Processes of Socialization
Social learning theory Groupthink Indoctrination Brainwashing Deindividuation
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Processes of Socialization
Social learning theory Operant conditioning
by Burrhus Frederic Skinner certain responses are learned because they operate on, or affect, the environment
Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement
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Process of Socialization: Social Learning Theory
by Albert Bandura Bandura argued that individuals, especially children, learn aggressive responses from observing others, either personally or through the media and the environment
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Process of Socialization: Social Learning Theory
According to Bandura, individuals in high crime areas are more likely than those who dwell in low-crime rate areas to act violently.
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Albert Bandura
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The Bobo Doll Experiment
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The Bobo Doll Experiment
(1961)
The model laid bobo on its side, sat on it, and punched it repeatedly in the nose. The model then raised the Bobo doll, picked up the mallet, and struck the doll on the head.
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The Bobo Doll Experiment
Following the mallet aggression, the model tossed the doll up in the air aggressively, and kicked it about the room. This sequence of physically aggressive acts was repeated three times, interspersed with verbally aggressive responses
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The Bobo Doll Experiment
sock him in the nose, hit him down, throw him in the air, kick him, pow,
and two non-aggressive comments:
he keeps coming back for more, he sure is a tough fella
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The Bobo Doll Experiment
Some measures of aggression: acts that imitate the physical aggression of the model imitation of the models verbal aggression other mallet aggression non-imitative aggression (acts that have not been performed by the model)
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The Bobo Doll Experiment
Results:
Children exposed to violent models tended to imitate the exact violent behaviors that they observed Physical and verbal aggression were virtually never observed in the subjects exposed to the non-aggressive models, or in the subjects who were not exposed to any model.
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The Bobo Doll Experiment
Results:
Boys violent behavior was influenced more by the aggressive male model than by the aggressive female model In same-sex aggressive conditions, girls were more likely to imitate verbal aggression while boys were more inclined to imitate physical violence
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The Bobo Doll Experiment
Results:
Boys were significantly more physically aggressive than girls
Aggression is seen as most typical of males than of females Masculine-typed behavior
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Social Learning Theory
Four component processes: a. Attention b. Retention c. Motor reproduction d. Motivation
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Subsequent Researches (1963)
Live adult model had a stronger influence than the filmed adult, who, in turn, was more influential than the cartoon All three forms of aggressive models produced significantly more violent behaviors in the children than was observed in children exposed to non-aggressive models or control subjects
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Subsequent Researches (1965)
Children imitated the violence more when they saw it rewarded, but significantly less when the model was punished for aggressive behavior
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Implications
Parenting and parental discipline Establishment of gender roles and stereotypes Vicarious traumatization
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink
Groupthink (Janis, 1982)
Phenomenon in which members of a group are led to suppress their own dissent in the interests of group consensus Certain conditions foster a strong desire to achieve and maintain group consensus and avoid rocking the boat by dissenting
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink
Groupthink is caused by:
A cohesive group of decision makers Isolation of the group from outside influences No systematic procedures for considering the pros and cons of different courses of action A directive leader who explicitly favors a particular course of action High stress
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink
Groupthink is caused by:
A cohesive group of decision makers Isolation of the group from outside influences No systematic procedures for considering the pros and cons of different courses of action A directive leader who explicitly favors a particular course of action High stress
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink
Symptoms:
Shared illusion of invulnerability, morality, unanimity Direct pressure on dissenters Self-censorship
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink
SelfSelf -censorship: for having kept so silent during those crucial discussions in the Cabinet Room, though my feelings of guilt were tempered by the knowledge that a course of objections would have accomplished little save to gain me a name as a nuisance. -Arthur Schlesinger, Jr. (1965)
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Processes of Socialization: Groupthink
Symptoms:
Shared illusion of invulnerability, morality, unanimity Direct pressure on dissenters Self-censorship Collective rationalization of a decision rather than realistically examine its strengths and weaknesses Self-appointed mindguards
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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination
How could one man achieve control over a large group of people to the point that they would willingly die at his command?
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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination
The case of the Peoples Temple
(founded in 1963)
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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination
Indianapolis, Indiana in 1963 California in 1965 Guyana, South America severe initiation self-sacrifice (time, effort, money, properties) relinquishing of control of ones life to Jones a person finds it difficult to leave the Peoples Temple
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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination
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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination
November 18, 1978
Guyana, South America
Jonestown Massacre Peoples Temple 918 deaths
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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination
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Processes of Socialization: Indoctrination
Indoctrination
Can be defined as the process of infiltrating (drilling, inculcating) concepts, attitudes, beliefs, and theories into a persons mind Indoctrinated persons are expected not to question or critically examine the doctrine they have learned Religious indoctrination, secular indoctrination, military indoctrination
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Processes of Socialization: Brainwashing
Brainwashing
A forcible indoctrination or use of coercive methods (including the destruction of the persons prior belief) to induce him or her to give up basic political or religious beliefs
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Processes of Socialization: Brainwashing
A remarkable thing about cult mind control is that its so ordinary in the tactics and strategies of social influence employed. They are variants of wellknown social psychological principles of compliance, conformity, persuasion, dissonance, reactance, framing, emotional manipulation, manipulation and others that are used on all of us daily to entice us: to buy, to try, to donate, to vote, to join, to change, to believe, to love, to hate the enemy. - Philip Zimbardo, American Psychological Association
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Processes of Socialization: Brainwashing
Cult mind control is not different in kind from these everyday varieties, but in its greater intensity, persistence, duration, and scope. One difference is in its greater efforts to block quitting the group, by imposing high exit costs, replete with induced phobias of harm, failure, and personal isolation. isolation - Philip Zimbardo, American Psychological Association
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Processes of Socialization: Deindividuation
Deindividuation
Certain group situations can minimize the salience of peoples personal identities, reduce their sense of public accountability, and in doing so produce aggressive or unusual behavior
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Effects of Socialization
Personality Deviance
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