1
1. Introduction:
The stream line of the orifice contract reducing the area of flow
(Vena Contraction).
A
actuaI
= C
c
. A
Where: Cc is the coefficient of contraction.
For water at a level of H above the orifice, apply Bernoullis
equation from the top surface to the orifice:
TB
A
= TB
B
+ B
L AB
Then the velocity of water discharge through the orifice can be written
as:
v
B(Th.)
= 2gB
Where:
- Head losses assumed to be zero.
- g is acceleration due to gravity (m/s
2
)
- H is the water height (m)
The jet velocity trajectory consists of two components. At the
exit of the orifice the vertical component is zero, thus the
velocity leaves the orifice horizontally. Neglecting air
resistance, the horizontal velocity can be considered as a
constant and equal to V.
Apply the law of constant velocity motion in x-direction and
third law of constant acceleration motion (g) in y-direction:
t =
x
v
y = v
y
t +
1
2
gt
2
Fig (1): Vena Contraction
Fig (2): Apply Bernoulli eqn.
Fig (3): Trajectory Motion
2
Then the velocity of water discharge through the orifice can be written as:
v
act.
= x .
_
g
2y
C
v
=
v
act
v
th
=
x
2By
So, there are two reasons for the difference between theoretical and actual discharge:
C
d
=
Q
act.
Q
Th.
=
v t
A2gB
The range of Cd values (0.60-0.65)
C
d
= C
v
C
c
2. Objective:
To study the flow through small orifice discharging to atmosphere and determine the
discharge coefficient, velocity coefficient and the actual jet profile.
Calculating the coefficient of discharge (Cd).
Calculating the coefficient of velocity (Cv).
Calculating the coefficient of contraction (Cc)
3. Apparatus:
Small Orifices Apparatus
Fig (4): Small orifices apparatus
3
4. Procedure:
a. Fix 8 mm diameter orifice in the side of the tank.
b. Switch the pump on; allow water to rise until reaching a height of 25 cm.
c. Measure the flow rate (volume collected in certain time).
d. Measure the trajectory of jet using Hook Gauge.
e. Record the value of x and the corresponding y value.
f. Control the flow valve to increase water height to 50 cm, then repeat the previous steps.
5. Results:
D = 8 mm for all heights.
At first, for H = 0.5 m
I
uct
= 15 L = 0.015m
3
, t = 153 sec, then
uct.
=
v
cct
t
= 0.98*1u
-4
m
3
s
I
thco.
= 2gE = S.1S
m
s
A
thco.
= S.u24 1u
-5
tcn
thco.
= 1.S7 1u
-4
m
3
s
Cd =
cct.
thcc.
= u.62
Secondly, for H = 0.25 m
I
uct
= 10 L = 0.01m
3
, t = 139 sec, then
uct.
=
v
cct
t
= 0.72*1u
-4
m
3
s
I
thco.
= 2gE = 2.214
m
s
A
thco.
= S.u24 1u
-5
tcn
thco.
= 1.11 1u
-4
m
3
s
Cd =
cct.
thcc.
= u.6S
4
Slope = 0.0001 = cd * A *2g , Then cd = 0.449
X (m)
1
for H = 0.5 m
2
for H= 0.25 m y
1
y
2
0 0 0 0 0
0.05 0.5 0.5 0.707107 0.707107
0.1 1.1 1.2 1.048809 1.095445
0.15 1.8 2.6 1.341641 1.612452
0.2 2.7 4.6 1.643168 2.144761
0.25 3.7 7 1.923538 2.645751
0.3 5.2 9.9 2.280351 3.146427
0.35 7.1 13.5 2.664583 3.674235
0.4 8.9 17.2 2.983287 4.147288
H (m) 0.50 0.25
Qth (m3/s) 1.57E-04 1.11E-04
V (L) 15 10
t (sec) 153 139
Qact (m3/s) 0.98E-04 0.72E-04
E (m) 0.707 0.5
y = 0.0001x
0.00006
0.000065
0.00007
0.000075
0.00008
0.000085
0.00009
0.000095
0.0001
0.000105
0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.75
_
(
o
c
t
.
)
Sqrt(H)
Fig (5): (oct.) Vs sqrt(H)
Table (1): Readings 1
Table (2): Readings 2
5
Slope = Cv *2E = 1.28, then Cv = 0.905
And Cc =
Cd
C
=
A
cct.
A
thcc.
= 0.497, and A
uct.
= 2.5*1u
-5
Slope == Cv *2E = 1.134, then Cv = 1.134
And Cc =
Cd
C
=
A
cct.
A
thcc.
= 0.396, and A
uct.
= 1.99*1u
-5
y = 1.2777x
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35
X
(
m
)
y
Fig (6): Cv For H = 0.5 m
y = 1.1344x
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
X
(
m
)
y
Fig (7): Cv For H = 0.25 m
6
6. Conclusion:
Errors founded and may be affected on a results in the experiment due to many reasons listed
below:
1. Zero error: If the setup reading isnt zero at zero load.
2. Human error: if the experimenter red the outputs and calculate incorrectly.
It is recommended to make sure that there is no zero error. And it should to the
experimenter to see and analysis the changes of parameters during the experiment by
engineering sense and make comments.
