Note: text box appearance may vary with different Windows and Excel versions.

HeatBalCalc is a
Thermart Software
program. 2012
by Arthur E. Morris.
www.thermart.net

A Heat Balance Calculator for an Aluminum Heating

Heat loss
Nat Gas
(1.31 kg-mol, 25oC)

Burner

Hot combustion gas

(16.07 kg-mol, 1800oC)

2
Burner air
(14.74 kg-mol, 25oC)
Heated aluminum
(800 kg/min, 550oC)

Heat loss

Ingot Heating Furnace

7

Figure 1. Flowsheet with gas stream amounts in kg

Material Balance for the Process (from workbook MatBalCalc.x

Table 1. Stream amounts in g-mol/min
Str-name Nat Gas Burnr Air CmbstGas StackGas Leak Air
Streams
1
2
3
4
5
1,308
14,739
16,067
16,391
325
Flow
Al, (c)
CH4, (g)
C2H6, (g)
CO2, (g)
H2O, (g)
N2, (g)
O2, (g)

0
1,243
39.2
0
0
26.2
0

0
0
0
0
0
11,644
3,095

0
0
0
1,321
2,603
11,670
472.7

0
0
0
1,321
2,603
11,926
540.9

0
0
0
0
0
256.4
68.2

Constructing a Heat Balance

Note: before starting, you may want to collect all 4 previous workbooks in this
series as worksheets in one workbook. It'll help you keep track of some
necessary calculations.
1. Look at workbook MatBalCalc to obtain the stream flowrates for the specified process for
heating 800 kg of Al/min. Label the flowsheet with these flows, using g-mol for gas streams.
See Table 1 and Fig. 1.
2. Use workbook HeatCalc to obtain the heat of combustion (LHV) for the specified natural
gas. Table 1 has units of g-mol; see Table 2, with more useful units of kJ/kg-mol.
3. Obtain heat content equation parameters for each stream substance from FREED as
instructed in datafiles worksheets. See Table 3; note units.
4. Write the overall heat balance for the burner device. Streams entering at the reference
temperature of 25 C have zero heat content. Burn the NatGas at 25 C and heat the
combustion products from 25 C to 1800 C. Sum the heat effect factors for each stream,
and the heat loss, and set the sum to zero. The only unknown is the heat loss. See Table 4.
The burner loss is 13 ,400 kJ/min (cell T44).
5. Repeat the overall heat balance arithmetic around the aluminum heating furnace. Cool
all instreams to 25 C, and heat all outstreams to their outstream temperature. See Table 5.
The furnace heat loss is 186,550 kJ/min (cell T56).
6. Overall, the process heat loss is 199,950 kJ/min, or 200 MJ/min.

The furnace heat loss is 186,550 kJ/min (cell T56).

6. Overall, the process heat loss is 199,950 kJ/min, or 200 MJ/min.
7. Summarize the results. See Table 6.
8. Use Goal Seek to explore the effect of stack gas temperature (stream 4) on the mass flow
of aluminum (stream 6/7). Read instructions near Table 7.
References
1. Wikipedia contributors, Enthalpy, Thermodynamic Databases for Pure Substances.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Fact-WebWikipedia,
programs,the
http://www.crct.polymtl.ca/factweb.php.
Free Encyclopedia, July 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page.
Use Reaction-Web.
NIST Chemistry WebBook, http://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/
NIST-JANAF Tables, http://kinetics.nist.gov/janaf/
Thermart Software, http://www.thermart.net/

Aluminum Heating Process

Heat loss

ating Furnace

Stack gas
(16.39 kg-mol, 800oC)

Table 2. Heat of Combustion (LHV) of NG

DHcomb, kJ/g-mol NG

-805.04

Leak air
(0.33 kg-mol, 25oC)
6
Aluminum ingots
(800 kg/min, 25oC)

Table 3. Heat Content Tables (from FREED data)

Heat Content Data, kJ/mol = A + BT + CT2. T = C

amounts in kg-mol/min
A
-2077

om workbook MatBalCalc.xlsx)

N2, 600 - 2200 C

B
C
31.40
1.317E-03

mol/min
Cold Al
6
29,650

Hot Al
7
29,650

29,650
0
0
0
0
0
0

29,650
0
0
0
0
0
0

orkbooks in this
k of some

pecified process for

mol for gas streams.

e specified natural

rom FREED as

at the reference
nd heat the
or each stream,
loss. See Table 4.

ng furnace. Cool
ature. See Table 5.

