THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK PROBLEMS FROM THE ANNUAL HIGH SCHOOL CONTESTS OF THE MATHEMATICAL ASSOCIATION OF AMERICA ae Compiled and with solutions by CHARLES T. SALKIND A nickel is placed on a table. What is the number of nickels which can be placed around it so that each is tangent to it and to two others? New Mathematical LibraryTHE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Problems from the Annual High School Contests of the Mathematical Association of America compiled and with solutions by Charles T. Salkind Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute pTHE,, wor" t 3 a t Vemact 5 RANDOM HOUSEIllustrations by Florence W. Cochrane First Printing © Copyright, 1961, by Yale University All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in New York by Random House, Inc., and simultaneously in Toronto, Canada, by Random House of Canada, Limited. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 61-13843 Manufactured in the United States of AmericaIr mm Iv CONTENTS Preface Problems Answer Keys Solutions Classification of Problems xo} 79 150PREFACE Mathematical problems are older than mathematics itself. Stated as puzzles, they are found in the oldest written records. An Egyptian papyrus, dating back to 2200 n.c., asks: “A heap and its seventh make 19, how large is the heap?” Although this is stated almost as tersely as we would do it today (“if 2 + (1/7)e = 19, find 2”), ancient prob- lems often appear in more poetical garb. Here is a charming example from India (recorded about 1150 a.v.): Out of a heap of pure lotus flowers, a third part, a fifth and a sixth were offered respectively to the gods Siva, Vishnu, and then Sun; a quarter of the original heap was presented to Bhavani. The remaining six lotuses were given to the venerable preceptor. Tell quickly the whole number of lotus flowers. This sounds more exciting than: Solve the equation dotistie¢ic +6 =2; but of course our way of stating the problem has an overriding ad- vantage: it makes the solution easier. The glory of elevating mathematics from the level of problem solv- ing to that of a science belongs to the ancient Greeks. But these Greek mathematicians did not neglect the art of inventing and solving prob- lems. Three of their proposed geometric problems remained challenges to mathematicians until the 19th century. The “three famous prob- lems of antiquity” asked for the trisection of an angle, the doubling of a cube, and the squaring of a circle, using only straight edge and compass. In spite of centuries of failure with these problems, efforts 1a THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK continued until it was proved, with the aid of algebraic theorems, that, in each case, the construction is impossible with the specified tools. Since the time of the Greeks, such problems have stimulated the growth of mathematics and led mathematicians to invent new methods and to develop new concepts. On a more modest but equally important level, such problems have provided an unexcelled training ground for young mathematicians. But problem-solving never was the exclusive domain of professionals. At all times it provided intellectual stimula- tion and joy for many professionally outside the field of mathematics. During the Renaissance in Italy problem-solving became a competi- tive sport and public contests between mathematicians were not un- common. Sometimes the competitive spirit led to excesses. For example, in the 16th century, Tartaglia, the winner of such a contest, had to flee town to escape violence at the hands of the fans of the local cham- pion. The subject of this particular contest was cubic equations and, in preparing for it, Tartaglia discovered important formulas for solving them. In our own day mathematicians still compete with each other in solving problems—less publicly, less violently, but perhaps with the same intensity. The end of the 19th century saw the beginning of organized com- petitions among secondary school students. The so-called Eétvés Competition? in Hungary (begun in 1894) is justly famous; it has probably played its part in producing so many superior mathemati- cians and physicists from this small country. In the Soviet Union high school students take part in a university-sponsored system of mathematical “olympics”. In America the tradition of periodic competitions among students of mathematics is almost fifty years old. There are, for example, the Inter-scholastic Mathematics League in New York City and Long Island and the annual competitions conducted by Pi Mu Epsilon of New York University; there are also state-wide and regional programs in Texas, Wisconsin, Indiana, and at Stanford University, and else- where. As our first problem book we present the complete set of prob- lems proposed by the Mathematical Association of America in its annual contests for high school students. Translations of these problems and solutions will appear in the NML