Subatomic Physics:
Particle Physics Lectures
Physics of the Large Hadron Collider
(plus something about neutrino physics)
1
Particle Physics Lectures Outline
1 - Introduction
The Standard Model of particle physics
The fundamental particles and forces
2 - Practical Particle Physics
Measuring particle physics
Units, decays, scattering
Quantum numbers
3 - Quantum Electrodynamics (QED)
Anti-particles
Quantum description of electromagnetism
Feynman diagrams
4 - The LHC and colliders
Particle acceleration
Colliders
5 - Detecting particles
Interactions of particles in matter
The ATLAS Detector
6 - Protons, Quarks and Strong Interactions
Evidence for quarks and colour
Gluons, hadronisation
Quark Confinement
Running coupling constant
7 - Weak Interactions
Muon and tau decay
Weak quark decays
8 - Electroweak and the Higgs boson
W and Z bosons
The Higgs mechanism
9 - Neutrinos
and maybe some B-physics
10 - Beyond the Standard Model
Supersymmetry
Extra dimensions ...
2
Particle Physics and Me
My research deals with Particle Physics at Colliders.
Im currently involved with two projects:
1. The ATLAS experiment at
the Large Hadron Collider.
The LHC collides protons
on protons at 14 TeV.
2. The international linear collider (ILC).
Design is to collide electrons and
positrons at 0.5 - 1 TeV (or more?)
Dr Victoria Martin
JCMB room 5419
[email protected]3
Most up to date:
Level of this course: Particle Physics, by B.R. Martin &
G. Shaw, 3rd edition (Wiley 2008)
-
10 copies in JCM Library
More advanced: Introduction to Elementary Particles by
D. Griffiths, 2nd edition (Wiley 2008)
-
4 copies in JCM Library
Oldies (but goodies):
Introduction to High Energy Physics - D.H. Perkins, 4th edition
(CUP 2000)
Quarks and Leptons F. Halzen & A.D. Martin (Wiley 1984)
Further Resources:
For more information that you could ever need on every
particle ever: http://durpdg.dur.ac.uk/lbl/
Information about LHC and LHC physics: www.cern.ch
www.atlas.ch
Books etc
In conjunction with attending the lectures you will need to read around the
subject to fully understand the material.
4
Subatomic Physics:
Particle Physics Lecture 1
Our current understanding:
The Standard Model of Particle Physics
5
atom
nucleus
protons &
neutrons
quarks &
electrons
From the Atom to Subatomic
}
Nuclear
Physics
}
Particle
Physics
from introductory
Subatomic slides
6
}
Particle
Physics
Subatomic physics looks at:
(very) short distances
(very) early time in the
universe
(very) high energy densities
Origin of nucIeor moffer (8ockground)
Universe goes fhrough
superfosf infIofion
Posf infIofion - soup of
eIecfrons, quorks ond
ofher porficIes
Quorks cIump info profons
ond neufrons
Superhof fog (profons
ond eIecfrons nof yef bound
info ofoms). PrimordioI
nucIeosysnfhesis (up fo
4
He)
I0
-43
s
I0
-3Z
s
I0
-o
s
I0
Z7 o
C
I0
I3 o
C
I0
Z
s I0
8 o
C
nucIeosysnfhesis (up fo
4
He)
EIecfrons combine wifh
profons ond neufrons fo
form ofoms (H, He)
Sfor/0oIoxy formofion
synfhesis of heovier nucIei
Firsf sfors die ond ejecf
heovy nucIei info spoce -
furfher sfor formofion (ond
pIonefs)
Time
3xI0
b
yr
IxI0
9
yr
IbxI0
9
yr
I0
b o
C
-Z00
o
C
-Z70
o
C
Energy, fime ond densify scoIes
TypicoI energy scoIe in
nucIei (MeV) is much
higher fhon in ofomic cose
(eV). Lifefimes of excifed
sfofes ore fypicoIIy of
order I0
-IZ
s compored
wifh I0
-8
s for ofomic
physics
MucIei ore dense objecfs:
Icm
3
hos moss ~ Z.3xI0
II
kg (equivoIenf fo o30
empire sfofe buiIdingsll)
I0
0
I0
I0
I0
Ib
I0
b
SoIid sfofe
Whife Dworf
Meufron sfor
8Iock hoIe
MucIeor moffer wofer
g/cm
3
densify
empire sfofe buiIdingsll)
The coIIisions of nucIeons in fhe nucIeus ore roreIy of
sufficienf energy fo excife fhe profons/neufrons
fhey ore o very effecfive degree of freedom fo
describe nucIei
History of the Universe
}
Nuclear
Physics
from introductory
Subatomic slides
7
The Standard Model
The current understanding of the fundamental
particles and the interactions between them is called
the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
Boson-mediated
FORCES
Boson-mediated
FORCES
Gravity
?