H2O(g), 600 - 2200 C

A
-2563

A
-713

B
36.04

C
4.323E-03

Air, 5 - 550 C
B
C
28.43
3.390E-03

Heat Balance for the Process (data from Tables 2 and 3

Table 4. Heat Balance Around the Burner (kJ/min) to calculate he

1. Heat content of incoming natural gas (stream #1)
2. Heat content of incoming combustion air (stream #2)
3. Heat of combustion of natural gas (stream #1)
4a. Heat burner gas CO2 to 1800 C (stream #3)
4b. Heat combustion gas H2O to 1800 C (stream #3)
4c. Heat combustion gas N2 to 1800 C (stream #3)
4d. Heat combustion gas O2 to 1800 C (stream #3)
5. Heat loss from burner, kJ/min

Table 5. Heat Balance Around the Furnace (kJ/min) to calculate h

1.
2.
3.
4.

Cool incoming burner gas to 25 C (stream #3)

Heat content of incoming aluminum (stream #6)
Heat content of incoming leak air (stream #5)
Heat product aluminum to 550 C (stream #7)

) on the mass flow

wiki/Main_Page.

5a. Heat stack gas CO2 to 800 C (stream #4)

5b. Heat stack gas H2O to 800 C (stream #4)
5c. Heat stack gas N2 to 800 C (stream #4)
5d. Heat stack gas O2 to 800 C (stream #4)
6. Heat loss from furnace, kJ/min

Table 6. Heat Balance Summary, MJ/min of Operation

Factor
Heat available from combustion of NatGas
Heat carried out by stack gas
Heat carried out by aluminum ingots
Heat loss

(LHV) of NG (from workbook HeatCalc)

kJ/kg-mol

-805,040

use this value

(from FREED data)

/mol = A + BT + CT2. T = C
A
-2265

O2, 600 - 2200 C

B
C
33.41
1.255E-03

CO2, 600 - 2200 C

A
-6014

B
52.48

C
2.257E-03
(note Al heat units)

Solid aluminum, kJ/kg

A
-21.1

B
0.875

C
2.54E-04

Table 7. Using Goal Seek with the F

Calculatethe Effect of Stack Ga

1. Cool incoming burner gas to 25 C (

2. Heat content of incoming aluminum
3. Heat content of incoming leak air (s
4. Heat product aluminum to 550 C (s
5a. Heat stack gas CO2 to 800 C (stre

(data from Tables 2 and 3)

ner (kJ/min) to calculate heat loss

gas (stream #1)

5b. Heat stack gas H2O to 800 C (stre

tion air (stream #2)

5c. Heat stack gas N2 to 800 C (strea

-1,052,963

5d. Heat stack gas O2 to 800 C (strea

s (stream #1)
(stream #3)

126,507

00 C (stream #3)

198,638

C (stream #3)

685,150

0 C (stream #3)

29,282

rnace (kJ/min) to calculate heat loss

(stream #7)

-1,039,576
0
0
429,484

7. Sum of heat effects for furnace

Using Goal Seek to Examine the Effec

Gas Temperature on the Aluminum H

13,387

C (stream #3)
m (stream #6)

6. Heat loss from furnace, kJ/min

The sum of values in

cells T39:T44 must

The sum of values in

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Look at your Excel Help text to refresh your

Enter a value for the altered stack gas temp
Go to Data/What-If analysis/Goal Seek, and
Tell Goal Seek to change cell AI34.
Click OK twice.
Goal Seek will respond with the updated flo
Copy the values of cells AI33 and AI34 to a n

49,426
75,576
284,875
13,667

186,549

ary, MJ/min of Operation

Value
1053
424
429
200

% of available
100%
40%
41%
19%

The sum of values in

cells T51:T56 must
equal zero.

6.
7.
8.
9.

Goal Seek will respond with the updated flo

Copy the values of cells AI33 and AI34 to a n
Repeat the above process for other stack ga
Chart the results.

Goal Seek dialog

box with correctly-

g Goal Seek with the Furnace Heat Balance to

ethe Effect of Stack Gas T on Al Flowrate

ack gas H2O to 800 C (stream #4)

-1,039,576
0
0
436,736
48,537

Sum of furnace heat effects

Stack gas temperature
kg of Aluminum

ack gas N2 to 800 C (stream #4)

280,082

ack gas O2 to 800 C (stream #4)

13,437

s from furnace, kJ/min

186,549

heat effects for furnace

to Examine the Effect of Changing the Stack

re on the Aluminum Heating Rate.

l Help text to refresh your understanding of Goal Seek.

the altered stack gas temperature in cell AI33.
If analysis/Goal Seek, and enter a value of zero for AI32.
change cell AI34.

pond with the updated flowrate of aluminum in cell AI34.

of cells AI33 and AI34 to a nearby array of cells.

0
788
814

775
828

Aluminum Flow vs. Stack Gas Temper

74,235
900
880

kg Al/min

oming burner gas to 25 C (stream #3)

tent of incoming aluminum (stream #6)
tent of incoming leak air (stream #5)
duct aluminum to 550 C (stream #7)
ack gas CO2 to 800 C (stream #4)

Goal Seek Operation. Enter/edit value in cell AI3

860
840
820
800
800

790

780

770

760

stack gas temperature,

pond with the updated flowrate of aluminum in cell AI34.

of cells AI33 and AI34 to a nearby array of cells.
e process for other stack gas temperatures as desired.

stack gas temperature,

Enter/edit value in cell AI33 only.

750
856

725
884

vs. Stack Gas Temperature

760

750

ck gas temperature, C

740

730

720

ck gas temperature, C

Using the FREED Thermodynamic Database--Aluminum

Please read
GRAPH:
Al, (c,l,g)
(Aluminum)

Tmax(K):
Atomic mass of Al:

5000
26.982

Table 1. Heat content of Aluminum in SI units.

T, C
26.9
90.2
153.6
216.9
280.3
343.7
407.0
470.4
533.7
597.1
660.5
660.5
710.4
743.7
826.9
876.9

HT-H25 (Cal/g-mol)
11
387
Figure 1. Heat content of Aluminum in SI units
774
Molar Heat Content of Al vs. T
1170
10000
1577
H = 7.589T + 1878
1996
8000
2428
6000
2874
H = 1.64E-03T2 + 5.64T - 136
3336
4000
3815
2000
4310
6890
0
7269
0
100 200 300 400 500 600
7521
T, C
8153
8532
HT-H25 (Cal/g-mol)

Melting point of Al

T (K)
300.0
363.4
426.7
490.1
553.4
616.8
680.2
743.5
806.9
870.2
933.6
933.6
983.5
1016.8
1100.0
1150.0

Table 3. Heat content for solid aluminum = A+ BT + CT2

cal/g-mol; T = C
kJ/kg; T = C
Btu/lb-mol; T = F
Btu/lb; T = F

A
-136
-21.1
-424
-15.7

B
5.64
8.75E-01
5.58
2.07E-01

C
1.64E-03
2.54E-04 We'll use this data
9.09E-04
3.37E-05

ase--Aluminum

Table 2. Heat content of Aluminum in AES units

ntent of Al vs. T
H = 7.589T + 1878

600

700

800

= A+ BT + CT2
We'll use this data

900

HT-H77 (Btu/lb-mol)
20
696
1393
2106
2839
3593
4371
5174
6005
6866
7758
12402
13084
13539
14675
15358

Figure 2. Heat content of Aluminum in AES units

Molar Heat Content of Al vs. T

16000

HT-H77 (Btu/lb-mol)

ent of Aluminum in SI units

T, F
80.3
194.4
308.4
422.5
536.5
650.6
764.6
878.7
992.7
1106.8
1220.8
1220.8
1310.7
1370.6
1520.3
1610.3

H = 7.589x + 3138
12000
H = 9.09E-04T2 + 5.58T - 424

8000
4000
0
0

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

T, F

1600

Datafiles and Charts from F

Air
25
77.5
130
182.5
235
287.5
340
392.5
445
497.5
550

HT-H298 (J)
0
1528
3059
4603
6166
7749
9353
10977
12621
14283
15963

Plot: HT-H298 vs. T for N1.58O.42

HT-H298 (J)

T (C)

1.80E+04
1.60E+04
1.40E+04
1.20E+04
1.00E+04
8.00E+03
6.00E+03
4.00E+03
2.00E+03
0.00E+00

H = 0.00339T2 + 28.43T - 713

R = 1.00000

25

125

225

325

425

T (C)

H2O, (g)
(Hydrogen Oxide)

700
850
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600
1750
1900
2200

HT-H298 (J)
24894
31175
37719
44514
51541
58784
66223
73839
81612
97549

1.20E+05
H = 4.323E-03T2 + 36.04x - 2563
R = 9.9999E-01

1.00E+05
HT-H298 (J)

T (C)

Plot: HT-H298 vs. T for H2O

8.00E+04
6.00E+04
4.00E+04
2.00E+04
0.00E+00
700

900

1100

1300

1500
T (C)

1700

afiles and Charts from FREED

N2, (g)
(Nitrogen dimer)

425

700
850
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600
1750
1900
2200

525

HT-H298 (J)
20607
25549
30595
35730
40944
46224
51563
56950
62379
73328

8.00E+04
7.00E+04
6.00E+04
HT-H298 (J)

T (C)

Plot: HT-H298 vs. T for N2

5.00E+04
4.00E+04
3.00E+04
2.00E+04
1.00E+04
0.00E+00
700

900

O2, (g)
(Oxygen dimer)

1900

T (C)

2100

700
850
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600
1750
1900
2200

HT-H298 (J)
21770
27025
32371
37792
43278
48821
54416
60062
65755
77284

1300

Plot: HT-H298 vs. T for O2

HT-H298 (J)