series.PREFACE 3 ‘The MAA is concerned primarily with mathematics on the under- graduate level. It is one of the three major mathematical organiza- tions in America (the other two being the American Mathematical Society, chiefly concerned with mathematical research, and the Na- tional Council of Teachers of Mathematics, concerned with the content and pedagogy of elementary and secondary mathematics). The MAA also conducts the annual “Putnam Competition” for under-graduate students. Its journal, The American Mathematical Monthly, is famous for its elementary and advanced problem sections. When the MAA contest was first organized in 1950 it was restricted to the Metropolitan New York area. It became a national project in 1957, receiving in that same year co-sponsorship by the Society of Actuaries. In 1960 more than 150,000 students from 5,200 schools participated in the program. The contest is conducted in nearly every state and territory of the U. S. and in the more-populated provinces of Canada. The MAA contest is based entirely on the standard high school curriculum (except for a very few problems in the earlier tests) and pre-supposes no advanced knowledge. Readers who find these problems too easy are advised to try the problem sections of other NML books and to await additional NML problem books which are now in prepara- tion. Part I of each examination tests fundamental skills based on con- ceptual understanding, while Parts II and III probe beyond mere reproduction of class-room work. For the ten years this contest was conducted, only three people scored} perfectly (150); score of 80 or more places a contestant on the Honor Roll. The editors are grateful to the MAA for permission to publish this collection, and to Prof. Charles T. Salkind for compiling the book and for supplying a classification of problems with their complete solutions. In preparing this collection, the compiler and the editors have made a few minor changes in the statements of the original contest problems, for the sake of greater clarity. t Scoring is as follows: 1950-1959 Part. I 2 points each, Part II 3 points each, Part IIT 4 points each; 1960 Part I 3 points each, Part II 4 points each, Part IIT 5 points each,SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THIS BOOK This problem collection is designed to be used by mathematics clubs, high school teachers, students, and other interested individuals. Clearly, no one would profit from doing all the problems, but he would benefit from those that present a challenge to him. The reader might try himself on a whole test or on part of a test, with (or preferably without) time limitations. He should try to get as far as possible with the solution to a problem. If he is really stuck, he should look up the answer in the key, see pages 75-78, and try to work backwards; if this fails, the section of com- plete solutions should be consulted, see pages 79-149. In studying solutions, even the successful problem solver may find sidelights he had overlooked; he may find a more “elegant” or a dif- ferent way of solving the problem which may lead him deeper into mathematics. He may find it interesting to change items in the hy- pothesis and to see how this affects the solution; or to invent his own problems. If a reader is interested in a special type of problem, he should con- sult the classified index. The following familiar symbols appear in this book: Symbol Meaning ~ _ similar (if used in connection with plane figures) approximately equal (if used in connection with numbers) therefore identically equal to less than less than or equal to greater than greater than or equal to absolute value of the number k triangle 110: the number 1-2? + 1-2! + 0.2%, ie., the number 6 when written in a number system with base 2 instead of 10. d DEIMVIAA It = congruent x different from 1 perpendicular to XY length of the line segment XY L. Bers J. H. Hlavaty New York, 1960- . Reduced to lowest terms, Problems 1950 Examination Part 1 . If 64 is divided into three parts proportional to 2, 4 and 6, the smallest part is: (A) 5} (B)11 (C) 10} (D) 5 (B) none of these answers . Let R = gS — 4. When S = 8, R = 16. When S = 10, R is equal to: (A) 11 (B) 14 (C)20. (D) 21 (B) none of these . The sum of the roots of the equation 42? + 5 — 8x = 0 is equal to: (A)8 (B)-5 (C)-% (D)—2 (E) none of these @—b ab- ab aba (C)a* (D)a— 2b (E) none of these is equal to: at — 2 wo, ® ab . If five geometric means are inserted between 8 and 5832, the fifth term in the geometric series is: (A) 648 (B) 832 (C) 1168 (D) 1944 (E) none of these . The values of y which will satisfy the equations Qat + Gr + Sy +1=0 2c-+ y+3=0 may be found by solving: (A) y+ l4y-7=0 By + 8yt1=0 C)y+ Wy-7=0 (D) y+ y — 12 (E) none of these equations 8xn 1. 16. 17. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK If the digit 1 is placed after a two digit number whose tens’ digit is 1, and units’ digit is u, the new number is: (A) 106+ ut 1 (B) 1008+ 10u+1 (C) 1000 + 100 +1 (D)t-+u+ 1 (E) none of these answers If the radius of a circle is increased 100%, the ares is increased: (A) 100% (B) 200% (C) 300% (D) 400% (FE) by none of these . The area of the largest triangle that can be inscribed in a semi-circle whose radius is r is: (A)? (B)r® (CC) 2r7 (D) Qe (E) fr* . After rationalizing the numerator of vie » the denominator in simplest form is: A) V8V3 + V2) (B) V8V3 — V2) (C)3- V8V2 (D)3 + V6 (E) none of these answers If in the formula C = » ” isincreased while e, R and r are kept constant, then C: (A) decreases (B) increases (C) remains constant (D) increases and then decreases (E) decreases and then increases en + nt As the number of sides of a polygon increases from 3 to n, the sum of the exterior angles formed by extending each side in succession: (A) increases (B) decreases _(C) remains constant (D) cannot be predicted (E) becomes (n — 3) straight angles . The roots of (2? — 3x + 2)(z)(x — 4) = 0 are: (A)4 (B)Qand4 (C)land2 (D)0,1,2and4 (E)1,2and4 . For the simultaneous equations 2z — 3y = 8 6y — 42 = 9: (A)z=4,y¥=0 (B)xr=0,y¥=4% (C)z=0, y=0 (D) there is no solution (I) there are an infinite number of solutions . The real factors of z* + 4 are: (A) (2? + 2)(@% +2) (B) (@* + 2)@*— 2) (C) a%(z* + 4) (D) (zt — 2z + 2)(2* + 2x +2) (E) non-existent Part 2 The number of terms in the expansion of [(a + 3b)*(a — 36)? when simplified is: @4 @)5 (6 ()7 (8 The formula which expresses the relationship between 2 and y a8 shown in the accompanying table is:19. 21. 25. PROBLEMS: 1950 EXAMINATION 7 z 0 2 3 14 1 y_ | 100 ate 40 0 (A) y = 100-102 (B)y = 100 — be? (C)y = 100 — bz — Sat? (D) y = 20-2 — 2? (EB) none of these . Of the following (1) a(t — y) = az — ay (2) a-¥ = at — ar (8) log (z — y) = log 2 — logy (4) log z/log y = log z — log y (8) a(zy) = ax-ay: (A) only 1 and 4 are true (B) only 1 and 5 are true (C) only 1 and 3 are true (D) only 1 and 2 are true (B) only 1 is true 1 m men ean do job in d days, then m +r men ean do the job in: : emis a (A)d-+r days (B)d—r days (C) 5" days (D) 4 days (E) none of these When "+ 1 is divided by z — 1, the remainder is: (A)1 (B)-1 (C)O -(D) 2 (B) none of these answers ‘The volume of a rectangular solid each of whose side, front, and bottom faces are 12 sq. in., 8 sq. in., and 6 sq. in. respectively is: (A) 576 cu.in. (B) 24cu.in. (C)9cu.in. (D) 104 cu. in. (B) none of these . Successive discounts of 10% and 20% are equivalent to a single discount of: (A) 80% (B) 15% (C)72% (D) 28% (E) none of these A man buys a house for $10,000 and rents it. He puts 124% of each month’s rent aside for repairs and upkeep; pays $325 a year taxes and realizes 54% on his investment. The monthly rent is: (A) $64.82 (B) $83.33 (C) $72.08 (D) $45.83 (E) $177.08 ‘The equation 2 + /z—2 = 4 has: (A) 2 real roots (B) 1 real and 1 imaginary root (C) 2 imaginary roots = (D) no roots (E) 1 real root, The value of og, 625 (A) 725 (B)6 (C) 3125 (D) 5 (B) none of these If logigm = b — login, then m = is equal to: (A) 2 (B) bn (C) 10% =(D)b— 10" (E) w A car travels 120 miles from A to B at 30 miles per hour but returns the same distance at 40 miles per hour. The average speed for the round trip is closest to: (A) 33 mph (B) 34 mph (C) 35 mph_(D) 36 mph_(E) 37 mph8 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 28. Two boys A and B start at the same time to ride from Port Jervis to Poughkeepsie, 60 miles away: A travels 4 miles an hour slower than B. B reaches Poughkeepsie and at once turns back meeting A 12 miles from Poughkeepsie. The rate of A was: (A)4mph (B)8mph (C)12mph (D)16mph_ (E) 20 mph 29. A manufacturer built a machine which will address 500 envelopes in 8 minutes. He wishes to build another machine 90 that when both are operating together they will address 500 envelopes in 2 minutes. The equation used to find how many minutes 2 it would require the second machine to address 500 envelopes alone is: 1 1 1 500 | 500 (8-2-2 (B)Et+i=5 (P+ = 500 (D) 5 += 1 (E) none of these answers 2 8 30. From a group of boys and girls, 15 girls leave. There are then left two boys for each girl. After this 45 boys leave. There are then 5 girls for each boy. The number of girls in the beginning was: (A) 40 (B) 43 (C) 29 (D) 50 (E) none of these 31 . John ordered 4 pairs of black socks and some additional pairs of blue socks. The price of the black socks per pair was twice that of the blue. When the order was filled, it was found that the number of pairs of the two colors had been interchanged. This increased the bill by 50%. The ratio of the number of pairs of black socks to the number of pairs of blue socks in the original order was: (41 B21 (id M12 18 32. A 25 foot ladder is placed against a vertical wall of a building. The foot of the ladder is 7 feet from the base of the building. If the top of the ladder slips 4 feet, then the foot of the Iadder will slide: (A) 9ft. (B) 15 ft. (C) Sf. (D) 8 ft. (E) 4 ft. 33. The number of circular pipes with an inside diameter of 1 inch which will carry the same amount of water as 4 pipe with an inside diameter of 6 inches is: (A) 6x (B)6 (C)12 (D) 36 (E) 36x 34. When the circumference of a toy balloon is increased from 20 inches to 25 inches, the radius is increased by: (A) Sin. (B) 2h in. (C) 5/win. (D) 5/2x in. (E) x/5 in. 35. In AABC, AC = 24", BC = 10", and AB = 26”. The radius of the inscribed circle is (A) 26 in. (B)4in. (C)13in. (D) Sin. (E) none of these36. 