Electro-
magnetism
photon
Weak
Strong
W
Z
0
!
gluons
8
Basic Particles (1st Generation)
Nuclear physics description of beta decay: n ! p e
!
"#e
Particle physics description of beta decay: d ! u e
!
"#e
Particle Symbol
Electric
Charge
Type
electron
e
!
-1 lepton
neutrino
"
e
0 lepton
up-quark
u +2/3 quark
down-quark
d !1/3 quark
Basic Constituents of Matter
Four spin-" fermions
The particles that you know already, e.g. from beta decay: n ! p e
!
"#
e
Leptons
Electron and neutrino
Quarks
Nucleons are bounds
states of up-quarks
and down-quarks
9
Higher Generations
Nature replicates itself: there are three generations of quarks and leptons
1st Generation 1st Generation 2nd Generation 2nd Generation 3rd Generation 3rd Generation charge,e
electron
e
!
muon
#
!
tau
$
!
-1
electron
neutrino
"
e
muon
neutrino
"
#
tau neutrino
"
$
0
down quark
d
strange
quark
s
bottom
quark
b !
up quark
u
charm quark
c
top quark
t +
Ordinary Matter: built from the 1st generation
Higher Generations:
copies of ("
e
, e
#
, u, d)
undergo identical interactions
only difference is mass of particles
generations are successively heavier
Why 3 generations?
symmetry/structure not
understood!
10
Antiparticles
Compared to its matter partner, an
antiparticle has:
equal mass
opposite electric charge
opposite additive quantum numbers
(e.g. opposite colour charge)
Example: positron (e
+
) antiparticle of the electron (anti-electron)
Discovered in 1931 by Carl Anderson
Notation: bar over symbol or minus plus
e.g. for first generation:
Combining relativity and quantum mechanics implies
every particle has a corresponding antiparticle
Antiparticles of the SM particles are antimatter
u u d
d e
e
+
e
e
Track
left by a
positron
More in PP Lec 2 (&
Quantum Physics 14.5)
11
Schrdinger and Klein Gordon
E = i
t
p = i
E
(r, t) =
E
(r) exp{iEt/}
However for particles near the speed of light E
2
=p
2
c
2
+m
2
c
4
Solutions with a fixed energy, Ep=+(p
2
c
2
+m
2
c
4
)
$
, and three-momentum, p:
(r, t) = N exp{i( p r E
p
t)/}
Also solutions with a negative energy, En=!Ep = !(p
2
c
2
+m
2
c
4
)
$
, and momentum, "p:
Negative energy solutions are a direct result of E
2
=p
2
c
2
+m
2
c
4
.
We interpret these as anti-particles
Quantum mechanics describes momentum and energy in terms of operators:
E=p
2
/2m gives time-dependent Schrdinger:
The solution with a definite energy, E:
(r, t) = N
exp{i( p r + E
p
t)/}
2
2m
2
(r, t) = i
t
(r, t)
2
2
t
2
(r, t) =
2
c
2
2
(r, t) + m
2
c
4
(r, t)
12
Subatomic Forces
At subatomic scales interactions between particles and nuclei are
caused by the three subatomic forces:
The electromagnetic force
The weak nuclear force
The strong nuclear force
The interactions due to these forces are evident in:
Scattering: e.g. scattering of protons on protons at the LHC
Particle Decay: e.g. decay of radioactive nuclei, decays of cosmic-
ray muons
Nuclear Fission and Fusion, e.g.: reactions in a nuclear reactor
235
92
U+n
236
92
U
144
56
Ba +
89
36
Kr +3n
from introductory Subatomic slides
13
The Forces of Particle Physics
Quantum mechanical description uses
messenger particles to propagate the
force between particles.
Messenger particles are spin-1 bosons
e.g. beta decay n!p e
!
"#e propagated
by a W
!
boson
Strong
Strongest force
Acts on quarks only
Electromagnetic
2nd strongest force
Acts on charged particles
Weak
3rd strongest force
Acts on all particles
Gravity
weakest force - negligible at
PP scale
Acts on all particles
time
propagated by (8) gluons, g
propagated by photon, %
propagated by W
and Z
0
bosons
14
Colour Charge
Every particle which feels the electromagnetic force carries an
electric charge: either positive or negative.
The strong and weak forces also have charges associated with them.
Only quarks (and gluons) experience the strong force.
Every quarks carries a colour charge quantum number: either red,
blue or green. (This is in addition to their electric charge.)
Every anti-quark also carries a colour charge quantum number:
either anti-red, anti-blue or anti-green.
All quarks and all leptons experience the weak force.
Weak hypercharge is charge associated with the weak force. We
wont use weak hypercharge much in these lectures.
Colour charge
Weak Hypercharge
15
What do the particles do?
Particles interact via one of the forces: strong,
electromagnetic or weak.
Two main interactions:
Particle scattering
can be elastic or inelastic
well mainly consider inelastic scattering
e.g. scattering of electron and positron,
producing a pair of muons e
+
e
!
&
+
Particle decay
e.g. Beta decay: d ! u e
!
"#
e
e.g. Muon decay:
!
&e
!
"#
e
"
23
Higher Orders
So far only considered lowest order term in the
perturbation series. Higher order terms also
contribute
Lowest Order:
e
-
e
+
Second Order:
e
-
e
+
+
e
-
e
+
+
+....
Third Order:
+....
Second order suppressed by relative to rst
order. Provided is small, i.e. perturbation is
small, lowest order dominates.
Dr M.A. Thomson Lent 2004
6
Summary of Standard Model Vertices
!At this point have discussed all fundamental fermions
and their interactions with the force carrying bosons.
!Interactions characterized by SM vertices
ELECTROMAGNETIC (QED)
e
-
e
-
e
=
e
2
4
q
q
Q e
Couples to CHARGE
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
STRONG (QCD)
s
=
g
s
2
4
g
q
q
g
s
Couples to COLOUR
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
WEAK Charged Current
W
-
e
-
e
g
w
w
=
g
w
2
4
W
+
u
d
g
w
V
ckm
Changes FLAVOUR
For QUARKS: coupling
BETWEEN generations
WEAK Neutral Current
Z
0
e
-
,
e
e
-
,
e
Z
0
q
q
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
Dr M.A. Thomson Lent 2004
!
e
!
"
"#e
W
6
Summary of Standard Model Vertices
!At this point have discussed all fundamental fermions
and their interactions with the force carrying bosons.
!Interactions characterized by SM vertices
ELECTROMAGNETIC (QED)
e
-
e
-
e
=
e
2
4
q
q
Q e
Couples to CHARGE
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
STRONG (QCD)
s
=
g
s
2
4
g
q
q
g
s
Couples to COLOUR
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
WEAK Charged Current
W
-
e
-
e
g
w
w
=
g
w
2
4
W
+
u
d
g
w
V
ckm
Changes FLAVOUR
For QUARKS: coupling
BETWEEN generations
WEAK Neutral Current
Z
0
e
-
,
e
e
-
,
e
Z
0
q
q
Does NOT change
FLAVOUR
Dr M.A. Thomson Lent 2004
d
e
!
u
"#e
W
time see: JH D&R lectures 2, 14, 15
Well learn all about
these type of diagrams
throughout the course
16
Free quarks have never been observed - quarks are locked inside hadrons
Hadrons are bound states of quarks: either (qqq) or (qq)
Charge of hadron is always integer multiple of electric charge, e
Colour charge of hadron is always neutral
Two types of hadrons mesons and baryons (also anti-baryons! qqq)
Hadrons: Mesons & Baryons
Mesons = qq
Bound states of quark anti-quark pair
Bosons: spin 0, 1, 2
e.g. pions
Baryons = qqq
Three quark bound states
Fermions: spin 1/2, 3/2 ...
e.g. proton (uud), neutron (udd)
anti-baryons e.g. anti-proton
q
q
q
q
q
p = (uud)
n = (udd)
p = ( u u
d)
+
= (u
d)
= ( ud)
0
=
1
2
(u u d
d)
17
3 generations of quarks & leptons
Antimatter partner for each
fermion
Quarks bind together to form
hadrons - mesons and baryons
Summary
An elegant theory that describes accurately (almost) all
measurements in particle physics
The Standard Model of Particle Physics
Quarks and Leptons Quarks and Leptons Quarks and Leptons Charge, e
"
e
e
"
"
'
'
0
!1
u
d
c
s
t
b
+2/3
!1/3
Interaction
Gauge
Bosons
Charge,
e
Strong gluons, g 0
Electro-
magnetic
Photon, % 0
Weak W, Z 0, 1
Gravity graviton? 0
Matter Forces
mediated by the exchange of
spin-1 bosons
fermions, spin-"
18