+ 36.04x - 2563

1100

9.00E+04
8.00E+04
7.00E+04
6.00E+04
5.00E+04
4.00E+04
3.00E+04
2.00E+04
1.00E+04
0.00E+00

H = 1.255E

700

900

1100

1300

CO2, (g)
(Carbon Dioxide)

H298 vs. T for N2

Plot: HT
1.40E+05

H=
1300

1.317E-03T2

1500

+ 31.40T - 2077
R = 9.9999E-01

1700

1900

2100

H298 vs. T for O2

H = 1.255E-03T2 + 33.41T - 2265

R = 1.0000E+00

1500
T (C)

H = 2.257E

1.20E+05

HT-H298 (J)

HT-H298 (J)
31,961
40,184
48,624
57,234
65,982
74,842
83,795
92,825
101,921
120,268

1.00E+05
8.00E+04
6.00E+04
4.00E+04
2.00E+04
700

T (C)

1300

T (C)
700
850
1000
1150
1300
1450
1600
1750
1900
2200

1700

1900

2100

Plot: HT-H298 vs. T for CO2

H = 2.257E-03T2 + 52.48T - 6014
R = 9.9999E-01

1200

T (C)

1700

2200

Using the NIST Chemistry WebBook On-Line Thermodynamic Database--Carbon D

Heat content, heat capacity, and entropy equations for reference state CO 2
Data compilation copyright by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the U.S.A.
Hgas -393.51 0.13 kJ/mol. Review Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984 CODATA Review value
Hgas -393.52 kJ/mol. Review Chase, 1998. Data last reviewed in September, 1965
Sgas,1 bar 213.785 0.010 J/mol*K. Review Cox, Wagman, et al., 1984 CODATA Review value
Sgas,1 bar 213.79 J/mol*K. Review Chase, 1998. Data last reviewed in September, 1965
Gas Phase Heat Capacity (Shomate Equation)
Cp = A + B*t + C*t2 + D*t3 + E/t2
H - H298.15= A*t + B*t2/2 + C*t3/3 + D*t4/4 - E/t + F - H
S = A*ln(t) + B*t + C*t2/2 + D*t3/3 - E/(2*t2) + G
Cp = heat capacity (J/mol*K)
H = standard enthalpy (kJ/mol)
S = standard entropy (J/mol*K)
t = temperature (K) / 1000.

Table 1. Equation parameters for the thermodynamic properties of CO2

Temp, (K)
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Reference

298. - 1200. 1200. - 6000.

24.99735
58.16639
55.18696
2.720074
-33.69137
-0.492289
7.948387
0.038844
-0.136638
-6.447293
-403.6075
-425.9186
228.2431
263.6125
-393.5224
-393.5224
Chase, 1998
Chase, 1998

Comment: Data last reviewed in September, 1965.

Figure 1. Heat content of CO2 in SI units

110,000
100,000

HT-H25, J/g-mol

Please read

90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000

Molar Heat Content of CO2 above 800 C

H = 58.91T - 10312
R = 0.9998

40,000
30,000
800

1000

1200

1400

T, C

1600

Table 3. Heat content for CO2 = A + BT

kJ/kg-mol; T = C
kJ/m3; T = C
Btu/lb-mol; T = F
Btu/ft3; T = F
(Volumes are STP)

A
-10312
-460
-4887
-13.6

B
58.91
2.628
14.08
0.0392

1800

mic Database--Carbon Dioxide

Carbon dioxide
Molecular weight: 44.0095

ce state CO 2

Table 2. Values for the thermodynamic properties of CO2 in SI units

f the U.S.A.

Temp,

Temp,

TA Review value

(K)

(C)

ember, 1965

298
300
400
500
600

37.12
37.22
41.34
44.61
47.32

213.8
214
225.3
234.9
243.3

213.8
213.8
215.3
218.3
221.8

-0.01
0.07
4.00
8.31
12.91

700

49.57

250.8

225.4

17.75

800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500

826.85
926.85
1026.85
1126.85
1226.85

51.44
53
54.3
55.4
56.31
57.14
57.83
58.4

257.5
263.6
269.3
274.5
279.4
283.9
288.2
292.2

229
232.5
235.9
239.2
242.3
245.4
248.3
251.1

22.81
28.03
33.40
38.89
44.47
50.15
55.89
61.71

38,890
44,470
50,150
55,890
61,710

1600

1326.85

58.9

296

253.8

67.57

67,570

1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900

1426.85
1526.85
1626.85
1726.85
1826.85
1926.85

59.33
59.7
60.04
60.34
60.61
60.85
61.07
61.28
61.47
61.64
61.8
61.95
62.1

299.6
303
306.2
309.3
312.2
315.1
317.8
320.4
322.9
325.3
327.6
329.9
332.1

256.3
258.8
261.2
263.6
265.8
268
270.1
272.1
274.1
276
277.9
279.7
281.5

73.48
79.44
85.42
91.44
97.49
103.6
109.7
115.8
121.9
128.1
134.2
140.4
146.6

73,480
79,440
85,420
91,440
97,490
103,600

CODATA Review value

September, 1965

HT-H77, Btu/lb-mol

3000
3100
3200
3300
45,000
3400
3500
40,000
3600
3700
35,000
3800
3900
30,000
4000
4100
25,000
4200
4300
20,000