37. 39. 4l. ). The limit of PROBLEMS: 1950 EXAMINATION 9 Part 3 A merchant buys goods at 25% off the list price. He desires to mark the goods so that he can give a discount of 20% on the marked price and still clear a profit of 25% on the selling price. What per cent of the list price must he mark the goods? (A) 125% (B) 100% (C) 120% (D)80% (BE) 75% If y = logez, and a > 1, which of the following statements is incorrect? ()ifz=lyu=0 (B)ifr=ay=1 (C) if z = —1, y is imaginary (complex) (D) if 0 <2 <1, y is always less than 0 and decreases without limit as 2 approaches zero (E) only some of the above statements are correct If the expression F Hl has the value ab — cd forall valuesof a, b, ¢ and a, [221 d, then the equation i al =3: (A) is satisfied for only 1 value of = (B) is satisfied for 2 values of x (C) is satisfied for no values of = (D) is satisfied for an infinite number of values of = (E) none of these Giventheseries 2+1+4+%4+ --- and thefollowing fivestatements: (1) the sum increases without limit. (2) the sum decreases without limit. (3) the difference between any term of the sequence and zero can be made less than any positive quantity no matter how small. (4) the difference between the sum and 4 can be made less than any posi- tive quantity no matter how small. (8) the sum approaches a limit. Of these statements, the correct ones are: (A) only (3) and (4) (B) only (5) (C) only (2) and (4) (D) only (2), (3) and (4) (E) only (4) and (6) e@-1 z—1 (A) 0 (B) indeterminate (C)z—1 (D)2 (E)1 The least value of the function az? + br + ¢(a> 0) is: (a2 we) -2 © st ~ sae (D) SE E™ (B) none of these as z approaches | as a limit is: . The equation z*” = 2 is satisfied when z is equal to: (A) infinity (B)2 (C) YB (D) V2 (EB) none of these10 47. 49. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 2 The sum to infinity of 7+ 54+ 54+ 5 +--+ is: BI 1 5 1 (As (B) () (D) (E) none of these The graph of y = log z (A) cuts the y-axis (B) cuts all lines perpendicular to the z-axis (C) cuts the z-axis (DD) cuts neither axis (E) cuts all circles whose center is at the origin ‘The number of diagonals that can be drawn in a polygon of 100 sides is: (A) 4850 (B) 4950 (C) 9900 (D) 98 (E) 8800 Intriangle ABC, AB = 12, AC = 7, and BC = 10. I sides AB and AC are doubled while BC remains the same, then: (A) the area is doubled — (B) the altitude is doubled (C) the area is four times the original area (D) the median is unchanged (B) the area of the triangle is 0 A rectangle inscribed in a triangle has its base coinciding with the base b of the triangle. If the altitude of the triangle is A, and the altitude = of the rectangle is half the base of the rectangle, then: (eat (Be Ph (z= (E) 2 = 4b A point is selected at random inside an equilateral triangle. From this point perpendiculars are dropped to each side. The sum of these perpen- diculars is: (A) least when the point is the center of gravity of the triangle (B) greater than the altitude of the triangle (C) equal to the altitude of the triangle (D) one-half the sum of the sides of the triangle (E) greatest when the point is the center of gravity A triangle has a fixed base AB that is 2 inches long. The median from A to side BC is 14 inches long and can have any position emanating from A. The locus of the vertex C of the triangle is: (A) a straight line AB, 14 in. from A (B) acircle with A as center and radius 2 in. (C) acircle with A as center and radius 3 in. (D) a circle with radius 3 in. and center 4 in. from B along BA (B) an ellipse with A as a focus (D) 2 = 4/ bh gh+b 2 A privateer discovers a merchantman 10 miles to leeward at 11:45 a.m. and with a good breeze bears down upon her at 11 mph, while the mer- chantman can only make 8 mph in her attempt to escape. After a two hour chase, the top sail of the privateer is carried away; she can now make only 17 miles while the merchantman makes 15. The privateer will overtake the merchantman at:PROBLEMS: 1951 EXAMINATION n (A) 3:45 p.m. (B) 3:30 p.m. (C) 5:00 p.m. (D) 2:45 p.m. 1951 Examination Part 1 . The per cent that M is greater than N, is: (A) OU NY cp 00M (gy MEX (wy BE o sn +N) s 2 2 A rectangular field is half as wide as it is long and is completely enclosed by 2 yards of fencing. The,ares in tems of =: we (B) 22* (oy 2 me ws If the length of a diagonal of a square is a + 6, then the area of the square is: (A) (a+b? (B)Ha+b* (C)ha+h (D) Kae +h) (E) none of these A barn with a flat roof is rectangular in shape, 10 yd. wide, 13 yd. long and 5 yd. high. It is to be painted inside