Chapter 6B
z-Transform
Part B
Inverse z-Transform and ZT Properties
Inverse z-Transform
1. Inverse z-Transform
1.1 General Expression 1.2 Inverse z-Transform by Partial-Fraction zPartialExpansion 1.3 Partial-Fraction Using MATLAB Partial1.4 Inverse z-Transform via Long Division z1.5 Inverse z-Transform Using MATLAB z-
Inverse z-Transform zz-Transform Properties
1.1 General Expression
1.1 General Expression
Recall that, for z= rej, the z-transform G(z) given by
G ( z ) = G (re j ) =
n =-
g ( n) r
n j n
is merely the DTFT of the modified sequence g(n)r-n Accordingly, the inverse DTFT is thus given by 1 g ( n) r n = G (re j )e j n d 2
By making a change of variable z= rej , the previous equation can be converted into a contour integral given by 1 g ( n) = Z 1[G ( z )] = G ( z ) z n 1dz 2 j c where c is a counterclockwise contour of integration defined by |z|= r But the integral remains unchanged when c is replaced with any contour c encircling the point z=0 in the ROC of G(z)
1.1 General Expression
1.1 General Expression
The contour integral can be evaluated using the Cauchys residue theorem resulting in Cauchy
g ( n) = residues of G ( z ) z n 1 at the poles inside c residues of G ( z ) z n 1 at the poles outside c = only if there are any higher-order poles inside c
Example:
G( z ) =
1 0.8 0.6
1 0.5 z 1 1 + 0.75 z 1 + 0.125 z 2
Zeros: Poles:
z = 0 z = 0.5 z = 0.5 z = 0.25
Three ROCs:
Imaginary Part
0.4 0.2 0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
z < 0.25
0.25 < z < 0.5 z > 0.5
Real Part
The above equation needs to be evaluated at all values of n and is not pursued here
1.1 General Expression
G( z) zn1 = ( z 0.5) zn z + 0.75z + 0.125
2
1.1 General Expression
Case 1:
z < 0.25
g (n) = ( z + 0.5)
( z 0.5) z n z + 0.75 z + 0.125 z =0.5
2
If n0, there is no poles inside c. Thus, g(n)=0 when n0 If n <0, there is an |n|-order pole at z=0 which is inside c. In this case, we can compute the summation of the residues outside c instead of that inside
( z + 0.25)
( z 0.5) z n z + 0.75 z + 0.125 z =0.25
2
= 4(0.5) n + 3(0.25) n
n 1
g (n) = {Res{z = 0.5}+Res{z = 0.25}}
1.1 General Expression
1.1 General Expression
If n <0, there are one first-order pole and one |n|th-order pole at z=0.25 and z=0 inside c, respectively. Thus, we can compute the summation of the residues outside c instead of that inside n
Case 2: 0.25 < z < 0.5
If n0, there is only one pole at z=0.25 inside c
g (n) = ( z + 0.25)
( z 0.5) z n 2 z + 0.75 z + 0.125 z =0.25 n0
g (n) = ( z + 0.5)
= 3(0.25) n
( z 0.5) z z 2 + 0.75 z + 0.125 z =0.5 = 4(0.5) n n 1
Hence, we can rewrite g(n) as follows
g (n) = 3(0.25)n u (n) 4(0.5) n u ( n 1)
1.1 General Expression
Case 3: z > 0.5
If n0, there are two first-order poles at z=0.25 and z=0.5 inside c
1.1 General Expression
If n<0, there are two first-order poles and one |n|th-order pole at z=0.25, z=0.25 and z=0 inside c, respectively. Thus, we can compute the summation of the residues outside c instead of that inside. Because there is no poles outside c. Thus, g(n)=0 in this case Summary:
g (n) = ( z + 0.5)
( z 0.5) z n z + 0.75 z + 0.125 z =0.5
2
+ ( z + 0.25)
( z 0.5) z n z + 0.75 z + 0.125 z =0.25
2
= 4(0.5)n 3(0.25) n
n0
4( 0.5) n u ( n 1) + 3(0.25) n u ( n 1), z < 0.25 g (n) = 3(0.25) n u ( n) 4(0.5) n u ( n 1), 0.25 < z < 0.5 4(0.5) n u (n) 3(0.25) n u ( n), z > 0.5
1.2 Inverse z-Transform by PartialFraction Expansion
1.2 Inverse z-Transform by PartialFraction Expansion