Cp

-(G H - H298.15 H - H298.15

H298.15)/T

(J/mol*K) (J/mol*K) (J/mol*K)

(kJ/mol)

62.23
283.2units 152.8
Figure 2. Heat
content 334.2
of CO2 in AES
62.35

336.2

284.9

159.1

338.2 of CO
286.5
165.3
Molar62.47
Heat Content
2 above 1500 F
62.59
340.1
288.1
62.69 H = 14.08T
342 - 4887 289.7
62.8
R 343.8
= 0.9998 291.2
62.89
345.6
292.7
62.99
347.3
294.1
63.08
349
295.6
63.17
350.6
297
63.25
352.2
298.3
63.34
353.8
299.6
63.42
355.3
301
63.5
356.8
302.2

171.6
177.8
184.1
190.4
196.7
203
209.3
215.6
222
228.3
234.6

(J/mol)

HT
2000

20,000
4400
4500
15,000
4600
4700 1500
4800
4900

63.58
63.66
63.74
63.82
2000
63.9
63.98

358.3
359.7
361.1
362.5
T, F
363.8
365.1

303.5
304.7
305.9
307.1
2500
308.3
309.4

5000

64.06

366.4

310.6

279.3

5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000

64.14
64.22
64.31
64.39
64.48
64.58
64.67
64.77
64.87
64.98

367.7
368.9
370.2
371.4
372.5
373.7
374.9
376
377.1
378.2

311.7
312.8
313.8
314.9
315.9
316.9
318
318.9
319.9
320.9

285.7
292.1
298.5
305
311.4
317.9
324.3
330.8
337.3
343.8

241
247.4
253.7
260.1
3000
266.5
272.9

3500

CO2 in AES units

H - H77

Temp,
(F)

(Btu/lb-mol)

1520.3
1700.3
1880.3
2060.3
2240.3

16,731
19,131
21,575
24,044
26,548

2420.3

29,069

2600.3
2780.3
2960.3
3140.3
3320.3
3500.3

31,612
34,176
36,749
39,338
41,941
44,570

3500

Please read

Using the NIST JANAF On-line Thermochemical Database--Wat

Water (H2O, gas)

Water
Molecular wt: 18.0153

Table 1. Thermodynamic properties of H2O(g )

Enthalpy Ref, Temperature = T r = 298.15 K
JK-1 mol-1
T /K
Cp
-[G -H (T r)]/T
S
0
0
0 INFINITE
100
33.299 152.388 218.534
200
33.349 175.485 191.896
Reference temperature ==>

298.15
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600

33.59
33.596
34.262
35.226
36.325
37.495
38.721
39.987
41.268
42.536
43.768
44.945
46.054
47.09
48.05
48.935
49.749
50.496
51.18
51.823
52.408
52.947
53.444
53.904
54.329
54.723
55.089
55.43
55.748
56.044
56.323
56.583
56.828
57.058
57.276

188.834
189.042
198.788
206.534
213.052
218.739
223.825
228.459
232.738
236.731
240.485
244.035
247.407
250.62
253.69
256.63
259.451
262.161
264.769
267.282
269.706
272.048
274.312
276.503
278.625
280.683
282.68
284.619
286.504
288.337
290.12
291.858
293.55
295.201
296.812

188.834
188.835
190.159
192.685
195.55
198.465
201.322
204.084
206.738
209.285
211.73
214.08
216.341
218.52
220.623
222.655
224.621
226.526
228.374
230.167
231.909
233.604
235.253
236.86
238.425
239.952
241.443
242.899
244.321
245.711
247.071
248.402
249.705
250.982
252.233

Standard State Pressure = p = 0.1 MPa

kJmol-1
H -H (T r)
fH
-9.90
-238.921
-6.62
-240.083
-3.28
-240.9
0.00
0.06
3.45
6.93
10.50
14.19
18.00
21.94
26.00
30.19
34.51
38.94
43.49
48.15
52.91
57.76
62.69
67.71
72.79
77.94
83.15
88.42
93.74
99.11
104.52
109.97
115.46
120.99
126.55
132.14
137.76
143.40
149.07
154.77
160.49