and outside, and on the ceiling, but not on the roof or floor. The total number of sq. yd. to be painted is: (A) 360 (B) 460 (C) 490 (D) 590 (E) 720 . Mr. A owns a home worth $10,000. He sells it to Mr. B at a 10% profit based on the worth of the house. Mr. B sells the house back to Mr. A at a 10% loss. Then: (A) A comes out even (B) A makes $1100 on the deal (C) A makes $1000 on the deal (1D) A loses $900 on the deal (E) A loses $1000 on the deal The bottom, side, and front areas of a rectangular box are known, The product of these areas is equal to: (A) the volume of the box (B) the square root of the volume (C) twice the volume (D) the square of the volume (E) the cube of the volume An error of .02” is made in the measurement of a line 10” long, while an error of only .2” is made in a measurement of a line 100” long. In com- parison with the relative error of the first measurement, the relative error of the second measurement is: (A) greater by .18 (B) the same (C) less (D) 10 times as great (B) correctly described by both (A) and (D)12 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 8. The price of an article is cut 10%. To restore it to its former value, the new price must be increased by: (A)10% (B)9% (C) 114% (D) 11% — (E) none of these answers 9. An equilateral triangle is drawn with a side of length a. A new equi- lateral triangle is formed by joining the mid-points of the sides of the first one. Then a third equilateral triangle is formed by joining the mid- points of the sides of the second; and so on forever. The limit of the sum of the perimeters of all the triangles thus drawn is: (A) Infinite (B) 5ta (C) 2a (D) 6a (E) 44a 10. Of the following statements, the one that is incorrect is: (A) Doubling the base of a given rectangle doubles the area. (B) Doubling the altitude of a triangle doubles the area. (C) Doubling the radius of a given circle doubles the area. (D) Doubling the divisor of a fraction and dividing its numerator by 2 changes the quotient. (E) Doubling a given quantity may make it less than it originally was. 1 . The limit of the sum of an infinite number of terms in a geometric pro- gression is a/(1 — r) where a denotes the first term and —1 0, y > 0, 2 > y and z #0. The inequality which is not always correct is: (A)tte>yte (B)r-z2>y-2 (C)ee>ye () 5 >% at > wet . The values of a in the equation: logio(a? — 15a) = 2 are: (a) BA 255 (B) 20,-5 (Cc) BA Y9 (Dy +20 (E) none of these The radius of a cylindrical box is 8 inches and the height is 3 inches. ‘The number of inches that may be added to either the radius or the height to give the same non-zero increase in volume i (A) 1 (B) 5{ (©) any number (D) non-existent (E) none of these14 25. 27. 2 31. . In the equation 8 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK rt — 9(2") 2249) 1 - - 7 7 (Ayan =3 (B) -2""— (0) 1 ~ 2 (D5 (EF when simplified is: ‘The apothem of a square having its area numerically equal to its perimeter is compared with the apothem of an equilateral triangle having its area numerically equal to its perimeter. The first apothem will be: (A) equal to the second (B) 5 timesthe second (C) A timesthe second (D) 4 times the second (IE) indeterminately related to the second a(x ~1)—(m+1)_z @ = 1)(m—-1) m (A)m=1 (B)m=5 (C)m=0 (D)m=-1 (E)m= -} the roots are equal when Through a point inside a triangle, three lines are drawn from the vertices to the opposite sides forming six triangular sections. Then: (A) the triangles are similar in opposite pairs (B) the triangles are congruent in opposite pairs (C) the triangles are equal in area in opposite pairs (D) three similar quadrilaterals are formed (E) none of the above relations is true The pressure (P) of wind on a sail varies jointly as the area (A) of the sail and the square of the velocity (V) of the wind. The pressure ‘on @ square foot is 1 pound when the velocity is 16 miles per hour. The velocity of the wind when the pressure on a square yard is 36 pounds is: (A) 10% mph (B) 96mph (C) 32mph (D) 1¢mph (E) 16 mph Of the following sets of data the only one that does not determine the shape of a triangle is: (A) the ratio of two sides and the included angle (B) the ratios of the three altitudes ios of the three medians of the altitude to the corresponding base (E) two angles If two poles 20” and 80” high are 100” apart, then the height of the intersection of the lines joining the top of each pole to the foot of the opposite pole is: (A) 50” (B) 40” (C) 16” (D) 60” (E) none of these A total of 28 handshakes was exchanged at the conclusion of a party. Assuming that each participant was equally polite toward all the others, the number of people present was: (@) 14 @) 28 ()56 (8 &)7PROBLEMS: 1951 EXAMINATION 15 32. If AABC is inscribed in a semicircle whose diameter is AB, then AC + BC must be: (A) equal to AB (B) equalto ABy/2 (C) > ABv/2 (D) < ABV2 (E) AB (a> b isread “a is equal to or greater than 6.”) 33, The roots of the equation z* — 2z = 0 can be obtained graphically by finding the abscisses of the points of intersection of each of the following pairs of equations except the pair: A) y=2, y= 22 (B) y=2'- 22, y=0 (C)y=z y=z-2 (D) y= 2-2 +1, y=1 ()y=2-1, y= 2-1 34. The value of 10°” is: (A) 7 (B) 1 (C) 10 (D) logis? (E) logs 35. If aX = ct =b and cv = at =d, then: (A) ay = a2 @i=3 ()zty=ate (D)z-y= ©) wag Part 3 36. Which of the following methods of proving a geometric figure a locus is not correct? (A) Every point on the locus satisfies the conditions and every point not on the locus does not satisfy the conditions. (B) Every point not satisfying the conditions is not on the locus and every point on the locus does satisfy the conditions. (C) Every point satisfying the conditions is on the locus and every point on the locus satisfies the conditions. (D) Every point not on the locus does not satisfy the conditions and every point not satisfying the conditions is not on the locus. (E) Every point satisfying the conditions is on the locus and every Point not satisfying the conditions is not on the locus. 37. A number which when divided by 10 leaves a remainder of 9, when divided by 9 leaves a remainder of 8, by 8 leaves a remainder of 7, etc., down to where, when divided by 2, it leaves a remainder of 1, is: (A) 59 (B) 419 (C) 1359 (D) 2519 (E) none of these answers 38. A rise of 600 feet is required to get a railroad line over » mountain. The grade can be kept down by lengthening the track and curving it around the mountain peak. The additional length of track required to reduce the grade from 3% to 2% is approximately: (A) 10,000 ft. (B) 20,000 ft. (C) 30,000 ft. (D) 12,000 ft. (E) none of these16 39. 4) 42. 43. 44. 45. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK A stone is dropped into a well and the report of the stone striking the bottom is heard 7.7 seconds after it is dropped. Assume that the stone falls 16? feet in ¢ seconds and that the velocity of sound is 1,120 feet per second. The depth of the well is: (A) 784 ft. (B) 342 ft. (C) 1568 ft. (D) 156.8 ft. (E) none of these (@ + 1%@* - 2 +1)" (g-Dt+e240"¥ : eat @ i fae A@+) B@+y C1 MO) (e+ He -F (© (@ - PF . The formula expressing the relationship between x and y in the table 6 20 (Ayy=22-4 (B)y=r—3r+2 (Chy =x ~ 32 + Qe (D)y=x2-—42 (E)y=xe-—4 — (Ayx=1 (B)O 2 but finite Of the following statements, the only one that is incorrect is: (A) An inequality will remain true after each side is increased, decreased, multiplied or divided (zero excluded) by the same positive quantity. (B) The arithmetic mean of two unequal positive quantities is greater than their geometric mean. (©) If the sum of two positive quantities is given, their product is largest when they are equal. (D) If @ and b are positive and unequal, }(a? + &) is greater than Te + b)P (E) If the product of two positive quantities is given, their sum is greatest when they are equal. 2 = it =a = 0 and SM = where o, 0, and ¢ ae other than zero, then 2 equals: abe 2abe abe Yepetre Dapera Osta k 2abe 2abe ) Bye a Ce) ee bok ab If you are given log 8 = .9031 and log9 = .9542, then the only loga- rithm that cannot be found without the use of tables is: (A) log 17 (B) log (5/4) (C) log 15 (D) log 600 (E) log 4PROBLEMS: 1952 EXAMINATION 7 46. AB isa fixed diameter of a circle whose center is O. From C, any point on the circle, a chord CD is drawn perpendicular to AB. Then, as C moves over a semicircle, the bisector of angle OCD cuts the circle in a point that always: (A) bisects the are AB (B) trisects the are AB (C) varies (D) is as far from AB as from D (E) is equidistant from B and C 47. If r and 8 are the roots of the equation az? + br + ¢ = 0, the value of a+ 3 is: vt = 4ac v 2a ac (A) 0 — dace (B) (E) none of these mes 48. The area of a square inscribed in a semicircle is to the area of the square inscribed in the entire circle as: (A) 1:2 (B) 2:3 (C) 2:5 (D) 3:4 (E) 3:5 49. The medians of a right triangle which are drawn from the vertices of the acute angles are 5 and +/40. The value of the hypotenuse is: (A) 10 (B) 2/40 (C) VIB. (D) 2/13 (E) none of these 50. Tom, Dick and Harry started out on a 100-mile journey. Tom and Harry went by automobile at the rate of 25 mph, while Dick walked at the rate of 5 mph. After a certain distance, Harry got off and walked on at 5 mph, while Tom went back for Dick and got him to the destination at the same time that Harry arrived. The number of hours required for the trip was: (A)5 (B)6 (C)7 (D)8 (EB) none of these answers 1952 Examination Part 1 . If the radius of a circle is a rational number, ite area is given by a number which is: (A) rational (B) irrational (C) integral (D) a perfect square E) none of these 2. Two high school classes took the same test. One class of 20 students made an average grade of 80% ; the other class of 30 students made an average grade of 70%. The average grade for all students in both classes is: (A) 75% (B)74% (C) 72% (D) 77% (EB) none of these18 s = x 10. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK . The expression a? — a equals: ((o-2)(e+144) c(t-e)(#-1+3) (o(o-1)(#-2+3) (m)(4-a) (54142) (E) none of these The cost C’ of sending a parcel post package weighing P pounds, P an integer, is 10 cents for the first pound and 3 cents for each additional pound. The formula for the cost is: (AVC =10+3P (B)C=10P+3 (C)C = 10+ 3P -1) ()C=94+3P (E)C=10P-7 The points (6, 12) and (0, —6) are connected by a straight line. Another point on this line is: (A) (3,3) (B) (2,1) (C) (7, 16) (D) (-1, 4) (E) (-3, 8) The difference of the roots of 2? — 7z — 9 = 0 is: (A) +7) (BY) +4 (C)4+9 (D278 (LE) V8 . When simplified, (z~’ + y~)~" is equal to: Mety @=H Cay MF ttt ‘Two equal circles in the same plane cannot have the following number of common tangents: (A)1 (B)2 (C)3_ (D) 4 (E) none of these cab Tf m= 5, then & equals: m(a — b) cab — ma 1 ma (A) (B) ——— (O) ee (Dy eee m+ea ("> An automobile went up a hill at a speed of 10 miles an hour and down the same distance at a speed of 20 miles an hour. The average speed for the round trip was: (A) 12} mph (B) 13} mph (C) 144 mph (D) 15 mph (E) none of these z+2 - If y = Jz) = =>) then it is incorrect to say: @2=tt? Bs =-2 Cs) =0 M)K-2=0 (E) IQ) ==18. PROBLEMS: 1952 EXAMINATION 19 . The sum to infinity of the terms of an infinite geometric progression is 6. The sum of the first two terms is 4}. The first term of the progression is: (A) 3or14 (B)1 (C) 2k (D)6 (E) 9or3 . The function 2? + px + q with p and q greater than zero has its minimum value when: (A)z=-p (B)z=F (C)e= -2p (D)e=F (ey = oP . A house and store were sold for $12,000 each. The house was sold at a loss of 20% of the cost, and the store ata gain of 20% of the cost. The entire transaction resulted in: (A) no loss or gain (B) loss of $1000 (C) gain of $1000 (D) gain of $2000 (E) none of these ». The sides of a triangle are in the ratio 6:8:9. Then: (A) the triangle is obtuse (B) the angles are in the ratio 6:8:9 (C) the triangle is acute (D) the angle opposite the largest side is double the angle opposite the smallest side (©) none of these Part 2 . If the base of a rectangle is increased by 10% and the area is unchanged, then the altitude is decreased by: (A) 9% (B)10% (C)11% (D)11$% (E) 94% . A merchant bought some goods at a discount of 20% of the list price. He wants to mark them at such a price that he can give a discount of 20% of the marked price and still make a profit of 20% of the selling price. The per cent of the list price at which he should mark them is: (A) 20 (B) 100) (C) 125. (D) 80 (E) 120 Log p + log g = log (p + 9) only if: (A)p=g= zero (B)p= 725 ()p= ent 1 g eee We=72, r= 7h Angle B of triangle ABC is trisected by BD and BE which meet AC at D and E respectively. Then: AD _ AE AD AB A = B) == ge- ne gone © ko ~ (p) 42 . (4B(BD) (gy) AD _ (HEBD) EC (BE)(BC) EC (DC)(BE)21. 23. 24, 25. 26. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK If 2/y = 3/4, then the incorrect expression in the following is: aty_7 oe aty i (ay 2t¥e7 wy tat ited Ze8 z 1 (D) 8 (E) 7 a The sides of a regular polygon of n sides, n > 4, are extended to form a star. The number of degrees at each point of the star is: 360 (n — 4)180 (n — 2)180 (a) 322 (py BHO (gy SAFO 90 180 (D) 180 — rs (EB) at On hypotenuse AB of a right triangle ABC a second right triangle ABD is constructed with hypotenuse AB. If BC = 1, AC = b, and AD = 2, then BD equals: (A) Ve+F1 (B) Ve (C) VO +1+2 (D) +5 (E) VF+3 Bob _m-i : : If ZZ = TI has roots which are numerically equal but of op- posite signs, the value of m must be: a-b a+b 1 Woz MI Me MF wi In the figure, it is given that angle C = 90°, AD = DB, DE 1. AB, A AB = 20, and AC = 12. The E area of quadrilateral ADEC is: (A) 75 (B) 583 (C) 48 (D) 374 a . 8 (E) none of these A powderman set a fuse for a blast to take place in 30 seconds. He ran away at a rate of 8 yards per second. Sound travels at the rate of 1080 feet per second. When the powderman heard the blast, he had run ap- proximately: (A) 200 yd. (B) 352 yd. (C) 300 yd. (D) 245 yd. (E) 512 yd. + i (+ ) =3, then +5 equals (Al (B)2 (C)O (D3 (H/6 The ratio of the perimeter of an equilateral triangle having an altitude equal to the radius of a circle, to the perimeter of an equilateral triangle inscribed in the circle is: (A) 1:2 (B) 1:3 (C)t:WB(D) 3:2 (E) 2:331. 32. 33. 