A rational z-transform G(z) with a causal inverse transform g(n) has an ROC that is exterior to a circle Here it is more convenient to express G(z) in a partial-fraction expansion form and then determine g(n) by summing the inverse transform of the individual simpler terms in the expansion
A rational G(z) can be expressed as N P( z ) M G( z) = = pi z i di z i D( z ) i =0 i =0 If then G(z) can be re-expressed as
P ( z ) Proper 1 D( z ) Fraction l =0 where the degree of P ( z ) is less than N 1 G( z) =
M N
z
l
1.2 Inverse z-Transform by PartialFraction Expansion
1.2 Inverse z-Transform by PartialFraction Expansion
Solutions: Step 1-- Converting G(z) into the form of proper fractions by long division Step 2-- Summing the inverse transform of the individual simpler terms in the expansion
Example:
2 + 0.8 z 1 + 0.5 z 2 + 0.3 z 3 1 + 0.8 z 1 + 0.2 z 2 By long division we arrive at 5.5 + 2.1z 1 G ( z ) = 3.5 + 1.5 z 1 + 1 + 0.8 z 1 + 0.2 z 2 G( z) =
3.5 ( n) 1.5 ( n 1)
1.2 Inverse z-Transform by PartialFraction Expansion
1.3 Partial-Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
Let
H ( z) =
5.5 + 2.1z 1 1 + 0.8 z 1 + 0.2 z 2 2.75 + 0.25i 2.75 0.25i = + 1 1 (0.4 + 0.2i ) z 1 (0.4 0.2i ) z 1
(2.75 + 0.25i )(0.4 + 0.2i ) n u ( n) (2.75 0.25i )(0.4 0.2i ) n u (n)
[r,p,c]= residuez(num,den) develops the partial-fraction expansion of a rational ztransform with numerator and denominator coefficients given by vectors num and den Vector r contains the residues Vector p contains the poles Vector c contains the constants l
1.3 Partial-Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
1.4 Inverse z-Transform via Long Division
[num,den]=residuez(r,p,c) converts a ztransform expressed in a partial-fraction expansion form to its rational form
The z-transform G(z) of a causal sequence {g(n)} can be expanded in a power series in z1 In the series expansion, the coefficient multiplying the term zn is then the n-th sample g(n) For a rational z-transform expressed as a ratio of polynomials in z1, the power series expansion can be obtained by long division.
1.4 Inverse z-Transform via Long Division
1.5 Inverse z-Transform Using MATLAB
Example Consider X ( z ) =
1 + 2 z 1 1 + 0.4 z 1 0.12 z 2 Long division of the numerator by the denominator yields X ( z ) = 1 + 0.6 z 1 0.52 z 2 + 0.4 z 3 0.224 z 4 + Hence
{x(n)}={ 1, 1.6, 0.52, 0.4, 0.2224,} n0
n=0
The function impz can be used to find the inverse of a rational z-transform G(z) The function computes the coefficients of the power series expansion of G(z) The number of coefficients can either be user specified or determined automatically
2. z-Transform Properties
Some useful properties of z-Transform are listed in Table 6.2 This section is devoted to the computation of z-Transform by means of these properties Example 1
Consider the two-sided sequences two-
2. z-Transform Properties
Let
x(n) = n u (n) y (n) = nu (n 1)
v( n) = nu (n) nu (n 1)
with X(z) and Y(z) denoting, respectively, their ztransforms 1 Now X ( z) = z > 1 z 1 1 Y ( z) = z < 1 z 1 Using the linearity property we arrive at
2. z-Transform Properties
V ( z) = X ( z) + Y ( z) = 1 1 + 1 z 1 1 z 1
2. z-Transform Properties
Example 2
y (n) = (n + 1) nu (n)
y(n) can be rewritten as y (n) = nx(n) + x(n) n where x(n) = u (n) The z-transform of x(n) is given by 1 X ( z) = z > 1 z 1
The ROC of V(z) is given by the overlap regions of z > and z < If < , then there is an overlap and the ROC is an annular region < z < If > , then there is no overlap and V(z) does not exist
2. z-Transform Properties
Using the differentiation property, we arrive at the z-transform of nx(n) as
dX ( z ) z 1 z > = dz (1 z 1 ) 2 Using the linearity property we finally obtain 1 Y ( z) = z > 2 (1 z 1 ) z