-241.826
-241.844
-242.846
-243.826
-244.758
-245.632
-246.443
-247.185
-247.857
-248.46
-248.997
-249.473
-249.894
-250.265
-250.592
-250.881
-251.138
-251.368
-251.575
-251.762
-251.934
-252.092
-252.239
-252.379
-252.513
-252.643
-252.771
-252.897
-253.024
-253.152
-253.282
-253.416
-253.553
-253.696
-253.844

3700
3800
3900
4000
4100
4200
4300
4400
4500
4600
4700
4800
4900
5000
5100
5200
5300
5400
5500
5600
5700
5800
5900
6000

57.48
57.675
57.859
58.033
58.199
58.357
58.507
58.65
58.787
58.918
59.044
59.164
59.275
59.39
59.509
59.628
59.746
59.864
59.982
60.1
60.218
60.335
60.453
60.571

298.384
299.919
301.42
302.887
304.322
305.726
307.101
308.448
309.767
311.061
312.329
313.574
314.795
315.993
317.171
318.327
319.464
320.582
321.682
322.764
323.828
324.877
325.909
326.926

PREVIOUS: March 1961 (1 atm)

253.459
254.661
255.841
256.999
258.136
259.252
260.349
261.427
262.486
263.528
264.553
265.562
266.554
267.531
268.493
269.44
270.373
271.293
272.199
273.092
273.973
274.841
275.698
276.544

166.22
171.98
177.76
183.55
189.36
195.19
201.03
206.89
212.76
218.65
224.55
230.46
236.38
242.31
248.26
254.22
260.18
266.16
272.16
278.16
284.18
290.20
296.24
302.30

-253.997
-254.158
-254.326
-254.501
-254.684
-254.876
-255.078
-255.288
-255.508
-255.738
-255.978
-256.229
-256.491
-256.763
-257.046
-257.338
-257.639
-257.95
-258.268
-258.595
-258.93
-259.272
-259.621
-259.977

CURRENT: March 1979 (1 bar)

ochemical Database--Water Vapor

Figure 1. Heat content of H2O in SI units

90,000

Heat Content of H2O above 800 C

H = 4.462E-03T2 + 35.96T - 2655
R = 1.000E+00

State Pressure = p = 0.1 MPa

log Kf
fG
-238.921 INFINITE
-236.584 123.579
-232.766
60.792

HT-H25, J/g-mol

80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
-228.582
-228.5
-223.901
-219.051
-214.007
-208.812
-203.496
-198.083
-192.59
-187.033
-181.425
-175.774
-170.089
-164.376
-158.639
-152.883
-147.111
-141.325
-135.528
-129.721
-123.905
-118.082
-112.252
-106.416
-100.575
-94.729
-88.878
-83.023
-77.163
-71.298
-65.43
-59.558
-53.681
-47.801
-41.916

40.047
39.785
29.238
22.884
18.631
15.582
13.287
11.496
10.06
8.881
7.897
7.063
6.346
5.724
5.179
4.698
4.269
3.885
3.54
3.227
2.942
2.682
2.443
2.223
2.021
1.833
1.658
1.495
1.344
1.201
1.068
0.943
0.825
0.713
0.608

30,000
800

1000

1200

T, C

1400

1600

Table 2. Heat content of water vapor in different units.

T, C
826.85
926.85
1026.85
1126.85
1226.85
1326.85
1426.85
1526.85
1626.85
1726.85
1826.85
1926.85

Jmol-1
H -H (T r)
30,191
34,506
38,942
43,493
48,151
52,908
57,758
62,693
67,706
72,790
77,941
83,153

Btulb-mol-1
T, F
H -H (T r)
1520.3
1700.3
1880.3
2060.3
2240.3
2420.3
2600.3
2780.3
2960.3
3140.3
3320.3
3500.3

12,988
14,845
16,753
18,711
20,715
22,762
24,848
26,971
29,128
31,315
33,531
35,773

1800

-36.027
-30.133
-24.236
-18.334
-12.427
-6.516
-0.6
5.32
11.245
17.175
23.111
29.052
34.998
40.949
46.906
52.869
58.838
64.811
70.791
76.777
82.769
88.767
94.77
100.78

T: March 1979 (1 bar)

0.509
0.414
0.325
0.239
0.158
0.081
0.007
-0.063
-0.131
-0.195
-0.257
-0.316
-0.373
-0.428
-0.48
-0.531
-0.58
-0.627
-0.672
-0.716
-0.758
-0.799
-0.839
-0.877

