is a root, not a machine-lathed orange bullet that comes in a plastic bag. Conclusion:Shop at the farmers market. EXER CISE2.4 I. 1. Nonargument; explanation. 4. Nonargument; conditional statement. 7. Nonargument; report of an argument. 10. Nonargument; illustration. 13. Nonargument; report of an argument. 16. Nonargument, report of an explanation. 19. Nonargument; unsupported assertion. (Notice that the word because does not function as a premise indicator in either sentence of this passage.) 22. Nonargument. (No conclusion is drawn.) 25. Nonargument; illustration. 28. Nonargument; conditional statement. ( When here means if.) II. 1. Explanation. 4. Argument. 7. Explanation. 10. Explanation.

13. Explanation. 16. Explanation. 19. Explanation. CHAPTER4 EXER CISE4.1 I. 1. Vague and overgeneral. 4. Overgeneral. 7. Overgeneral. 10. Vague and overgeneral. II. 1. Vague and overgeneral(not to mention ungrammatical). Terms such as verbal assaults and derogatory comments are highly vague. Much of the language is also overgeneral (e.g., any language or behavior that challenges another person or puts that person in a state of fear or anxiety apparently counts as harassment). 4. Vague. A chance of rain could mean anything from a tiny chance of rain to a virtual certainty. 7. Ambiguous. Whose enormous bottom is exposed to the sky, Ellens or Titanic s? 10. Ambiguous. Who is hot, Bob or Devlin? And hot in what sense? 13. Ambiguous. 16. Ambiguous. Does Disraeli mean he will read the manuscript in the near future or that he wont waste his time by bothering to read it? 19. Ambiguous. She can refer to Jana or her sister. III. 1. Verbal. (Two senses of religious are used.) 4. Factual. (What time did the coach say the game starts?) 7. Factual. (Who had the higher batting average, Cobb or Hornsby?) EXER CISE4.2 III. 1. Stipulative. 4. Precising. 7. Lexical. 10. Persuasive. 13. Lexical. 16. Lexical. 19. Lexical.

IV. 1. Enumerative. 4. Subclass. 7. Ostensive. 10. Genus and difference. 13. Synonymous. 16. Etymological. 19. Synonymous. V. 1. Too broad. 4. Lacking in context. 7. Circular. ( Knowledge is used in the definition of knowledge.) 10. Lacking in context. 13. Too broad. 16. Slanted. (Only a Catholic would agree that the pope is the infallible Vicar of Christ.) 19. Obscure. EXER CISE4.4 I. 4. Possible choices: begged, pleaded, requested, implored, insisted, and demanded. Begged, pleaded, and implored suggest that the speaker is dependent on the listener or that she is desperate. Demanded shows that she has more power over the listener, making please in the sentence merely courteous or perhaps sarcastic. 7. Possible choices: gripped, grabbed, clutched, seized, and squeezed. A word like gripped connotes aggression or dominance; a word such as clutched might suggest fear or protection. 10. Possible choices: cold, hard-hearted, apathetic, callous, insensitive, and unsympathetic. These words are all close in meaning, but callous might imply a roughness developed after many disappointments, whereas apathetic suggests indifference and a lack of concern. 13. Possible choices: accepted, okayed, endorsed, praised, admired, and celebrated. These words all have different meanings, but they share the notion of

approval. However, some of the words ( praised, celebrated ) suggest something far more positive than others ( accepted, okayed ). II. 1. Emotive words and phrases in the advertisement include charming, cozy (code for small?), older neighborhood, lower-level recreation room (basement?), modern, and tender loving care (needs lots of work?). All of these words are used to create a warm and receptive attitude in the prospective buyer. 4. This passage does not have the obvious kinds of emotive language that critical thinking students get accustomed to looking forthe blatant emotional appeals, sarcastic slanting, and name-calling characteristic of the preceding passages. We think its important to let students know that some writing (such as you find in literary essays) contains moresubtle emotional appeals. The emotive words and phrases in this passage include family herd, grandmas practiced eye, desperate families, flooded, seeking, bundle, toddlers, hang, unswaddle, and species. Students might be asked how Kingsolver carefully sets up her final sentence with a subtle, emotionally charged passage. They might also comment on whether the historical description of womens work is relevant to the point suggested in the final sentence. Were not sure it is. CHAPTER5 EXER CISE5.1 1. Positively relevant. 4. Logically irrelevant. 7. Negatively relevant. 10. Positively relevant. (Although the premises dont provide evidence for Gods existence, they do provide prudential, or self-interested, reasons for belief in God. Whether these prudential reasons are properly convincing is, of course, another question.) 13. The first premise is negatively relevant, and the second premise is positively relevant. EXER CISE5.2 I. 1. Bandwagon argument.

