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xolraxTraffic Calming
Urban Transportation Planning MIT Course 1.252j/11.380j Fall 2002 Mikel Murga, MIT Research Associate
Dec 6, 2002
Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Table of Contents
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Why traffic calming? Traffic calming, how? Techniques Design Criteria The Process
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Why Traffic Calming?
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The faster you go, the higher the probability of an accident, as:
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Your vision focus narrows with speed For a given reaction time, distance covered is proportional to speed The faster you go, the longer the stopping distance
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Why Traffic Calming?
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The faster you go, the higher the seriousness of an accident
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For instance, the kinetic energy of an automobile (1.2 tons at 35 mph) is at least 150 times higher than for a pedestrian (180 pounds) at 3 mph Such a collision at:
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20 mph, means bone fractures and concussions Between 20-30 mph, medium seriousness More than 30 mph, very high probability of either death or permanent disability
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Why Traffic Calming?
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To avoid segregation of public spaces and maintain its livability Underpasses, skywalks and other solutions, do not provide eyes on the street
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
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When you drive at 30 mph, you tend to focus your sight far ahead And you narrow the sight area You fail to see the surroundings
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
But if you drive at 20 mph, you start to see what lies on the sides
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
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The basic idea is to change the perceptions of the driver through the introduction of new physical features These self-enforcing features tend to break the infinite continuity that encourages speed with or without speed warnings
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
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Raised crosswalks Narrower pavement widths Chicanes through urban furniture or parking Changes in the pavement texture Mini-roundabouts Cul-de-sacs Eliminating some movements Civilized green waves .
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Traffic Calming: How?
Raised crosswalks
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Double function You accommodate to gradient:
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7% for 40-45 km/hr 10% for 30 km/hr 12% for 25 km/hr or less
Every 60-100 meters plus proper warning The top needs a minimum width, specially for buses
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Raised intersections
The automobile finds itself in neutral grounds
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Bulb-outs
Pros:
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Decrease exposure Higher visibility specially for children Easy implementation
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Narrower pavement widths
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Narrower pavement widths
0,15
2,5
0,3
1,7
0,15
0,15
2,5
0,2
2,5
0,15
4,80
5,5
0,6 0,3 1,7 0,8 1,7 0,3
1,7
0,9
1,7
0,6
5,5 4,80
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Narrower pavement widths
Nothing like a bucket of paint
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Narrowing the pavement
You could rearrange parking
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Eliminating road lanes
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Mini-roundabouts
They work!
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Or all of the above
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Eliminating some movements (i.e. in a roundabout)
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Civilized Green Waves
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They need low cycles to avoid late-comers driving fast (at night)
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Civilized Green Waves
Plus often changes in horizontal alignment, refuge islands, narrowing the road width
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Civilized Pedestrian signals
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Longer timing for pedestrians Lower total cycles Green waves for pedestrian movements
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Narrowing the pavement
Improving public spaces:
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New urban furniture, including trees New activities Weather shelters to encourage people use of the streets
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: How?
Not an end by itself, just the means to an end It must be accompanied by other measures to improve the urban environment so as to encourage more pedestrians
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Design Criteria
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Including other important issues:
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Location Self-enforcement Liability Reversibility Public participation Overall traffic scheme Traffic deviated to other areas
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Location
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Sensitive areas:
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Schools Transit stations Senior citizens Areas with high accident rates High speeds eg.transition areas from the expressway into the urban network
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Some Bibliography
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Canadian Guide to Neighbourhood Traffic Calming TAC-ATC/ITE 1998 Civilised Streets Carmen Hass-Klau et al ET&P, 1992 Guide Les ralentisseurs de type dos dane et trapezoidal CERTU, 1994
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Guide Zone 30 CETUR, 1992 Pedestrian and City Traffic Carmen Hass-Klau, 1990 City Routes, City Rights Conserv Law Found, 1998 Reduire la Vitesse en Agglomeration CETUR 1989 Voirie Urbaine CETUR 1988 plus JANE JACOBS, KEVIN LYNCH, WHYTE, etc..
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Bibliography
http://www.ite.org/traffic/index.htm
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Bibliography
http://www.trans.ci.portland.or.us/Traffic_Management/Trafficcalming/
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Traffic Calming: The Process
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
Not an easy process at the beginning
My good friend the city engineer...
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Urban Transportation Planning Fall 2002
But once you begin...
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There is not enough money to accommodate all the requests The best is the change in behavioral patterns
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Look for an easy winner...
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Nothing like a school
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Once they try...
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Bulb-outs everywhere Today a pedestrianized plaza
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Always go easy at the beginning...
Even if you have to cheat a bit like my good friend Jan Gehl
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In a nutshell, ten rules
1. Every change is hard to implement 2. Start by the easiest job 3. You need allies 4. You have to minimize risks 5. Technical competence a must 6. Not isolated measures, but packages 7. Short term results, a must 8. But dont forget to plant a few seeds 9. Everyone sees things differently 10. Success is hard to measure
But if you want, you can!
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