Figure 2. Heat content of H2O in AES units

36,000

Heat Content of H2O above 1500 F

H = 5.925E-04T2 + 8.558T - 1416
R = 1.000E+00

HT-H77, Btu/lb-mol

32,000
28,000
24,000
20,000
16,000

1800

2000

12,000
1500

2000

T, F

2500

Table 3. Heat content equation parameters for water vapor = A + BT + CT

A
kJ/kg-mol; T = C
-2655
-118
kJ/m3; T = C
Btu/lb-mol; T = F
-1416
-3.944
Btu/ft3; T = F
(Volumes are STP)

B
35.96
1.604
8.558
0.02384

C
4.462E-03
1.991E-04
5.925E-04
1.650E-06

3000

3500

3500

Using the Fact-Web On-line Thermochemical Database--Oxygen and Nitrogen

Oxygen
Molecular wt: 31.9988

O2
Table 1A. Thermodynamic properties of O2 in SI units
T(K)

H(J)

G(J)

298.15
300
400
500
600
700
800

0
54
3,025
6,084
9,244
12,497
15,834

-61,132
-61,511
-82,479
-104,207
-126,560
-149,450
-172,812

900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200

19,240
22,703
26,213
29,764
33,348
36,961
40,601
44,267
47,957
51,672
55,411
59,174
62,960
66,770

-196,597
-220,764
-245,280
-270,118
-295,253
-320,666
-346,337
-372,253
-398,398
-424,761
-451,332
-478,100
-505,056
-532,194

Please read

Vol(litre)

S(J/K)

------O2(g)-----24.47
205.04
24.62
205.22
32.82
213.76
41.03
220.58
49.24
226.34
57.44
231.35
65.65
235.81
73.85
82.06
90.26
98.47
106.68
114.88
123.09
131.29
139.50
147.70
155.91
164.12
172.32
180.53

239.82
243.47
246.81
249.90
252.77
255.45
257.96
260.33
262.56
264.69
266.71
268.64
270.48
272.26

Cp(J/K)

A, (J)

29.38
29.39
30.11
31.10
32.08
32.97
33.74

-63,611
-64,006
-85,805
-108,364
-131,549
-155,270
-179,464

34.37
34.86
35.32
35.68
35.99
36.27
36.53
36.78
37.03
37.27
37.51
37.75
37.98
38.21

-204,080
-229,079
-254,426
-280,095
-306,062
-332,306
-358,809
-385,556
-412,533
-439,728
-467,129
-494,729
-522,517
-550,486

Figure 1. Heat content of O2 and N2 in SI units

Heat Content of O2 & N2 Above 800 C

30000

70,000

28000

65,000

26000

H = 36.88T- 4522

55,000
50,000

H = 35.15T - 4579

45,000
40,000
35,000

O2
Linear (O2)

30,000
25,000

N2
Linear (N2)

1000

1200

1400
T, C

1600

1800

24000
22000
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000

20,000
800

HT-H77. Btu/lb-mol

HT-H25, J/mol

60,000

2000

10000

-Oxygen and Nitrogen

Nitrogen
Molecular wt:

28.0134
N2

Table 1B. Thermodynamic properties of N2 in SI units

T (C)

T(K)

Table 2. AES units

T (F)

826.85
926.85
1026.85
1126.85
1226.85
1326.85
1426.85
1526.85
1626.85
1726.85
1826.85
1926.85

1520.3
1700.3
1880.3
2060.3
2240.3
2420.3
2600.3
2780.3
2960.3
3140.3
3320.3
3500.3

H(Btu)

H(Btu)

O2

N2

11277
12805
14347
15901
17467
19044
20632
22230
23839
25457
27086
28725

10650
12090
13551
15030
16524
18028
19544
21071
22607
24152
25704
27262

H(J)

G(J)

298.15
300
400
500
600
700
800

0
54
2,969
5,909
8,895
11,941
15,050

-57,096
-57,450
-77,057
-97,403
-118,345
-139,792
-161,679

900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200

18,224
21,460
24,755
28,104
31,500
34,937
38,408
41,906
45,429
48,979
52,550
56,140
59,747
63,368

-183,960
-206,598
-229,563
-252,830
-276,379
-300,190
-324,249
-348,540
-373,051
-397,770
-422,686
-447,791
-473,077
-498,534

Vol(litre)
------N2(g)-----24.47
24.62
32.82
41.03
49.24
57.44
65.65
73.85
82.06
90.26
98.47
106.68
114.88
123.09
131.29
139.50
147.70
155.91
164.12
172.32
180.53

Figure 2. Heat content of O2 and N2 in AES units

30000

Heat Content of O2 & N2 Above 1500 F

28000

H = 8.81T - 2228

26000
HT-H77. Btu/lb-mol

kJ/kg-mol; T = C
kJ/m3; T = C
Btu/lb-mol; T = F
Btu/ft3; T = F

24000
22000

H = 8.40T - 2239

20000
18000
16000

N2
Linear (N2)

