MAIN RECEIVING SUBSTATION(MRS) Substation generally consist of pump, DG sets,and control panels.

The control pan el is used to control the supply.it is the point from where load is monitored.diffrent parts o f sub statio are as fallows: transformers control panels bus coupler relays circuit breaker capacitor capacitor bank switch board attendant DIFFRENT TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS USED IN DLW 1. Distribution transformer 2.power transformer 3.potential transformers DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS: these transformer are used for the distribution purposes.they are basically step down transformers. the load on the distribution transformer.the load on the distribution transforme r varies over a wide period of 24 hours. the primary of distribution transformer is always energized so core losses are desig ned to have very low value of core losses. MAIN CHARACTERSTICS OF DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS: 1. Low core losses 2. low on state losses 3. good voltage regulation 4. low leakage reactance

5.high day efficiency the rating of diffrent distribution transformers used in DLW are 150 KVA,250 KVA ,400 KVA,750 KVA.These transformers are used according to the shop requirment or colony requirement. POWER TRANSFORMER: Power transformer are used at the sending and receiving end of a long transmissi on line for steppiing down and stepping up voltages. MAIN CHARACTERSTICS OF POWER TRANSFORMER: 1.Low losses at full load 2Very poor voltage regulation 3. high full load efficiency 4. low on status losses 5. leakage reactance is variable

The power transformer which is used in DLW gets 33 KV supply from UPPCL and this supply is step downed to 11 kv .this supply is fed to diffrent feeders of DLW.the three phase transformer which is used has following properties.primary side i.e. HV side the winding are delta connected.secondary side i.e. LV side the winding are STAR connected. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: This is an instrument transformer which is used to measure the voltage of a line .mostly they take record of line voltage whether it is proper or not.in DLW it is used in control panels. CONTROL PANEL This unit control the rating of the transformer. from here one can control the s witching of transformer and also the charging of transmission line. From control panel the DC set is als o controlled.800KW and 1700KW Dc sets are used in DLW as an alternate source of supply.There are 25 control pa nels in the MRS each of capacity 350 MVA. with each panel there is wattmeter,ammeter,voltmeter attached. BUSCOUPLER This is used to couple two buses incomer and outgoing one.bus coupler is the mai n device so it is generaly protected from overloading. the maintenance of this device is not easy so for maintenance of this duplicate bus coupler is used. RELAYS AND CIRCUIT BREAKERS RELAYS: Relays and circut breaker are used for the protection of the power system from d iffrent faults which are occuring in the power system.A relay is simple electrom echanical switch made up with electromagnet and set of contacts. Relays are found i all sorts of devices. The relays which are used in the substation are follows, 1.Over current relay 2.UNder voltage relay 3.diffrent relays 4.Directional relay(Reverse power relay).This relay is used for the protection o f bus coupler beacause it senses the direction of power flow. These relay does not anticipate the fault but come in to action when the fault h as happened.when faults occur it send s a trip a signal to circuit breaker finally breaks the circuit ans isolates the f aulty part of power system. CIRCUIT BREAKERS: 1.Circuit breaker.electrica device that cuts off hte electric current through a circuit under abnormal conditions. the most familier household circuit breaker p rotect circuits against overloading or over heating to prevent and electrical shock. 2. Circuit breaker also provide protection against short circuits.a short circu it is caused by a contact between the neutral and grounded,side of the electrica

l line and the live side of the line.defective insulation oor other parts can cause shorts. shorts circuit offer very low resistance to current which allows large current to flow through the circuit sometimes melting the wires or causing a fire.circuit breakers in the live side of the electrical line can stop short circuits by cutting connection whn the current gets too high. 3. Circuit breaker is used to break the circuit at a point in trasmission.The ra ting of circuit breaker depends on the current handled by transmission network.T his also depends on trasient response of the system .some of circuit breaker are microprocessor based. they automatically controlled by closed loop system. 4. Circuit breaker that deals with high level of current especially direct curre nt,have methods of getting rid of the energy in the arc and stoping the current.in oil breakers the desigh of the circuit bre aker foreces the arc of broken circuit through a sealed container of oil or gase s.the arc heats the oil around it.The hot oil begins to circulate in the tank, carring heat and energy awayfrom the arc.Air-blast circuit breaks send the arc t hrough compressed air,which is immediately released to the outside carrying the heat and energy of the arc with it. TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS USED IN DLW: 1.oil circuit breaker 2.air circuit breaker microprocessor based 3.vaccum circuit breakerof maintenance less circuit breaker CAPACITOR BANK Inthe electrical system the power factor plays very important role bacause by im proving the power factor one can losses and tariff.generally power factor should not be brought below 0.8 for industrial loads. The main reason for the reduction of the power factor is due inductive loads pri marily induction machines which is low power factor machine.It reduces power fac tor because it draws huge demagnetising current from supply.To omprove factor capacitor banks are placed in parrel with power supply. REASONS FOR IMPROVEMENT OF POWER FACTOR: 1. 2. 3. 4. Reduced losses reactive power decreases active power increases Reduction in tariff Efficiency of machines incereases

ADVANTAGES OF USING CAPACITOR BANK: 1Easy to increase the capacity of bank 2.Reliability of the system is high 3. controlling the bank is easy 4.maintenance is easy 5.no flow of circuiting current In DLW,600KVAR capacitor bank is used for the improvement of power factor. MAIN RECEIVING SUBSTATION (SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM)