Designing Software Product Lines with UML

Hassan Gomaa Department of Information and Software Engineering George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444 Phone: (703) 993-1652 Email: [email protected]

Software Engineering Workshop Tutorial April 2005

Copyright 2005 Hassan Gomaa All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the author.

Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

GOMAA: Preface

DESIGNING SOFTWARE PRODUCT LINES WITH UML

Hassan Gomaa Department of Information and Software Engineering George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444 (703) 993 1652 Fax: (703) 993 1638 Email: [email protected]

Preface
June 2004

Overview
This book describes an evolutionary software engineering process for the development of software product lines, which uses the Unified Modeling Language (UML) notation. A software product line (or product family) consists of a family of software systems that have some common functionality and some variable functionality. The interest in software product lines emerged from the field of software reuse when developers and managers realized that they could obtain much greater reuse benefits by reusing software architectures instead of reusing individual software components. The field of software product lines is increasingly recognized in industry and government as being of great strategic importance for software development. Studies indicate that if three or more systems with a degree of common functionality are to be developed, then developing a product line is significantly more cost-effective than developing each system from scratch. The traditional mode of software development is to develop single systemsthat is, to develop each system individually. For software product lines, the development approach is broadened to consider a family of software systems. This approach involves analyzing what features (functional requirements) of the software family are common, what features are optional, and what features are alternatives. After the feature analysis, the goal is to design a software architecture for the product line, which has common components (required by all members of the family), optional components (required by only some members of the family), and variant components (different versions of which are required by different members of the family). Instead of starting from square one, the developer creates applications by adapting and configuring the product line architecture. To model and design families of systems, the analysis and design concepts for single product systems need to be extended to support software product lines. This book is intended to appeal to readers who are familiar with modeling and designing single systems, but who wish to extend their knowledge to modeling and designing software product lines. It is also intended to appeal to readers who are familiar with applying UML to the modeling and design of single systems but not with developing software product lines.

Pref-1

Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

GOMAA: Preface

What This Book Provides

Several textbooks on the market describe object-oriented concepts and methods, which are intended for single systems. Very few books address software families or product lines; and of those that do, even fewer use UML. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of the application of UML-based objectoriented concepts to the analysis and design of software product lines. In particular, it does the following: x Describes fundamental concepts and technologies in the design of software product lines. x Describes, in considerable detail, a UML-based object-oriented analysis and design method for software product lines. It examines how each of the UML modeling views use case modeling, static modeling, dynamic state machine modeling, and dynamic interaction modelingis extended to address software product lines. Each UML modeling view is extended to reflect the commonality and variability of the product line. A new view, the feature modeling view, is added to explicitly model the commonality and variability of software requirements. Uses the Object Management Group (OMG) concept of model-driven architecture to develop a component-based software architecture for a product line. The product line architecture is expressed as a UML platform-independent model, which can then be mapped to a platform-specific model. Describes how architectures for software product lines are developed through the consideration of software architectural patterns in relation to the characteristics of the product line. The product line architecture is component-based and explicitly models the commonality and variability of the product line. Presents three case studies illustrating how a software product line architecture is developed, starting with use cases and feature modeling in the requirements modeling phase, static and dynamic modeling in the analysis modeling phase, and the development of the component-based software architecture in the design modeling phase. The case studies focus on a microwave oven product line, an electronic commerce product line, and a factory automation product line. Includes a glossary, a bibliography, and two appendices, which provide (1) an overview of UML 2 notation and (2) a catalog of software architectural patterns for product lines.

The PLUS Advantage

The UML-based software design method for software product lines described in this book is called PLUS (Product Line UML-Based Software Engineering). The PLUS method extends the UML-based modeling methods that are used for single systems to address software product lines. With PLUS, the objective is to explicitly model the commonality and variability in a software product line. PLUS provides a set of concepts and techniques to extend UML-based design methods and processes for single systems to handle software product lines. In particular, for modeling software product lines, PLUS provides the following additions to the process of modeling single systems:

Pref-2

Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

GOMAA: Preface

Software Product Line Requirements Modeling x Use case modeling. Model commonality and variability in the use case model. For this purpose, PLUS provides an approach to modeling kernel, optional, and alternative use cases, as well as an approach to modeling variation points in use cases. Feature modeling. Model product line features. Feature modeling is a key concept in software product lines. PLUS provides an approach for modeling common, optional, and alternative features, an approach for deriving the feature model from the use case model, and an approach for representing features with the UML notation.

Software Product Line Analysis Modeling x Static modeling. Develop a product line context model for the product line boundary. Determine kernel, optional, and alternative external classes. Develop a product line information (entity class) model: determine kernel, optional, and alternative entity classes. Dynamic interaction modeling. Develop interaction diagrams to realize kernel, optional, and alternative use cases. Use evolutionary development: the kernel first approach is applied to determine product line commonality, followed by product line evolution to determine variability. Dynamic state machine modeling. Develop kernel, optional, and alternative statecharts. Manage state machine variability through inheritance and parameterization. Feature/class dependency modeling. Determine the dependency that common, optional, and alternative features have with kernel, optional, and variant classes.

x x

Software Product Line Design Modeling x Software architectural patterns. Determine the software architectural structure and communication patterns that are most appropriate for the product line, given the catalog of architectural patterns. Component-based software design. Develop a component-based software design for the product line, which models kernel, optional, and variant components, as well as their ports and provided and required interfaces. Design the component-based architecture that explicitly models the components and their interconnections.

Software Application Engineering Develop a software application that is a member of the product line, by using the feature model to derive the application from the product line architecture and components.

Pref-3

Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

GOMAA: Preface

Annotated Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction
This chapter presents an introduction to software product lines, a discussion of software reuse issues, and an overview of object-oriented analysis and design with UML.

Chapter 2: Design Concepts for Software Product Lines

This chapter discusses and presents an overview of key design concepts and technologies for software product lines, including object-oriented technology, software architecture, and the software component technology.

Chapter 3: Software Product Line Engineering

This chapter introduces the software product line design method, which is described in much greater detail in subsequent chapters. One of the goals of this method is to be capable of extending other design methods, such as the authors COMET method (Concurrent Object Modeling and Architectural Design Method) to model and design software product lines. The acronym for the method is PLUS (Product Line UML-Based Software Engineering). However, the term PLUS is also intended to mean that other methods can be extended to support product lines such as COMET, ROPES, or RUP/USDP. There are two main strategies for developing a software product line, referred to as forward evolutionary engineering and reverse evolutionary engineering. Forward evolutionary engineering is best used when a new product line is being developed with no previous systems to guide the development. Reverse evolutionary engineering is best used when the product line development begins with existing systems that are candidates for modernization and inclusion in a project to develop a product line.

Chapter 4: Use Case Modeling for Software Product Lines

This chapter describes how use case modeling concepts are extended to address software product linesin particular, how the common and variable functionality of the product line is modeled with kernel, optional, and alternative use cases, and how variation points are used to model variability.

Chapter 5: Feature Modeling for Software Product Lines

This chapter describes feature modelinga concept used widely in software product lines but not addressed by UML. The discussion covers how feature modeling concepts can be incorporated into the UML and how features can be determined from use cases.

Chapter 6: Static Modeling in Software Product Lines

This chapter describes how static modeling concepts are extended to address software product linesin particular, to address modeling the boundary of the software product line and modeling entity classes, which are information-intensive classes. Also discussed is the categorization of application classes from two perspectives: the role the class plays in the application, and the reuse characteristic of the class.

Pref-4

Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

GOMAA: Preface

Chapter 7: Dynamic Interaction Modeling for Software Product Lines

This chapter describes how dynamic interaction modeling concepts are extended to address software product lines. Communication diagrams are developed for each kernel, optional, and alternative use case. Dynamic interaction modeling to address use case variation points is also covered. The kernel first approach is used for dynamic modeling, followed by the product line evolution approach.

Chapter 8: Finite State Machines and Statecharts for Software Product Lines
This chapter describes how finite state machine and statechart modeling concepts are extended to address software product lines. In particular, each state-dependent control classwhether kernel, optional, or variantneeds to be modeled with a finite state machine and depicted as a statechart. It is also possible to model variability using inherited state machines and parameterized state machines.

Chapter 9: Feature/Class Dependency Modeling for Software Product Lines

This chapter describes how to determine which classes from the analysis model are needed to support the features from the feature model. Product line classes are categorized as kernel, optional, and variant classes. Modeling class variability using both inheritance and parameterization is described. Feature-based dynamic modeling and static modeling are also covered.

Chapter 10: Architectural Patterns for Software Product Lines

This chapter describes a range of software architectural patterns that are particularly useful in the design of software product line architectures. Both architectural structure and communication patterns are described. Architectural structure patterns address the overall structure of the software architecture. Architectural communication patterns address the ways in which distributed components can communicate with each other. This chapter also describes how product line architectures can be built from these patterns.

Chapter 11: Software Product Line Architectural Design: ComponentBased Design

This chapter describes how a product line architecture is designed as a component-based architecture. Separation of concerns in component design is an important issue. Components are categorized according to their roles in the software architecture. The design of component interfaces is described. The chapter also discusses how component-based software architectures can be depicted with the structured class and composite structure diagram notation introduced in UML 2, which allows components, ports, connectors, and provided and required interfaces to be depicted.

Chapter 12: Software Application Engineering

This chapter describes the process for deriving a member of the software product line from the product line architecture and components. This is a tailoring process involving selection of the

Pref-5

Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

GOMAA: Preface

appropriate components and setting of the parameter values for individual components to include in the product line member. The chapter covers how the feature model is used to help in this process.

Chapter 13: Microwave Oven Software Product Line Case Study

This chapter describes how the PLUS software product line method is applied to the design of a microwave oven software product line. Because this is a new product line, the forward evolutionary engineering product line development strategy is used, in which an iterative approach is used to determine the kernel functionality of the product line before the variable functionality is modeled.

Chapter 14: Electronic Commerce Software Product Line Case Study

This chapter describes how the PLUS software product line method is applied to the design of an e-commerce application product line. Because there are two main systemsbusiness-to-business (B2B) and business-to-consumer (B2C)in the electronic commerce product line, the reverse evolutionary engineering product line development strategy is applied first to each type of system, from which the product line commonality is determined first, followed by the product line variability.

Chapter 15: Factory Automation Software Product Line Case Study

This chapter describes how the PLUS software product line method is applied to the design of a factory automation product line. Because this product line starts with existing factory automation systems that are candidates for modernization and inclusion in the product line, the reverse evolutionary engineering product line development strategy is applied.

Appendix A: Overview of the UML Notation

This appendix provides an overview of the different UML 2.0 diagrams used by the PLUS method. The differences between the UML 2.0 notation and UML 1.x notation are also explained, as are the conventions used in this book.

Appendix B: Catalog of Software Architectural Patterns

In this appendix the software architectural structure and communication patterns, originally described in Chapter 10, are documented alphabetically in a common template for easy reference.

Pref-6

Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Hassan Gomaa Biosketch

Hassan Gomaa is Chair and Full Professor in the Department of Information and Software Engineering at George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia. He received a B.Sc.(Eng.) with First Class Honors in Electrical Engineering from University College, London University, and the DIC and Ph.D. in Computer Science from Imperial College of Science and Technology, London University. He has over 30 years experience in software engineering, both in industry and academia, and has published over 130 technical papers and 3 textbooks. His book, "Software Design Methods for Concurrent and Real-Time Systems", is published by Addison Wesley as part of the SEI Series on Software Engineering, had its fourth printing in 1999, and was translated into Chinese in 2003. His second book, entitled Designing Concurrent, Distributed, and Real-Time Applications with UML, was published by Addison Wesley in 2000, had its fourth printing in 2004, and was translated into Chinese in 2004. His latest textbook entitled Designing Software Product Lines with UML was published by Addison Wesley in July 2004. His current research interests include object-oriented analysis and design for concurrent, realtime, and distributed systems, software architecture, software product lines, software reuse, software performance engineering, intelligent software agents, software engineering environments, and software process models. His research has been funded by the National Science Foundation, NASA, DARPA, Hughes Applied Information Systems, Siemens, Software Productivity Consortium, Virginia Center of Innovative Technology, Virginia Center of Excellence in Software Reuse, CTA, American Management Systems, and Grumman. He is the developer of the DARTS, ADARTS, CODARTS, COMET, and PLUS software design methods. He has taught several short courses for industry and academia He also consults in both the technical and management aspects of software engineering. Previously, he held faculty positions at the Wang Institute of Graduate Studies, where he was Professor of Information Technology, and at Imperial College of Science and Technology, London University, where he was a lecturer (equivalent to Assistant Professor in North America) in the Department of Computing. He also has several years industrial experience, most recently at General Electric.

1
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Designing Software Product Lines with UML

Hassan Gomaa Department of Information and Software Engineering George Mason University Fairfax, Virginia 22030-4444 Phone: (703) 993-1652 Email: [email protected]

Software Engineering Workshop Tutorial April 2005

Copyright 2005 Hassan Gomaa All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the author.
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-1

Introduction
Software Product Line Family of products / systems Some common components, some optional, some variant Designing Software Product Lines Object Oriented Analysis and Design of Software Product Lines Emphasis on modeling commonality and variability in software product lines Unified Modeling Language (UML) Standardized notation for object-oriented development UML notation extended to model software product lines Use UML standard extension mechanisms Stereotypes Constraints Tagged values UML 2.0 New concepts for depicting software architectures and components
SPL-2

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

1
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

UML and COMET

Unified Modeling Language (UML) OMG Standardized notation for describing design Methodology independent Concurrent Object Modeling and architectural design mEThod (COMET) Object Oriented Analysis and Design Method Targeted for concurrent, distributed, and real-time applications Uses UML notation COMET = UML + Method
H. Gomaa, Designing Concurrent, Distributed, and Real-Time Applications with UML, Addison Wesley Object Technology Series, 2000
SPL-3

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

Software Reuse
Traditional Software Reuse Library of reusable code components Emphasis on code reuse Architecture Reuse Focuses on requirements and design reuse Much greater potential than code reuse Software Product line engineering Software engineering for family of products Reuse of requirements and architecture Application engineering Software engineering for one member of family Architecture for Software Product Lines Captures similarities and variations of product family
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-4

2
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Object-Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) for Software Product Lines

Unified Modeling Language (UML) Standard notation for describing a software design Needs to be used with an analysis and design method UML notation for OOAD method for single systems H. Gomaa, Designing Concurrent, Distributed, and Real-Time Applications with UML, Addison Wesley Object Technology Series, 2000. UML notation for OOAD Method for modeling software product lines H. Gomaa, Designing Software Product Lines with UML, Addison Wesley Object Technology Series, July 2004
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-5

Evolutionary Process Model for Software Product Lines

Product Line Requirements Product Line Engineering

Product Line Requirements and Analysis Models, Product Line Architecture, Reusable Components

Product Line Reuse Library

Application Requirements

Application Engineering

Application

Unsatisfied Requirements, Errors, Adaptations

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-6

3
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Product Line Engineering

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-7

Requirements Modeling
What should SPL Design Method provide?

Support variability in use case modeling Integrate feature modeling with other UML views

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-8

4
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

UML Modeling for Single Systems

Use Case Model Use case diagram Static Model Class diagram Dynamic Model State Machine Model Statechart Interaction Model Communication (collaboration) or sequence diagram

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-9

UML Modeling for Software Product Lines

Use Case Model Model kernel, optional, and alternative use cases Model variation points in use cases Static Model Model kernel, optional, variant classes and relationships Dynamic State Machine Model Statechart for each state dependent object Dynamic Interaction Model Communication diagram for each use case Communication diagrams depend on objects in prerequisite use cases Feature modeling Model product line variability in software requirements
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-10

5
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Use Case Modeling for Software Product Lines

Use Case Model Defines functional requirements in terms of use cases and actors Use case describes sequence of interactions between actor and system Single Systems All use cases required All actors required Software product lines Kernel use cases Optional use cases Alternative use cases Some actors may be optional
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-11

Variation Points in a Use Case Model

Variation Point Location in a use case where a change can take place Variation Point can be handled by Variation Point within use case Identify line # in use case where variability can be introduced Conditional use case relationship Extend relationship Extend use case if product line condition is True Include relationship Include use case if product line condition is True
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-12

6
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Developing Use Case Model for Software Product Lines

Kernel First Approach Develop use cases that are common to all members of the software product line Kernel use cases Product Line Evolution Approach Start with kernel use case model Develop optional and alternative use cases

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-13

Developing Use Case Model for Software Product Lines Kernel First Approach Kernel First Approach Develop kernel use cases initially Example of Kernel First Approach Kernel use case in Microwave Product Line Cook Food Product Line Evolution Approach Address Product Line use case variability Cook Food kernel use case Several variation points Optional use cases in Microwave Product Line Set Time of Day Display Time of Day Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa Cook Food with Recipe

SPL-14

7
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Use Case Model for Microwave Oven System

Cook Food
User Timer

Example of Timing Requirement - When timer expires, system must switch off heater within 100 msecs

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-15

Use Case Model for Microwave Oven Product Line

Categorize use cases using UML stereotypes

<<kernel>> Cook Food

<<optional>> Set Time of Day

User <<optional>> Display Time of Day

Timer

<<optional>> Cook Food with Recipe

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-16

8
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Use Case Model for Microwave Oven SPL

Use case name: Cook Food Reuse category: Kernel Summary: User puts food in oven, and microwave oven cooks food. Actors: User (primary), Timer (secondary). Precondition: Microwave oven is idle. Description: 1. User opens the door, puts food in the oven, and closes the door. 2. User presses the Cooking Time button. 3. System prompts for cooking time. 4. User enters the cooking time on the numeric keypad and presses the Start Button. 5. System starts cooking the food. 6. System continually displays the cooking time remaining. 7. The timer elapses and notifies the system. 8. System stops cooking the food and displays the end message. 9. User opens the door, removes food from the oven, and closes the door. 10. System clears the display. Alternatives: Line 1: Uses presses Start when the door is open. System does not start cooking. .. Postcondition: Microwave oven has cooked the food.
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-17

Cook Food Use Case - Variation Points

Lines 3,8: Display Language Mandatory alternative Default = English Alternatives = French, Spanish, German, Italian Line 1: Weight Sensor Mandatory alternative Default = Boolean weight Alternative = Analog weight Line 1: Heating Element Mandatory alternative Default = One-level Heating Element Alternative = Multi-level Heating Element Line 2: Power level Optional Power level buttons = high, medium, or low.
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-18

9
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Cook Food Use Case - Variation Points

Lines 3,4,6,8,10: Display Unit - Mandatory alternative Default = one-line display Alternative = multi-line display Lines 2, 6: Minute plus. Optional Add one to cooking time. Start cooking if not yet cooking. Lines 1,5,8,9: Light Optional Lamp switched on when cooking & when door is open. Lines 5,8: Turntable Optional Turntable rotates for duration of cooking Line 8: Beeper Optional Switch Beeper on when cooking stops
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-19

Use Case Model for Microwave Oven SPL

Use case name: Set Time of Day Reuse category: Optional Dependency: Variation point in Cook Food use case: at Display Unit variation point, select Multi-Line Display Summary: User sets Time of Day clock Actor: User Precondition: Microwave oven is idle Description: 1. User presses Time of Day (TOD) Button 2. System prompts for Time of Day. 3. User enters the Time of Day by pressing the numeric keypad. 4. System displays the entered Time of Day. 5. User presses start. 6. System starts the Time of Day timer. 7. System increments the Time of Day each second. Alternatives: Variation Points Line 4: 12/24 hour Clock Mandatory alternative TOD display is either 12 hour clock or 24 hour clock Postcondition: TOD clock has been set
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-20

10
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Use Case Model for Software Product Lines - View Integration Approach
Specify use cases for each member of product line Compare use cases for different members Determine kernel, optional, and alternative use cases Kernel use cases needed by all Product Line members Optional use cases needed by some Product Line members Alternative use cases are mutually exclusive

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-21

Figure 4.13 E-commerce: Example of Reverse Engineering Approach: Supplier use cases in B2C systems

Supplier

Process Delivery Order Confirm Shipment

Bill Customer

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-22

11
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 4.14 E-commerce: Example of Reverse Engineering Approach: Supplier use cases in B2B systems

Supplier

Process Delivery Order Confirm Shipment

Send Invoice

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-23

Figure 4.15 E-commerce: Example of Reverse Engineering Approach: Supplier use cases in E-Commerce product line
kernel Process Delivery Order Supplier kernel Confirm Shipment alternative Send Invoice alternative Bill Customer

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-24

12
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Feature Modeling for Software Product Lines Feature (Kang, SEI) Function or characteristic that differentiates between members of the software product line Feature modeling Very important for SPLs PLUS integrates feature modeling with other UML modeling views

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-25

Feature Modeling
Feature Function or characteristic that differentiates between members of the software product line Features are categorized as Common features Required by all members of product line Optional features Required by some members of product line Alternative features Choice of features One of the alternatives may be a default feature Parameterized feature Type, permitted values, default value
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-26

13
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Feature Modeling in UML

Model feature as a use case Can use when a feature is modeled as a use case Model feature as a use case package Can use when a feature is a grouping of use cases Model feature as a class Using UML static modeling to model meta-classes Feature / use case dependency Tabular representation

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-27

Figure 5.1 Optional Feature as Use Case Package

optional feature TOD Clock

optional Set Time Of Day

User

optional Display Time Of Day

Timer

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-28

14
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Feature Modeling
Feature Dependencies One feature depends on another Dependency on common features is implicit Dependency on optional features is explicitly specified Feature Relationships Mutually exclusive features Zero or One out of a group of features Exactly one of a group of features One and only one out of a group of features One or more of a group of features One or more out of a group of features Mutually inclusive If one feature is picked, the other must be picked
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-29

Feature Modeling with UML

Derive features from use cases and variation points Concentrate on modeling variability Use static modeling meta-class notation Classes depict features and feature groups Features are categorized using UML stereotypes <<common feature>> <<optional feature>> <<alternative feature>> <<default feature>> <<parameterized feature>> Model Feature Dependencies and Feature Relationships
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-30

15
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Feature Notation
Uses extension mechanisms of UML Stereotypes, tagged values, constraints common feature Feature Name, common feature Factory Kernel optional feature Feature Name {prerequisite = P} optional feature Light, optional feature Beeper alternative feature Feature Name {prerequisite = P} alternative feature French, alternative feature Spanish default feature Feature Name {prerequisite = P} default feature English parameterized feature Feature Name parameterized feature ATM Password Length {type = integer, permitted value = 4..8, default value = 4}
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-31

Feature Notation
zero-or-one-of feature group Feature Group Name {Alternative = A1An, Prerequisite = P} zero-or-one-of feature group Roof Rack {alternative = Basic Rack, Ski Rack, Bicycle Rack} exactly-one-of feature group Feature Group Name {default = D, alternative = A1An, prerequisite = P} exactly-one-of feature group Display Unit {default = One-line Display, alternative = Multi-line Display} at-least-one-of feature group Feature Group Name {default = D, feature = O1, , On, prerequisite = P} at-least-one-of feature group Hotel Reservations {default = Single Booking Reservations, feature = Block Tourist Reservations, Block Conference Reservations}
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-32

16
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 5.8 Features and Feature Groups in UML

at-least-one-of feature group Hotel Reservations

default feature Single Booking Reservations

optional feature Block Tourist Reservations

optional feature Block Conference Reservations

zero-or-one-of feature group Roof Rack {mutually exclusive feature}

exactly-one-of feature group Display Unit {mutually exclusive feature}

alternative feature Basic Rack

alternative feature Ski Rack

alternative feature Bicycle Rack

default feature One-line Display

alternative feature Multi-line Display

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-33

Use Cases and Features in Software Product Lines

Use Cases Define functional requirements of system or SPL Features Identify reusable requirements Use cases Basis to determine features in Software Product Lines Functional feature modeled as One or more use cases reused together Feature modeled as use case or use case package Use Case Variation Point as feature Optional functional requirement within a use case Alternative functional requirement within a use case Feature / use case dependency Can use tabular representation
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-34

17
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Microwave Oven Feature Model

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-35

Table 5.1 Feature/use case relationships: microwave oven SPL

Feature Name Feature Category Use Case Name Use Case Category/ Variation Point (vp) Variation Point Name

Microwave Oven Kernel Light Turntable Beeper Minute Plus One-line Display Multi-line Display English French Spanish German Italian Boolean Weight Analog Weight One-level Heating Multi-level Heating Power Level TOD Clock 12/24 Hour Clock Recipe Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

common optional optional optional optional default alternative default alternative alternative alternative alternative default alternative default alternative optional optional parameterized optional

Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Set Time of Day Display Time of Day Set Time of Day Display Time of Day Cook Food with Recipe

kernel vp vp vp vp vp vp vp vp vp vp vp vp vp vp vp vp optional optional vp optional 12/24 Hour Clock Light Turntable Beeper Minute Plus Display Unit Display Unit Display Language Display Language Display Language Display Language Display Language Weight Sensor Weight Sensor Heating Element Heating Element Power Level

SPL-36

18
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Product Line Engineering - Analysis Modeling

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-37

Analysis Modeling What should SPL Design Method provide? For product lines Support variability Static Modeling Dynamic Modeling

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-38

19
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Static Modeling for Software Product Lines

Static Model Define structural relationships between classes Depict classes and their relationships on class diagrams Static Modeling for software product lines Depict class categorization using UML stereotypes Stereotype defines a new building block that is derived from an existing UML modeling element but is tailored to the modelers problem Depicted using guillemets entity, interface, control UML 1.4 upwards supports multiple stereotypes for class Use UML stereotypes to depict reuse category Use UML stereotypes to depict application role category

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-39

Static Modeling for Single Systems

UML 1.4 upwards supports multiple stereotypes for a modeling element Single systems (COMET) Categorize each class by application role using stereotype control, entity, interface

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-40

20
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Static Modeling for Software Product Lines

UML 1.4 upwards supports multiple stereotypes for a modeling element Single systems Categorize each class by application role using stereotype control, entity, interface

Software Product Lines (PLUS) Second UML stereotype depicts reuse category kernel, optional, variant

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-41

Software Product Line Context Model

Defines boundary between software product line and external environment Depicted on UML product line context class diagram Software product line system Consider as one aggregate class Application role categories of external classes external I/O device, external user, external system, external timer Reuse categories of external classes Develop using: Kernel First Approach or View Integration Approach
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-42

21
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Microwave Oven product line Kernel System context class diagram

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-43

Figure 6.6 Microwave Oven product line context class diagram

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-44

22
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Dynamic Interaction Modeling for Software Product Lines Object interaction model Defines how objects participate in use cases Use communication (collaboration) diagrams or sequence diagrams Software Product Line Interaction model Determine objects that participate in each use case Determine sequence of messages sent between objects Develop at least 1 interaction diagram for each use case Kernel communication diagrams Optional communication diagrams Alternative communication diagrams

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-45

Dynamic Analysis for Software Product Lines

Kernel First Approach Collaboration diagrams for kernel system are similar to collaboration diagrams for single system Only kernel objects participate in kernel collaboration diagrams Kernel system may or may not be a member of product line Software Product Line Evolution Start with kernel collaboration diagrams Consider optional and alternative collaboration diagrams

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-46

23
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Communication diagram for Cook Food use case

external input device : Keypad product line system : MicrowaveOvenSystem 6: Start Key Input input device interface : KeypadInterface external timer : Clock 8: Timer Event timer : OvenTimer

6.1: Start

8.1: Decrement Cooking Time

8.2: Finished

state dependent control : MicrowaveOvenControl

entity : OvenData 6.2a: Start Timer 8.3: Timer Expired 8.3a: Display End prompt

6.2: Start Cooking

8.4 : Stop Cooking output device interface : One-levelHeatingElement Interface output device interface : One-lineDisplay Interface

6.3: Start Cooking Output 8.5 : Stop Cooking Output external output device : One-levelHeatingElement Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

8.3a.3: End Prompt external output device : One-lineDisplay

SPL-47

Statechart for Microwave Oven Control

Incoming message to object-> input event on statechart Output event on statechart -> outgoing message from object

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-48

24
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Communication diagram for Cook Food use case

external input device : Keypad product line system : MicrowaveOvenSystem 6: Start Key Input input device interface : KeypadInterface external timer : Clock 8: Timer Event timer : OvenTimer

6.1: Start

8.1: Decrement Cooking Time

8.2: Finished

state dependent control : MicrowaveOvenControl 6.2: Start Cooking 8.4 : Stop Cooking output device interface : One-levelHeatingElement Interface output device interface : One-lineDisplay Interface

entity : OvenData 6.2a: Start Timer 8.3: Timer Expired 8.3a: Display End prompt

6.3: Start Cooking Output 8.5 : Stop Cooking Output external output device : One-levelHeatingElement Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

8.3a.3: End Prompt external output device : One-lineDisplay

SPL-49

Communication diagram for Cook Food use case

external input device : Keypad product line system : MicrowaveOvenSystem 6: Start Key Input input device interface : KeypadInterface external timer : Clock 8: Timer Event timer : OvenTimer

6.1: Start

8.1: Decrement Cooking Time

8.2: Finished

state dependent control : MicrowaveOvenControl

entity : OvenData 6.2a: Start Timer

6.2: Start Cooking

8.4 : Stop Cooking output device interface : One-levelHeatingElement Interface output device interface : One-lineDisplay Interface

8.3: Timer Expired

8.3a: Display End prompt

6.3: Start Cooking Output 8.5 : Stop Cooking Output external output device : One-levelHeatingElement Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

8.3a.3: End Prompt external output device : One-lineDisplay

SPL-50

25
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Statechart for Microwave Oven Control

Incoming message to object-> input event on statechart Output event on statechart -> outgoing message from object

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-51

Communication diagram for Cook Food use case

external input device : Keypad product line system : MicrowaveOvenSystem 6: Start Key Input input device interface : KeypadInterface external timer : Clock 8: Timer Event timer : OvenTimer

6.1: Start

8.1: Decrement Cooking Time

8.2: Finished

state dependent control : MicrowaveOvenControl 6.2: Start Cooking 8.4 : Stop Cooking output device interface : One-levelHeatingElement Interface output device interface : One-lineDisplay Interface

entity : OvenData 6.2a: Start Timer 8.3: Timer Expired 8.3a: Display End prompt

6.3: Start Cooking Output 8.5 : Stop Cooking Output external output device : One-levelHeatingElement Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

8.3a.3: End Prompt external output device : One-lineDisplay

SPL-52

26
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 7.6 Communication diagram for kernel use case: Cook Food
external input device : DoorSensor 1,9: Door Opened Input 3:Door Closed Input product line system : MicrowaveOvenSystem external input device : BooleanWeightSensor 2,10: Weight Input external input device : Keypad 4: Cooking Time Key Input 5*: Numeric Key Input 6: Start Key Input input device interface : KeypadInterface 7.1,8.1: 4.1: Cooking Time Selected Decrement 5.1: Cooking Time Entered Cooking Time 6.1: Start 5.2a: Update Cooking Time state dependent control : MicrowaveOvenControl 6.2: Start Cooking 8.4 : Stop Cooking output device interface : One-levelHeatingElement Interface 4.2: Prompt for Time 5.2: Display Cooking Time output device interface : One-lineDisplay Interface 7.2: Time left 8.2: Finished external timer : Clock

7*,8: Timer Event

input device interface : DoorSensorInterface

input device interface : BooleanWeightSensor Interface 2.1 : Item Placed 10.1 : Item Removed

timer : OvenTimer

1.1,9.1: Door Opened 3.1: Door Closed

entity : OvenData

6.2a: Start Timer

8.3: Timer Expired 7.3: Update Cooking time Display 8.3a: Display End Prompt 4.3,8.3a.1: Read 4.4,8.3a.2: Prompt entity : EnglishDisplay Prompts

6.3: Start Cooking Output 8.5 : Stop Cooking Output external output device : One-levelHeating Element

4.5: Time Prompt 5.3,7.4: Display Time 8.3a.3: End Prompt external output device : One-lineDisplay

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-53

Figure 7.12 Communication Diagram for optional TOD feature

external input device : Keypad C1: TOD Clock Key Input C2*: Numeric Key Input C3: Start Key Input input device interface : KeypadInterface T1.1: Increment TOD Clock Time C2.2a: Update TOD C1.2b: Clear TOD entity : OvenData C1.2a Stop TOD C1.2: Prompt For TOD C2.2: Display TOD output device interface : Multi-lineDisplay Interface C1.4: Prompt C1.5: Enter TOD Prompt C2.3,T1.4: Display TOD C3.2: Start TOD Timer T1.3: Update TOD Display C1.3: Read entity : EnglishDisplay Prompts external timer : Clock product line system : MicrowaveOvenSystem T1*: Timer Event

timer : TODTimer

C1.1: TOD Clock Selected C2.1: Time Entered C3.1: Start

T1.2: TOD

state dependent control : MicrowaveOvenControl

external output device : Multi-lineDisplay

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-54

27
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

State Machine Models for SPLs Design statechart for each state dependent class Model state machine variability Inherited vs Parameterized State Machines Inherited State Machine Different statechart for each alternative or optional feature Disadvantage: Each feature & feature combination needs an inherited state machine Leads to combinatorial explosion of inherited state machines Often better to design parameterized state machine

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-55

Parameterized State Machine Models

Design one state machine with states, transitions, events, actions, corresponding to all features Feature dependent transition Use feature condition as guard on transition Event [Feature Condition] Feature condition is True if feature Selected False if feature not selected E.g., Minute Pressed [minuteplus]

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-56

28
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Parameterized Statechart for Microwave Oven Control (all features)

Feature dependent transition: Minute Pressed [minuteplus]

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-57

Parameterized State Machine Models

Feature dependent action Action is only executed if Feature Condition is True Action [Feature Condition] Switch On [light], Switch Off [light]

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-58

29
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Parameterized Statechart for Microwave Oven Control (all features)

Feature dependent actions: [light], [beeper]

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-59

Parameterized State Machine Models

Feature dependent state identified by UML constraint State can only be entered if Feature is selected {feature = recipe} Recipe State Transition into state is guarded

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-60

30
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Parameterized Statechart for Microwave Oven Control (all features)

Feature dependent state (Recipe state)

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-61

Figure 8.1 Statechart for Microwave Oven Control (kernel functionality)

1.1: Door Opened Door Shut Door Closed Door Open

Cancel/Cancel Timer

2.1: Item Placed

10.1: Item Removed

Door Closed [Time Remaining] Door Opened/ Stop Timer Door Open With Item

Door Opened

3.1: Door Closed [Zero Time] Cooking 8.3: Timer Expired Door Shut With Item

9.1: Door Opened

entry/6.2: Start Cooking exit/8.4: Stop Cooking

Cancel/ Stop Timer 5.1: Cooking Time Entered/ 5.2: Display Cooking Time, 5.2a: Update Cooking Time

6.1: Start/ 6.2a: Start Timer

Cancel/ Cancel Timer

Ready To Cook

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

Cooking Time Entered/ Display Cooking Time, Update Cooking Time

SPL-62

31
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 8.12 Parameterized Statechart for Microwave Oven Control (all features)
1.1: Door Opened / 1.2: Switch On[light] Door Shut Door Closed / Switch Off [light] Door Open Item Removed/ Cancel Recipe, Display Recipe Cancelled

Cancel/ Cancel Timer

2.1: Item Placed

10.1: Item Removed Door Closed [Time Remaining]/ Switch Off [light] Door Open With Item Door Opened/ Switch On [light] 9.1: Door Opened/ 9.2: Switch On [light] R4.1: Recipe Entered [recipe] Cancel R8.3: Timer Expired Cancel/ Cancel Timer

Door Opened/ Stop Timer 3.1: Door Closed [Zero Time]/ 3.2: Switch Off [light] 8.3: Timer Expired/ 8.4d: Clear Power Level [power],8.4b: Switch Off [light]

Cooking 6.11: Minute Plus[minuteplus]/ 6.12: Add Minute entry / 4M.2a,6.2: Start Cooking, 6.2c: Start Turning [turn], 6.2b: Switch On [light], exit/ 8.4: Stop Cooking, 8.4a: Beep [beeper], 8.4c: Stop Turning [turn]

4M.1: Minute Plus[minuteplus]/ 4M.2: Start Minute Cancel/ Stop Timer, Switch Off [light] 5.1: Cooking Time Entered/ 5.2: Display Cooking, 5.2a: Update Cooking Time

Door Shut With Item

{feature = recipe} Recipe

6.1: Start/ 6.2a: Start Timer

Ready To Cook

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

Cooking Time Entered/ Display Cooking Time, Update Cooking Time

SPL-63

Feature Based Impact Analysis

Kernel First Approach Develop kernel communication diagrams Product Line evolution approach Consider impact of optional and alternative features on kernel communication diagrams Analyze impact of each feature on kernel communication diagrams Consider optional objects that need to be added Consider replacement of default objects with variant objects Consider impact on existing kernel objects that communicate with optional / variant objects
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-64

32
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Feature Based Impact Analysis

Kernel First Approach Develop kernel interaction diagrams to realize kernel use cases Product Line evolution approach Consider impact of optional and alternative features on kernel Analyze impact of each feature Optional object(s) can be added Variant object can replace default object Determine impact on existing kernel objects Communicate with optional / variant objects
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-65

Communication Diagram For Microwave Oven SPL - Impact Of Beeper and Light Features

