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Tutorial
2006
Differential Impedance And Insertion Loss Applied To Sockets Eric Bogatin Chief Technical Officer Synergetix
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2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 1
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 2
Outline Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Dr. Eric Bogatin CTO, Synergetix Kansas City, KS
[email protected]9 Who cares? 9 What design features influence insertion loss? 9 What is impedance 9 What design features influence impedance? 9 What is differential impedance 9 What design features influence differential impedance
2006 Burn-in and Test Socket Workshop March 12-15, 2005
9 What is differential insertion loss?
It is better to uncover a little than to cover a lot lot - Francis Low
Eric Bogatin 2006
www.BeTheSignal.com
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 3
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 4
For More Information
Electrical Performance of Sockets in Perspective
Performance
www.BeTheSignal.com
Online Lectures Feature Articles PCD&M Monthly Signal Integrity Column: No Myths Allowed Master Class Workshops Resources
Published by Prentice Hall, 2004
9 Compliance 9 Pitch 9 Cycle lifetime 9 Time between cleaning 9 Electrical
DC resistance Hi Frequency
Signal Integrity Bandwidth Insertion loss Return loss SPICE models Power integrity Loop inductance
Constraints: Vendors Corporate Culture Compatibility: Industry, Legacy
Cost: $$$, TCOO, Schedule, Risk Partitioning: Pin electronics Wiring/cabling Loadboards Sockets
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 5
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 6
The Socket as a Component
Purpose of an interconnect: to transport a signal from one point to another with an acceptable level of distortion
9 9 9 9 9 9 Z0 TD L C Insertion loss Return loss
3rd Best Alternative
Specify values of model (circuit or behavioral) parameters
Specifications based on assumptions of the rest of the system Specifications are a pre-arranged compromise- sometimes based on:
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 System level simulation balancing cost-performance-constraints- (really hard!) A guess Because it worked in the last design Enough margin for designer to sleep at night Assuming performance is free Incorrect assumptions Information that was passed from engineer to engineer to engineer to engineer(only one of whom might have an idea of what they want)
Simulated with HyperLynx Whats important to know? 1. Will the system work? 2. Is the socket good enough? 3. How do you know before you build it and test it?
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 7
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 8
Is this acceptable?
Universally used metric to define goodness of a socket: -1 dB insertion loss bandwidth
Sometimes the frequency domain offers an easier path to the answer
No new information in the frequency domain The only reason wed ever leave the time domain to go to the frequency domain:
To get to the answer faster.
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 9
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 10
Two World Views
Time domain view
Transmitted Signals in the Frequency Domain
What are signals in the frequency domain? only sine waves
incident Frequency domain view incident transmitted reflected transmitted
amplitude phase
amplitude phase
amplitude phase
Up to the highest sine wave frequency that is significant
Eric Bogatin 2006
Everything you ever wanted to know about the performance of a socket is contained in the reflected and transmitted signals
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 11
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 12
Terminology
incident transmitted incident
Source impedance = 50 Ohms
Most Important Caveat
Termination impedance = 50 Ohms
Whats important:
Vtransmitted Vincident
transmitted
at each frequency
The source impedance and the load impedance when defining S21 is always 50 Ohms. Insertion loss has significance if the end use environment is 50 Ohms S21 is dominated by how the impedance of the socket matches the impedance of the test environment!
Eric Bogatin 2006
Also called:
9 Insertion loss 9 S21 9 Transfer function
There is a magnitude and a phase at each frequency
Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 13
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 14
Good and Bad Insertion Loss
Insertion Loss (magnitude)
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
The Value of -1 dB Insertion Loss Bandwidth as a Metric
Relative comparison First pass screening Rough, rule of thumb for usable operating frequency Should not be used to sign off on a design
9 too approximate 9 too much margin? Too little? 9 Too many assumptions
good
bad
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Insertion Loss (magnitude)
0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
Is this good? Is it good enough?
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
freq, GHz
Simulated with Agilent ADS
Multiple approximations:
9 Bandwidth of the signal 9 Is the system a 50 Ohm system? 9 Total system budget 9 Allocation to the socket
Is there a difference between
9 good 9 good enough 9 better ?
freq, GHz
-1 dB = 90% transmitted signal amplitude -2 dB = 80% transmitted signal amplitude -3 dB = 70% transmitted signal amplitude
Eric Bogatin 2006
A better approach (and much more expensive):
9 Model and simulate
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 15
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 16
What Affects Insertion Loss of a Socket?
1. Matched Impedance 2. Controlled impedance 3. Discontinuities of load board 4. Length 5. Dielectric loss 6. Conductor loss 7. DC contact resistance
The Simplest Model of a Transmission Line
Microstrip
A "-1" order model: Any two conductors with length
Length
Lead frame of an IC Package
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 17
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 18
Labeling the Conductors
The Signal
Vsignal
Signal path
V
Signal path
Vin
Return path
GROUND
V
Return path
GROUND
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 19
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 20
How fast does a signal move down a line?
v V
signal return
Instantaneous Impedance
Vsignal
Signal path Return path
in air: v = 186,000 miles per sec v = 12 inches/nsec
v=
12 inches n sec 4
12 inches n sec = 6 inches n sec 2
Signal sees an instantaneous impedance each step along the path Instantaneous impedance depends on the geometry of signal and return path A controlled impedance when instantaneous impedance is constant One impedance that characterizes the interconnect: Characteristic impedance
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 21
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 22
Characteristic Impedance and Capacitance per Length
increase h
w = 10 mils h = 5 mils 50 Ohm PCB cross section
Most Important Features of Characteristic Impedance
Characteristic impedance is not about the signal path Characteristic impedance is not about the return path Characteristic impedance will depend both signal and return path, inseparably There is no such thing as the characteristic impedance of a single pin Change the return path configuration, you change the characteristic impedance (Obviously, the same goes for insertion loss!)
capacitance per length decreases, the characteristic impedance increases
increase w
the capacitance per length increases, characteristic impedance decreases
Z0 ~
1 CL
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 23
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 24
Return Path Selection Strongly Influences Single Ended Impedance
Return Path Patterns
Ideal, Lossless transmission lines have just Two Parameters:
Characteristic Impedance: Z0 Time delay: TD
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 25
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 26
Pattern 2a: current flow at 20 GHz
How well do these pins look like an ideal transmission line?
ret
sig
ret
? =
Agilent ADS Momentum
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 27
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 28
All Transmission Lines with the Same Characteristic Impedance and Time Delay Behave Exactly the Same
Agilent ADS
Minimizing Insertion Loss Principle #1: Match Impedance to 50 Ohms
1. Uniform impedance interconnect 2. Match socket to 50 Ohms 3. Keep: 30 Ohms < Z0 < 80 Ohms and insertion loss will never be greater than -1 dB
0
3D EM sim of the pin field Simulated ideal transmission line (Z0 = 42 ohms)
Return Loss
0.0
Insertion Loss
dB(S(3,3)) dB(S(1,1))
dB(S(4,3)) dB(S(2,1))
-20
-0.5
-40
-1.0
Insertion Loss, dB
-1 -2 -3 -4
-60
-1.5
BW of the model ~ 12 GHz
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-80 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-2.0
Z0 = 80 Ohms Z0 = 30 Ohms Z0 = 20 Ohms
freq, GHz
0
200
freq, GHz
phase(S(3,3)) phase(S(1,1))
100
phase(S(4,3)) phase(S(2,1))
-50
Simulated with Agilent ADS
-100
-100
-5 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-200 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-150
10
12
14
16
18
20
freq, GHz
freq, GHz
freq, GHz
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 29
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 30
What if the Impedance is not Controlled?
0 0 -1
Three Impedance Discontinuities
Insertion Loss, dB
-1 -2
Insertion Loss, dB
-2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8
30 Total length = 0.2 inches
80
Total length = 0.2 inches
-3 -4 -5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
30
80
30
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
80 30
freq, GHz
Low frequency behavior is related to ~ average impedance- can be better than either one Highest insertion loss can be much worse than either discontinuity (> 3x)
freq, GHz
Low frequency behavior is related to ~ average impedance- can be better than either one Highest insertion loss can be much worse than either discontinuity (> 7x)
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 31
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 32
Minimizing Insertion Loss Principle #2: Use a controlled impedance interconnect
7 Principles of Socket Design for Optimized Insertion Loss
1. match characteristic impedance of socket to 50 Ohms 2. Keep the impedance constant through socket
Match average impedance to 50 Ohms Design for controlled impedance- uniform cross section
3. Optimize (minimize) pad stack up capacitance 4. Keep socket short (shorter is better, but long may be good enough) 5. Dielectric loss of socket not critical 6. Conductor loss of socket not critical 7. Contact resistance of socket not critical
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 33
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 34
The Highest Speed Signals Are All Differential
Serial Data Interface (SDI): 0.27 HyperTransport: Fibre Channel: Serial RapidIO: PCI Express: XAUI Proprietary (Basic) 0.4 1.062 1.25 2.5 3.125 x 1.488 1.2 2.125 2.5 5 6.25 2x 3x 4.25 Gbps/pin Gbps/pin Gbps/pin
What is a differential signal?
Example: National Semi DS92LV010A Output swing: 1.125v to 1.375 v into 27 Ohm load
V1, V2
3.125 Gbps/pin Gbps/pin Gbps/pin Gbps/pin
V = V1 - V2
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 35
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 36
Differential and Common Signals
Vdiff = V1 V 2 Vcomm = 1 (V1 + V 2) 2
Differential Signals
Differential I/O Standards Supported By Altera Stratix Devices 4.0 3.3 V PCLM 3.0 3.0 V Diff Signal 0.3 V Comm Signal 3.15 V 1.9 V 1.2 V 0.6 V
Voltage (V)
Vcomm
2.0 1.4 V
2.1 V
LVPECL
0.4 V 0.4 V
1.7 V LVDS 1.0 1.0 V 0.9 V 0.3 V 0.0
HyperTransport
Vdiff
0.6 V
Note: There Is a Very Large Common Component
Technology
There is a large common voltage component!
Eric Bogatin 2006
Courtesy of ALTERA Corp.
Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 37
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 38
Whats a Differential Pair Transmission Line?
Answer: ..any two, coupled transmission lines (with their return paths).
Very Important Principle
1 2
Optimized high speed performance for the special case: a symmetric pair, with matched time delay of both paths
Differential impedance is the instantaneous impedance the difference signal sees
What Whats differential impedance?
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 39
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 40
What is the Impedance the Differential Signal Sees?
The Differential Impedance
It Depends
No coupling: Z0 = single-ended characteristic impedance With coupling: depends on how the other line is driven
Z0
Z0
Zdiff = Z0 + Z0
9 Other line is tied low 9 Other line is driven opposite (differential signal) 9 Other line is driven the same (common signal)
What is the impedance of each line?
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 41
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 42
Other Line Is Tied Low
Other Line Driven Opposite
S in g le -E n d e d Im p e d a n c e (O h m s ) 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Edge to Edge Spacing Between the Traces (mils)
Second Trace Pegged Low +1 v
58 Single-Ended Impedance (Ohms) 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Edge to Edge Spacing Between the Traces (mils)
return
-1 v
Z0, Second Trace Pegged Low
Z0, Both Traces Driven Opposite
Z0, Second Trace Pegged Low
Differential Signal Odd Mode State
Zdiff = 2 x Zodd
Eric Bogatin 2006
Polar Instruments SI8000
Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 43
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 44
Pop Quiz
+1 v
-1 v
return
If there is no coupling between the lines
9 How would we implement this?
Differential mode
If each line had a single ended impedance of 50 ohms
9 What would be the differential impedance of the pair?
Ans: 100 ohms If 50 ohms is the universally used single ended impedance, 100 ohms is the universally used differential impedance
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
There is: Odd mode impedance Differential signals
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 45
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 46
What geometry terms influence differential impedance?
Re-train your intuition
Z11 ~ single ended impedance to the return path
As coupling dominatesdifferent intuition is needed
150 150 140 140 130 130 120 120 110 110 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 0 0 5 5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 25 30 30 35 35 40 40
Height Height (H1) (H1)
s=2w s=w
Z21
Z21 ~ the relative coupling between the two signal lines
Z11
Z21 ~ Z11
V2 V1
~ induced noise on second signal line compared to the first signal line
T = 0.7 mils Dk = 3.8 w = 5 mils s = w, 2w
Zdiff Zdiff
Z11 >> Z21
Z11 ~ Z21
Zdiff = 2 x (Z11 Z21)
Easy: when Z11 >> Z21: no coupling, single ended case
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 47
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 48
Another way of thinking about coupling: the return current distribution
Current distribution in 2, 50 Ohm microstrips, @100 MHz s=3xw
Return Current in Closely Coupled Differential pair: plane close and far
Z11 >> Z21 Z11 ~ Z21
100 MHz
s=w
h = 20 mils
Return currents overlap in the return plane Return plane plays no role Diff impedance = single ended impedance between the lines
How much return current overlaps in the return plane?
Ansoft 2D field solver
What is Z11 ?? Z21
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 49
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 50
If Signal To Signal Coupling Is Much Tighter Than Signal To Return
Return current is carried by adjacent trace when the signal lines in the differential pair look like two isolated traces as part of a single ended transmission line.
Return current carried by adjacent trace
Differential Impedance (Ohms)
140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
When signal to signal coupling dominates- all return currents in planes overlap and cancel out. Planes play no role in diff impedance
170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 0 5 10 15 Separation, s 20 25
Dielectric thickness very large
100 MHz
s w = 5 mils
h = 20 mils
Current density scale expanded by 10x
Plane to Trace Separation, h (mils)
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 51
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Zdiff
Slide - 52
Return Currents in Differential Pairs
Single ended current in (-) pin
@ 10 MHz + signal (floating) - signal return
Most return current is carried by the plane when signal to return coupling >> signal to signal coupling Ex: most board level interconnects Mentor Graphics Hyperlynx
@ 10 MHz
X Most return current is carried by the other signal when signal to plane coupling << signal to signal coupling
Magnitude of current Ex: most connectors, shielded twisted pair, twisted pair, sockets
Eric Bogatin 2006
What would 1 GHz look like?
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 53
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 54
Single ended signal in (+) pin
@ 10 MHz + signal - signal (floating) return
Return Current for Differential Signal: Pattern 1a
@ 10 MHz + signal - signal return
Small amount of residual return current- mostly cancelled out
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 55
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 56
Differential Impedance Between the two pins, as return is moved away
s return
100 90 80 Diff Impedance, Ohms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Spacing to Return Pin, mm
Return current distribution, differential pattern 2a
+ signal - signal return
When return currents overlap, differential impedance is independent of the return path
Distinct return current in return pins
Eric Bogatin 2006
Distinct return current in return pins
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 57
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 58
Differential Impedance of Pattern 2a, as returns are moved away
100 90 80 Diff Impedance, Ohms 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Spacing to Re turn Pin, m m
pattern 1a pattern 2a
An Introduction to Differential S Parameters
Very important conclusion: To 1st order, the differential impedance of a pair of pins is the single ended impedance of the pair of pins
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 59
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 60
Characterizing Interconnects in Time and Frequency Domains
Behavioral Models From Scattering
TDT
Incident Wave
Transmitted Wave
t TDR
Wa cted Refle ve
DUT
All the electrical properties of an interconnect are described by how signals scatter from it: Scattering or Sparameters
Port 7 Port 6
Incident
Incident Wave Transmitted Wave
t S11
Wa cted Refle ve
DUT
S21
Port 2
Port 1 Port 5 Port 3 Port 4
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
10
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 61
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 62
4-Port Single-Ended S-Parameters Matrix for Differential Channel Characterization 1 3 1 3
(and their return paths!) (and their return paths!)
Differential S-Parameters
2 4
Differential Pair Port 1
(and their return paths!)
Differential Pair Port 2
2 4
Sout,in =
Vout Vin
Differential Signal
port 1
Stimulus
Differential Signal
port 1 port 2
Common Signal
port 1 port 2
Stimulus
Response
S11
S12
S13 S 23 S33 S 43
S14 S 24 S34 S 44
S 21 S 22 S31 S 32 S 41 S 42
Interpreting Single-Ended Measurements: S11: return loss, single ended S21= S12: insertion loss, single ended S31= S13: near-end cross talk S41= S14: far-end cross talk
Response
SDD11
SDD12
SDC11
SDC12
port 2
SDD21 SCD11
SDD22 SCD12
SDC21 SCC11
SDC22 SCC12
Common Signal
port 1
port 2
SCD21
SCD22
SCC21
SCC22
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 63
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 64
4-Port S-Parameter Matrices
Single Ended Differential, Mixed Mode, Balanced
Differential Insertion Loss: SDD21
1 3 2 4
single
Measure the single ended S parameters values
Mathematical Transform
diff
Sdd11(2,1) = 0.5 x (S(2,1) - S(2,3) - S(4,1) + S(4,3))
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 65
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets
Slide - 66
Minimizing Insertion Loss Principle #1: Match Differential Impedance to 100 Ohms
1. Uniform impedance interconnect 2. Match socket to 100 Ohms 3. Keep: 60 Ohms < Z0 < 160 Ohms and insertion loss will never be greater than -1 dB
0
7 Principles of Socket Design for Optimized Differential Insertion Loss
1. Match differential impedance of socket to 100 Ohms 2. Keep the impedance constant through socket 3. Optimize (minimize) pad stack up capacitance 4. Keep socket short (shorter is better, but long may be good enough) 5. Dielectric loss of socket not critical 6. Conductor loss of socket not critical 7. Contact resistance of socket not critical
Insertion Loss, dB
-1 -2 -3 -4
Z0 = 160 Ohms Z0 = 60 Ohms Z0 = 40 Ohms
Simulated with Agilent ADS
-5 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
freq, GHz
Eric Bogatin 2006 Eric Bogatin 2006
March 12 - 15, 2006
11
2006
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 67
Tutorial 2
Differential Impedance and Insertion Loss Applied to Sockets Slide - 68
Summary
Differential impedance will proliferate Differential impedance target is 100 ohms -1 dB Insertion loss bandwidth is a universally used metric for socket performance It is only a rough approximation to the end use performance Same intuition about single ended bandwidth performance applies to differential insertion loss bandwidth performance
The End
Thanks for listening!
Eric Bogatin 2006
Eric Bogatin 2006
www.BeTheSignal.com
March 12 - 15, 2006
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