4. Straw man. 7. Begging the question. 10. Two wrongs make a right. 13. Equivocation. 16. No fallacy. 19. No fallacy. 22. Straw man. 25. Red herring. 28. Attacking the motive. 31. Bandwagon argument. 34. Bandwagon argument. 37. Red herring. 40. No fallacy. CHAPTER6 EXER CISE6.1 I. 1. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 4. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 7. Hasty generalization. 10. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 13. Weak analogy. 16. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 19. No fallacy. 22. Hasty generalization. 25. Inappropriate appeal to authority. 28. Inconsistency. 31. False alternatives. 34. Weak analogy. 37. Hasty generalization. 40. Slippery slope. II. 1. Loaded question. 4. False alternatives. 7. False alternatives. 10. Questionable cause. 13. Equivocation. 16. Hasty generalization. 19. False alternatives. 22. Hasty generalization. 25. Weak analogy. 28. Appeal to ignorance. CHAPTER11 EXER CISE11.1 1. Strong. 4. Strong. 7. Strong.

10. Weak. EXER CISE11.2 I. 1. Strong. Is the sample large enough? Yes. Is the sample representative? Yes 4. Weak. Is the sample large enough? Yes. Is the sam-ple representative? No. II. 1. Is the sample large enough? No, there are just three cities. Is the sample representative? No, not necessarily; for example, at least two of the cities have problems with illegal immigration that may add to the crime problem. 4. Is the sample large enough? Possibly, depending on the size of the faculty. Is the sample representa-tive? No, they are all from one department. Other departments may tenure far fewer applicants for tenure. EXER CISE11.4 I. 1. (c) Strong and reliable. 4. (c) Strong and reliable. 7. (c) Strong and reliable. 10. (c) Strong and reliable. EXER CISE11.6 1. 2: The skills involved are very different. 4. 5: There are big differences between a small family budget and a large city budget. 7. 7: The argument does not claim very much, and considering Jordans athletic ability, love for the game, and practice, it isnt unreasonable to claim he could learn to play tennis fairly well. 10. 3: The conclusion is too strong in claiming he must be just like the character. There are a couple of important similarities but not enough to fully support the conclusion. EXER CISE11.8 I. 1. Strong. 4. Weak. II. 1. a. Strengthen. b. Strengthen.

c. Weaken. d. Strengthen. 4. a. Strengthen. b. Weaken. c. Weaken. d. Strengthen. EXER CISE11.10 I. 1. Bad evidence. 4. Good evidence. 7. Good evidence. 10. Good evidence. II. 1. What else did he eat? Did anyone else become sick from eating it? 4. The percentage of women with breast implants who have connective tissue disease; the percentage of women in the general public who have connective tissue disease; the percentage of women with silicone breast implants who have connective tissue disease; the percentage of women with saline breast implants who have connective tissue disease. 7. Why do students choose to sit in the front row? 10. How do we define a healthy heart? Just red wine, or other alcoholic beverages? EXER CISE11.11 1. Relative frequency. 4. Epistemic. 7. Relative frequency. 10. A priori. EXER CISE11.12 I. 1. Negative. 4. Negative. CHAPTER12 EXER CISE12.2 II. 1. Facts: Cal Thomas worked for NBC News in the late 1960s. Robert Kitner was at one time presi-dent of NBC, as was Sylvester Weaver, who went by the name of Pat. Matters of fact: Stories were selected based on the audience they would attract (this could be verified with interviews, for exam-ple, or with corporate correspondence). Whether

or not ratings for news started to matter, as they did for entertainment could be verified in similar ways, though some words, such as mattered, would need to be clarified. The decline in the ratings could easily be documented. But what about the claim that the respect most people once had for the journalism profession also declined? Could that be documented through surveys or opinion polls? Could such a statement be shown to be factual? 4. Facts: Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in America; thirty-three Nobel Prize winners graduated from Harvard; Bill Gates developed the programming language BASIC; Radcliff was founded in 1879 and started admit-ting men in 1973; Martin Luther King Jr. received a doctorate in theology from Boston University, and so forth. Some statements, however, are not immediately verifiable. For example, it would be very difficult to document the claim that MIT is generally acknowledged to be the nations top school for science and engineering. The imprecise languagegenerally acknowledgedmakes the statement more opinion than fact. Qualifying the statement might bring it closer to a matter of fact: MIT is regarded among college presidents as the nations best school for engineering. At least such a claim could be verified. EXER CISE12.3 1. Rush Limbaugh is a radio-talk-show host and author who espouses a conservative point of view. His claim that condoms fail around 17 percent of the time should be cautiously considered and verified with more-reliable sources. One key to Limbaughs bias is his characterization of liberals in the first sentence of the quoted item. (Could he be charged here with a straw man fallacy?) 4. The billboards proclaiming these facts are sponsored by someone who is attempting to reduce the level of immigration into the United States. The figures on the billboards may or may not be correct, but anyone hoping to use them in an argument would do well to corroborate the information with other sources. (A careful reader will notice the slippery language and less-than-reliable information. In the first billboard, how little is very little? In the second, arrive is a vague