Optional objects added Impact on kernel control object Feature dependent messages

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-66

33
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Variation Points in Static Modeling

A variation point identifies a location at which change will occur in a software product line The variation point also identifies the mechanism for a reuser to make the change Variation point mechanisms Abstract classes and inheritance Abstract superclass Specialized differently for various members of SPL Parameterization Configuration Parameters Different values for different members of SPL
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-67

Abstract Classes in Software Product Lines

Abstract Class Defines common interface for subclasses Defers implementation of operation(s) to subclasses Captures common properties for all related classes Often represents kernel class Could also be optional Subclasses are variant classes Inherit common properties from abstract superclass Extend with variant properties New attributes New operations Alternative implementations of abstract operations
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-68

34
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 9.1 Example of abstract superclass and subclasses

kernel-abstract-vp entity Account # accountNumber : Integer # balance : Real = 0 + open (accountNumber : Integer) # credit (amount : Real) # debit (amount : Real) + readBalance () : Real + close ()

default entity CheckingAccount - lastDepositAmount : Real = 0 + credit (amount : Real) + debit (amount : Real) + readLastDepositAmount() : Real

variant entity SavingsAccount - cumulativeInterest : Real = 0 - debitCount : Integer = 0 - maxFreeDebits : Integer = 3 - bankCharge : Real = 2.50 + credit (amount : Real) + debit (amount : Real) + clearDebitCount() + addInterest (interestRate : Real) + readCumulativeInterest () : Real

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-69

Variant vs. Parameterized Classes

Abstract superclass and variant subclasses Advantage Isolates each variation in one variant class A variant class is impacted by only one feature Disadvantage Could lead to combinatorial explosion of variant classes Parameterized Classes Advantage One parameterized class instead of many variant classes Disadvantage A parameterized class can be impacted by more than one feature
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-70

35
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 9.2 Example of parameterized class

kernel-param-vp entity OvenData - cookingTime : Integer = 0 {range >=0} - selectedPowerLevel : powerType = High {Range = High, Medium, Low} {feature = Power Level} - itemWeight : Real = 0.0 {range > 0} {feature = Analog Weight} - selectedRecipe : Integer = 0 {range > 0}{feature = Recipe} - TODvalue : Time = 12:00 {feature = TOD Clock} - TODmaxHour : Time = 12:00 {permitted value = 12:00, 24:00} {feature = TOD Clock}

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-71

Feature / Class Dependencies

For each optional or alternative feature, define Optional and/or variant classes required to support feature If feature has prerequisite features Classes in feature may use classes in prerequisite features Features determine which classes can co-exist in same system Some variants are mutually exclusive Used by different members of product line E.g., High Volume Workstation Controller, Flexible Workstation Controller, Monitoring Workstation Controller Some variants co-exist in same system E.g., High Volume Workstation Controller, Receiving Workstation Controller, Shipping Workstation Controller
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-72

36
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Table 9.1 Feature/class dependencies: microwave oven SPL

Feature Name Feature Category Class Name Class Reuse Category Class Parameter

Microwave Oven Kernel

common

Door Sensor Interface Weight Sensor Interface Keypad Interface Heating Element Interface Display Interface Microwave Oven Control Oven Timer Oven Data Display Prompts Lamp Interface Microwave Oven Control Turntable Interface Microwave Oven Control Beeper Interface Microwave Oven Control Keypad Interface Microwave Oven Control Oven Timer One-line Display Interface Multi-line Display Interface English Display Prompts French Display Prompts Spanish Display Prompts German Display Prompts Italian Display Prompts

kernel kernel-abstract-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-abstract-vp kernel-abstract-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-abstract-vp optional kernel-param-vp optional kernel-param-vp optional kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp default variant default variant variant variant variant

Light Turntable Beeper Minute Plus

optional optional optional optional

light : Boolean turntable : Boolean beeper : Boolean minuteplus : Boolean minuteplus : Boolean minuteplus : Boolean

One-line Display Multi-line Display English French Spanish German

default alternative default alternative alternative alternative alternative

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

Italian

SPL-73

Product Line Engineering Design Modeling

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-74

37
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Component-based Distributed Software Architecture

Executes on multiple nodes in distributed configuration Consists of distributed components Distributed component Well-defined provided and required interfaces Concurrent object Logical unit of distribution and deployment Communicates with other components using messages Structure Composite object consisting of other objects Simple object Capable of being reused
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-75

Modeling Components in UML 2.0

Components Modeled as UML 2.0 structured classes Depicted on UML 2.0 composite structure diagrams Components Communicate with each other through ports Port Consists of provided and/or required interfaces Connector Joins required port of one component to provided port of another component

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-76

38
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Design of individual components

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-77

Design of plug compatible components

Connector Joins required port of one component to provided port of another component Microwave Control can be connected to either version of Microwave Display Less variability
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-78

39
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Design of Composite Component

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-79

Software Design and Architectural Patterns

Design Patterns Small group of collaborating objects Gang of Four (Gamma, Helms, Johnson, Vlissides) Software Architectural Patterns Recurring architectures used in various software applications Buschmann, etc. at Siemens Architectural Structure Patterns Address structure of major subsystems of system or PL Architectural Communication Patterns Reusable interaction sequences between components
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-80

40
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Architectural Structure Patterns for Software Product Lines

Layered patterns very important in SPLs Layers of Abstraction Kernel Client/Server patterns Basic Client/Server Client/Broker/Server Client/Agent/Server Control Patterns very important in RT Design Centralized Control Distributed Control Hierarchical Control
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-81

Architectural Structure Patterns for Software Product Lines

Layers of Abstraction Structure product line into hierarchical levels Each layer provides services for higher layers Layers of Abstraction in Product Lines Allows use of subsets and extensions Lower layers do not depend on upper layers Kernel components at lowest layer Higher layers depend on lower layers Optional and variant components at higher layers Kernel Pattern in Software Product Lines Kernel of product line is at lowest layer of hierarchy Optional and variant components at higher layers depend on kernel components in kernel layer
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-82

41
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 10.1 Example of layers of abstraction pattern

- ISO open systems interconnection reference model

Layer 7

Application Layer

Layer 6 Layer 5

Presentation Layer Session Layer

Layer 4

Transport Layer

Layer 3 Layer 2 Layer 1

Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-83

Centralized Control Pattern E.g., Microwave Oven Control

kernel input component DoorComponent variant input component WeightComponent kernel-param-vp input component KeypadComponent

