Pipeflow
Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Pipe#6
Covered in this lecture: 1. Hazen Williams Equations 2. Hardy Cross Methods Hazen William Formula Historically, and number of engineering formula have been used to compute head loss. One widely used approach is the Hazen Williams formulation
0.54 S (FSS units) : V = 1.318 C hw R 0.63 h 0.63 (SI units) : V = 0.849 C hw R h S 0.54
Where Rh is the hydraulic radius (A/wp), S is the head loss per unit length, and Chw is the roughness coefficient. HazenWilliams Coefficient Chw Pipes extremely straight & smooth Pipes very smooth Smooth wood, smooth masonry New riveted steel, vitrified clay Old cast iron, ordinary brick Old riveted steel Old iron in poor condition 140 130 120 110 100 95 6080
There is a relationship between the Darcy f and the formula, assuming water at 70 deg F f= 1090 d 0.015 R 0.15 C 1.85 e hw
1
Pipeflow
Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Pipe#6
Advantages to Hazen Williams approach 1. Coefficient Chw is rough measure of relative roughness 2. Effect of Reynolds number is included in formula 3. Effect of roughness on velocity are given directly Disadvantages to Hazen Williams approach 1. Empirical 2. Can not be applied to all fluids in all conditions Example: If 90 gal/min of water flows through smooth 3 in pipe, calculate the head loss is 6,000 ft of pipe. Given: Q = VA R h = d4 V = 1.318 C hw R 0.63 S 0.54 h d= 3 in = 0.25 ft l = 6000 ft
Q = 90 gal/min Solution: V=
90 13 = 4.08 fts 60 7.48 ( )( ) 2
4 12
R h = ( 3 )4 = 0.0625 ft 12
C hw = 140
4.08 = 1.138 140 (0.0625) 0.63 S 0.54 S = 0.0218 = h l6000 h l = 131 ft of water
Pipeflow
Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Pipe#6
Hardy Cross Method
SMultiple pipes reach greatest complexity in dis-
tribution problems, e.g. city water supply
SBasic principles are presented here SPipe network is the aggregation of connected pipes
used to distribute water
SNetwork consists of various size pipes, geometric
orientations, hydraulic characteristics, plus pumps, valves, fittings, etc low
SA simple pipe network is presented be-
SPipe Junctions denoted by capital letters AH SIndividual pipes numbered 110 SClosed circuits given Roman Numerals IIII
3
Pipeflow
Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Pipe#6
SFlows are assumed to be clockwise around each
loop
SPipes 1, 3, 4 and 2 comprise Loop 1 SPipes 2, 8, 10, 7 comprise Loop 2 SPipe 4 is common to both loops SSolution to any network problem must satisfy
continuity and energy principles throughout the network only one EGL is possible zero.
SBernouli principle requires that at any junction SAny head loss around any single loop must be SApplying this to each loop and junction results
in a series of simultaneous equations
Pipeflow
Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Pipe#6
S Equations for loop I are
A
Q = QA + Q2 Q1 = 0 Q = Q1 + QF Q3 = 0 Q = Q3 Q4 Q8 = 0
E F
Q = Q2 + Q4 + Q7 + Q5 = 0
B n + K Qn + K Qn = 0 hL = K1Qn + K Q 3 3 4 4 2 2 1
There are like equations for the other loops in the network.
SFlow directions are assumed, may actually be
different
SAssumed that pipe sizes, length, hydraulic char-
acteristics, inflows and outflows, elevations, are known.
SUnknown flowrates Qi, i= 1 to 10 are to be de-
termined
SThe solution is by trial and error SThe simplest method is known as HardyCross SStarts with reasonable set of guesses of Qi
that satisfy continuity and then iterate until head loss is satisfied
5
Pipeflow
Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Pipe#6
SIf first guesses are relatively accurate, then
the actual flowrates Qi should be only a small L different from t he guesses, Q0i in each loop
SFor a pipe that is only in one loop, then
Q i = Q 01 L where (+ ) depends on the directions for each assumed Qi and L
STo maintain continuity, the correction L is ap-
plied to every pipe in a loop
SFor example
Q 2 = Q 03 + I Q 8 = Q 08 + II Q 4 = Q 04 + I II because L is always assumed to be clockwise around each loop. In general the head loss takes is expressed as
hL = ()KiQn i =0
L L
where (+) depends on the direction of the flow and the Qi are taken as the magnitudes of the flow. For the assumes flow directions
Pipeflow
Civil Engineering Fluid Mechanics
Pipe#6
and loops given in the figure, the head loss equations are
n N n K 1Q n 1 + K 3Q 3 + K 4Q 4 + K 2Q 2 = 0 n + K QN + K Qn = 0 + K Q K 4Q n 7 7 8 8 10 10 4 n + K QN + K Qn = 0 K 5Q n + K Q 7 9 9 6 6 7 5
and related to our flow rate guess adjustment equation
hL = ()iKi(Q01 L)n = 0
L L
Expanding by the binomial theorem and neglect all terms with small products of L, e.g. L2, L3 etc because L is small, then
1 hL = ()iKi(Q01n nQn 0i L) = 0 L L
Solving for L
()iKiQN 0i L = L 1| nKiQn 0i
L
This equation is used to correct to guessed flows in each loop.
SProcess is continued until continuity is satisfied
and L is very small
Process can be complicated by boundary conditions, pumps, etc. You will use WaterCad to solve these equations.