14000
12000
10000
1500

2000

T, F

2500

O2
Linear (O2)
3000

3500

Table 4. Heat content for air fro

T(K)
300
400
500
600
700
800

Using the Fact-Web O

amic properties of N2 in SI units

S(J/K)

Cp(J/K)

A_(J)

T (C)

T(K)

------N2(g)-----191.50
191.68
200.07
206.62
212.07
216.76
220.91

29.14
29.13
29.23
29.61
30.15
30.77
31.42

-59,575
-59,944
-80,383
-101,560
-123,334
-145,612
-168,331

298.15
300
400
500
600
700
800

-393,522
-393,453
-389,522
-385,219
-380,615
-375,765
-370,711

224.65
228.06
231.20
234.11
236.83
239.38
241.77
244.03
246.17
248.19
250.12
251.97
253.73
255.41

32.06
32.66
33.23
33.73
34.18
34.55
34.86
35.09
35.37
35.61
35.81
35.99
36.14
36.28

-191,443
-214,913
-238,709
-262,808
-287,188
-311,831
-336,721
-361,843
-387,185
-412,736
-438,484
-464,420
-490,537
-516,826

900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000

-365,488
-360,123
-354,639
-349,052
-343,378
-337,629
-331,817
-325,950
-320,037
-314,085
-308,099
-302,082

826.85
926.85
1026.85
1126.85
1226.85
1326.85
1426.85
1526.85
1626.85
1726.85
1826.85
1926.85

H(J)

Table 3. Heat content for O2 and N2 = A + BT

N2
O2
A
kJ/kg-mol; T = C
-4579
-204
kJ/m3; T = C
Btu/lb-mol; T = F
-2239
Btu/ft3; T = F -6.236
(Volumes are STP)

B
35.15
1.568
8.40
0.02340

A
-4522
-202
-2228
-6.205

B
36.88
1.645
8.81
0.02454

Figure 3. Heat content of air in SI units, and quadratic equation ob

Table 4. Heat content for air from Tables 1A & 1B
H(J)
N2
54
2,969
5,909
8,895
11,941
15,050

H(J)
Air
54
2,981
5,945
8,969
12,058
15,215

T(C)
16,000
26.85
126.85
226.85
326.85
426.85
526.85

14,000

t content, kJ/kg-mol

H(J)
O2
54
3,025
6,084
9,244
12,497
15,834

12,000
10,000

heat content, kJ/kg

10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
0
0

50

100

Using the Fact-Web On-line Thermochemical Database--Carbon Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide
Molecular wt: 44.0096

CO2
Table 5. Thermodynamic properties of CO2 in SI units
Vol(litre)

S(J/K)

Cp(J/K)

A_(J)

HT-H298

T (C)

------ CO2(g) ------457,265

24.47
-457,661
24.62
-479,645
32.82
-502,666
41.03
-526,584
49.24
-551,292
57.44
-576,710
65.65

213.80
214.03
225.31
234.89
243.28
250.75
257.50

37.14
37.22
41.29
44.64
47.36
49.59
51.43

-459,744
-460,155
-482,970
-506,824
-531,572
-557,112
-583,362

0
69
4,001
8,303
12,907
17,758
22,811

25.0
26.9
126.9
226.9
326.9
426.9
526.9

-602,772
-629,423
-656,618
-684,317
-712,485
-741,093
-770,114
-799,525
-829,304
-859,433
-889,893
-920,669

263.65
269.30
274.53
279.39
283.93
288.19
292.20
295.98
299.57
302.97
306.21
309.29

52.98
54.28
55.39
56.33
57.13
57.82
58.41
58.91
59.34
59.70
60.01
60.32

-610,255
-637,738
-665,764
-694,294
-723,294
-752,733
-782,586
-812,828
-843,439
-874,399
-905,691
-937,298

28,034
33,399
38,884
44,470
50,144
55,893
61,705
67,572
73,485
79,438
85,423
91,440

626.9
726.9
826.9
926.9
1026.9
1126.9
1226.9
1326.9
1426.9
1526.9
1626.9
1726.9

73.85
82.06
90.26
98.47
106.68
114.88
123.09
131.29
139.50
147.70
155.91
164.12

and quadratic equation obtained using trendline.

Heat Content of Air to 600 C

H = 2.945E-03T2 + 28.67T - 713
R = 1.000E+00

HT-H25, J/g-mol

G(J)

150

200

250

T, C

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

Heat Content of CO2

100,000
90,000

HT-H25, J/g-mol

80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
y = -3.140E-06x3 + 1.390E-02x2 + 3.888E+01x - 1.072E+03
R = 1.000E+00

20,000
10,000
0
0

300

600

900

1200
T, C

1500

1800