Centralized Control Pattern One control component Executes statechart Receives sensor input from input components Controls external environment via output components

kernel control component MicrowaveControl

variant output component HeatingElementComponent

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

variant output component MicrowaveDisplay

SPL-84

42
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Architectural Communication Patterns for Software Product Lines Peer-to-Peer Communication Patterns Asynchronous communication Bi-directional asynchronous communication Client/Server Communication Patterns Synchronous communication with reply Synchronous communication with Callback Very important for evolutionary design: Broker Communication Patterns Broker forwarding Broker handle Discovery Group Communication Patterns Broadcast Subscription/notification (Multicast)
Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-85

Software Architecture for Microwave Oven - asynchronous communication Pattern

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-86

43
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Evolutionary Process Model for Software Product Lines

Product Line Requirements

Product Line Engineering

Product Line Requirements and Analysis Models, Product Line Architecture, Reusable Components

Product Line Reuse Library

Application Requirements

Application Engineering

Application

Unsatisfied Requirements, Errors, Adaptations

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-87

Software Application Engineering

Software Application Member of software product line Software Application Engineering Derive application architecture from SPL architecture Select application features subject to Feature dependencies and relationships Derive software application architecture Kernel components always selected Optional and variant components correspond to features selected

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-88

44
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Microwave Oven Application Feature Model

optional feature MinutePlus optional feature Light requires

optional feature Turntable

requires

requires exactly-one-of feature group DisplayUnit

common feature Microwave Kernel requires

optional feature Beeper requires

requires

exactly-one-of feature group HeatingElement

alternative feature Multi-lineDisplay mutually includes optional feature TODClock

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

default feature One-lineDisplay

default feature OnelevelHeating

alternative feature Multi-levelHeating

SPL-89

Figure 12.7 Use Case model for Microwave Application

kernel Cook Food

optional Set Time of Day

Timer User optional Update Time of Day

optional Cook Food with Recipe

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-90

45
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Table 12.1 Microwave oven application: feature/use case dependencies

Feature Name

Feature Category

Use Case Name

Use Case Category/ Variation Point (vp)

Variation Point

Microwave Oven Kernel Light Beeper Multi-line Display French Boolean Weight One-level Heating TOD Clock 12/24 Hour Clock

common optional optional alternative alternative default default optional parameterized

Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Cook Food Set Time of Day Display Time of Day Set Time of Day Display Time of Day

kernel vp vp vp vp vp vp optional optional optional 12/24 Hour Clock Light Beeper Display Unit Display Language Weight Sensor Heating Element

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-91

Figure 12.8 Microwave Oven Application context class diagram

kernel external input device DoorSensor Inputs To 1 variant external input device BooleanWeightSensor 1 Inputs To kernel external input device Keypad 1 Awakens 1 Inputs To 1 Outputs To 1 variant external output device Multi-lineDisplay 1 1 1 Outputs To 0..1 optional external output device Turntable Outputs To 1 variant external output device OneLevelHeating Element optional external output device Lamp 1 Outputs To 1 optional external output device Beeper

product line system MicrowaveOven Application

Outputs To

1 1 kernel external timer Clock

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-92

46
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Table 12.2 Microwave oven application: feature/class dependencies

Feature Name Feature Category Class Name Class Reuse Category Class Parameter

Microwave Oven Kernel

common

Door Sensor Interface Weight Sensor Interface Keypad Interface Heating Element Interface Display Interface Microwave Oven Control Oven Timer Oven Data Display Prompts Lamp Interface Microwave Oven Control Beeper Interface Microwave Oven Control Multi-line Display Interface French Display Prompts Boolean Weight Sensor Interface One-level Heating Element Interface TOD Timer Keypad Interface Microwave Oven Control Oven Data Oven Data

kernel kernel-abstract-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-abstract-vp kernel-abstract-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-abstract-vp optional kernel-param-vp optional kernel-param-vp variant variant default default optional kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp kernel-param-vp

Light Beeper Multi-line Display French Boolean Weight One-level Heating TOD Clock

optional optional alternative alternative default default optional

light : Boolean beeper : Boolean

TODClock : Boolean TODClock : Boolean TODvalue : Real TODmaxHour : Integer

12/24 Hour Clock

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

Parameterized

SPL-93

Software Architecture for Microwave Oven Application - Component Structuring

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-94

47
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 12.14 Software architecture for Microwave Oven Application - message communication
kernel external timer : Clock Timer Event product line system : MicrowaveOvenSystem kernel input component : DoorComponent default input component : BooleanWeightComponent sendControlRequest (weightEvent) kernel-param-vp input component : KeypadComponent kernel external input device : DoorSensor variant external input device : BooleanWeightSensor kernel external input device : Keypad

Door Input

Weight Input

Keypad Input

sendControlRequest (doorEvent)

sendControlRequest (keypadEvent) kernel control component : MicrowaveControl displayPrompt (promptId) displayTime (time) displayTOD (TOD)

startCooking (level) stopCooking ()

switchOn () switchOff () optional output component : LampComponent

beep ()

default output component : One-levelHeatingElementComponent

optional output component : BeeperComponent

variant output component : Multi-lineMicrowaveDisplay

Heating Element Output variant external output device : One-levelHeatingElement

Lamp Output optional external output device : Lamp

Beeper Output optional external output device : Beeper

Display Output variant external output device : Multi-lineDisplay

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-95

Microwave Oven Application architecture

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-96

48
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

Figure 12.16 Distributed Application Configuration

DoorComponent {1 node}

BooleanWeightComponent {1 node}

KeypadComponent {1 node}

high speed bus

MicrowaveControl {1 node}

One-levelHeatingElementComponent {1 node}

LampComponent {1 node}

BeeperComponent {1 node}

Multi-lineMicrowaveDisplay {1 node}

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-97

Review
Software Product Line Family of products / systems Some common components, some optional, some variant Designing Software Product Lines Object Oriented Analysis and Design of Software Product Lines Emphasis on modeling commonality and variability in software product lines Unified Modeling Language (UML) Standardized notation for object-oriented development UML notation extended to model software product lines H. Gomaa, Designing Software Product Lines with UML: From Use Cases to Pattern-based Software Architectures, Addison Wesley Object Technology Series, July 2004

Copyright 2005 H. Gomaa

SPL-98

49
Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on April 26, 2009 at 19:41 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.