word with several possible meanings, including visit.) 7. It may well be true that 67 percent of listeners would prefer that the races be separated, but that doesnt prove that 67 percent of people prefer the same. Are the callers to a radio talk show a representative sample of people everywhere? Hardly. 10. The Onion is an online parody newspaper that pub-lishes satirical articles about newsworthy events (and nonevents). Its intended audienceprimarily regular readers who appreciate The Onions s biting satirewont be misled by the passage. Given the patent implausibility of such an event, few others will be either. 13. America (The Book) is a satirical romp through American history written by Jon Stewart and the writers of Comedy Centrals fake news program, The Daily Show . The passage is obviously a joke, but a pointed one given long-standing debates about how disinterested the founding fathers motives were. EXER CISE12.4 1. Answers will vary. Here is one possibility: In her book Starting Out Suburban: A Frosh Year Survival Guide, Linda Polland Puner suggests that most freshmen find it difficult to be away from home for the first time. They miss some of the comforts, such as good meals and privacy. Some are lucky enough, particularly if their family lives nearby, to get home within the first month of school, but others must wait until Thanksgiving or even Christmas. Even just a semester away from home can seem very long, and the distances can seem longer than they really are. 4. Answers will vary. Here is one possibility: In her article A Test for Assessing Phonemic Aware-ness in Young Children, Hallie Kay Yopp claims that researchers have found that phonemic awareness, or the ability to sound out words, is perhaps the single most important requirement for good reading skills. This ability appears to be a more important indica tor of reading success than IQ scores and vocabulary and listening comprehen-sion tests. Having a proper assessment tool in place, therefore, can help direct the teacher to awareness of potential problems and to the use of available

exercises that will enable the student to acquire stronger spelling and reading skills. EXER CISE12.5 1. Because rules are precise and must be followed to the letter, it would be best to quote the rule or the relevant part of the rule exactly as it appears in the book. In claiming that a player should have lost a tournament, someone might write, In hit-ting the ball twice, Sampras clearly violated Rule 20d, which prohibits the player from deliberately touch[ing] it [the ball] with his racket more than once in a given point. The writer would need, of course, to prove that the action was deliberate. 4. The passage could be paraphrased or summarized with some phrases quoted if necessary. The following sentence might appear in a students paper: Athletes who push themselves to the limit often incur injuries, but the medical community is now considering whether athletes who push too hard might be susceptible to a host of chronic diseases, even cancer (Tabor). EXER CISE12.6 1. Fact available in wide variety of sources; does not need to be documented. 4. This fact should be documented. It is not widely known. 7. No need to document this fact; it is widely known and available. 10. This one is tricky. For scholars of Dickenss life and work, this is a commonly known fact: Dickenss childhood experiences are indeed ref lected in several of his novels. Therefore, in preparing an argument for a literature class, you would most likely find this information in several sources and would not have to cite it. However, you would not be incorrect in giving a source if you chose to do so. In your paper you might write, According to Charles Dickenss friend and biographer, John Forster, the novelists childhood experiences, including his fathers imprisonment for debt and Dickenss subsequent work in a shoe-polish factory, inf luenced his work as a novelist. (You would also need, of course, to supply the appropriate reference information.) 13. This is still being debated, so it would be best to tell your reader what source you are using.

CHAPTER14 EXER CISE14 .9 1. f 4. k 7. j 10. c 13. n 16. u 19. w 22. s 25. b EXER CISE14 .10 III. 1. Weasel word. 4. Catchy slogan. 7. Humor. 10. Emotive words. 13. Sex appeal and humor. 16. Anxiety ad. 19. Catchy slogan. 22. Anxiety ad. 25. Sex appeal. Possible puffery and catchy slogan. CHAPTER15 EXER CISE15.2 1. Not testable. (Not realistically verifiable or falsifiable, though scientific evidence no doubt bears on the issue.) 4. Not testable. (Value statement.) 7. Not testable. (We can imagine evidence that would falsify the claimsuperintelligent extraterrestrials might visit the earth, for examplebut the claim is not realistically verifiable because we have no way to search the immensity of space.) 10. Not realistically verifiable. Not only would treecounters have to resolve difficult borderline cases (Is this a tree or a bush? Is this scraggly-looking tree alive or dead?), but there is no way, even with an army of counters, that all living trees in Canada could be located (many are in remote locations, growing in tall grasses, hidden under leaves, etc.). And even if these obstacles could somehow be overcome, any ongoing count would be continually invalidated by the growth of new trees and the deaths of others. There are ways, however, in which the claim might be reasonably falsified. 13. Not testable. (If absolutely everything doubled in

sizeincluding all yardsticks and other standards of measurementthere would be no way to detect the difference.) EXER CISE15.3 1. Pseudoscientific thinking. The arguer relies on an appeal to personal experience (I tried it and it worked). The herbal tea might have worked because of the placebo effect. Alternatively, the headache might have gone away by itself. 4. Pseudoscientific thinking. The arguer is explain-ing away falsifying evidence. 7. Pseudoscientific thinking. The graphologist is relying on general, Barnum-type language that applies to practically everybody. 10. Pseudoscientific thinking. Parry is explaining away falsifying data. 13. Pseudoscientific thinking. Its not surprising that dowsing sometimes works because underground water is abundant. The only way to know whether dowsing consistently works, however, is to test it under controlled conditions.