3 a PROBLEMS: 1952 EXAMINATION 2 In the table shown, the formula relating x and y is: 3 yl 3 7 1:13 Ay=4e-1 Byy=2-24+24+2 Oye +r4l (D) y = (2? +2+1)(@—1) (E) none of these 31 In a circle of radius 5 units, CD and AB are perpendicular diameters. A chord CH cutting AR at K is 8 units long. The diameter AR is divided into two segments whose dimensions are: (A) 1.25, 8.75 (B) 2.75,7.25 (C)2,8 (D) 4,6 (E) none of these When the sum of the first. ten terms of an arithmetic progression is four times the sum of the first five terms, the ratio of the first term to the common difference is: (AL2 (B)21 (id (D4: (ut Given 12 points in @ plane no three of which are collinear, the number of lines they determine is: (A) 24 (B) 54 (C) 120 (D) 66 (E) none of these K takes 30 minutes less time than M to travel a distance of 30 miles. K travels } mile per hour faster than M. If x is K’s rate of speed in miles per hour, then K’s time for the a is: z+ (1/3) z— (1/3) 30 z (A) x ee (B) oa (C) =e i (D) = (E) 30 A circle and a square have the same perimeter. Then: (A) their areas are equal (B) the area of the circle is the greater (C) the area of the square is the greater (D) the area of the circle is times the area of the square (E) none of these The price of an article was increased p%. Later the new price was de- creased oe If the last price was one dollar, the original price a tet vi-pP a Pr (A) == ((B) “0 (C) onedollar (D)1 T0000 = pF 770,000 © aes With a rational denominator, the expression —_——Y =. ” Vitvi- Vi is equivalent to: (ay 34 WO+ Vib (B) — (@) 2484 -Vi0 (By 24-VE— VIO (B) none of these36. 37. 39. 4 42. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Part 3 is taken to be: To be continuous at z = —1, the value of & a Ea (a)-2 (0 (3 Me «)-§% ‘Two equal parallel chords are drawn 8 inches apart in a circle of radius 8 inches. The area of that part of the circle that lies between the chords is: (A) 2144 — 325/83 (B) 32/3 + 2lhe — (C) 32/3 + 424r (D) 163 + 429% (E) 424 ‘The area of a trapezoidal field is 1400 square yards. Its altitude is 50 yards. Find the two bases, if the number of yards in each base is an in- teger divisible by 8. The number of solutions to this problem is: (A) none (B) one (C) two (D) three (FE) more than three If the perimeter of a rectangle is p and its diagonal is d, the difference between the length and width of the rectangle is: See. BoE vere, ws (B) © 3 wo VEX? @ Vee In order to draw a graph of f(2) = a2? + br + ¢, a table of values was constructed. These values of the function for a set of equally spaced increasing values of z were 3844, 3969, 4096, 4227, 4356, 4489, 4624, and 4761. The one which is incorrect (A) 4096 (B) 4356 (C) 4489 (D) 4761 (E) none of these . Increasing the radius of a cylinder by 6 units increases the volume by y cubic units. Increasing the altitude of the cylinder by 6 units also increases the volume by y cubic units. If the original altitude is 2, then the original radius is: (42 (B)4 (6 (D)Gr HB Let D represent a repeating decimal. If P denotes the r figures of D which do not repeat themselves, and Q denotes the ¢ figures which do repest themselves, then the incorrect expression is: (A) D = .PQQQ + (B) 10°D = P.QQQ-- (©) 10™D = PQ.QQ0 --- ©) 19000" — DD = QP -1) (E) 10'-10"D = PQQ.QQQ - The diameter of a circle is divided into n equal parts. On each part a semicircle is constructed. As n becomes very large, the sum of the lengths of the arcs of the semi-circles approaches a length: (A) equal to the semi-circumference of the original circle (B) equal to the diameter of the original circle (C) greater than the diameter but less than the semi-circumference of the original circle46. 47. PROBLEMS: 1952 EXAMINATION 23 (D) that is infinite (E) greater than the semi-circumference but finite If an integer of two digits is k times the sum of its digits, the number formed by interchanging the digits is the sum of the digits multiplied by: A @-) @dO-k/ O(MU-kh Ok-) H+) If a and 6 are two unequal positive numbers, then: ww Ze > va>2t? wy va> 2e >ot? 2ab a+b a+b 2ab © z >vVab (D) z >a Ve a+b ‘2ab ® 3 > Vab > 5 ‘The base of a new rectangle equals the sum of the diagonal and the greater side of a given rectangle, while the altitude of the new rectangle equals the difference of the diagonal and the greater side of the given rectangle. The ares of the new rectangle is: (A) greater than the area of the given rectangle (B) equal to the area of the given rectangle (C) equal to the area of a square with its side equal to the smaller side of the given rectangle (D) equal to the area of a square with its side equal to the greater side of the given rectangle (E) equal to the area of a rectangle whose dimensions are the diagonal and shorter side of the given rectangle In the set of equations 2° = y“, 2° = 2-4", x+y +2 = 16, the integral roots in the order z, y, 2 (A) 3,4,9 (B)9,-5,12 (©) 12,-8,9 (D)4,3,9 (E)4,9,3 ‘Two cyclists, k miles apart, and starting at the same time, would be together in r hours if they traveled in the same direction, but would pass each other in t hours if they traveled in opposite directions. The ratio of the speed of the faster cyclist to that of the slower is: r+t fe r+e ff r+k mitt @t tt! wy (it In the figure, CD, AE and BF are one-third of their respective sides. It follows that AN2:N2Ni:ND to and similarly for lines BE and CF. ‘Then the area of triangle N.N2N; is: (A) Ys A ABC (B) $A ABC (©) +A ABC (D) $4 ABC (E) none of thesem THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 50. A line initially 1 inch long grows according to the following law, where the first term is the initial length. 1 i i 1 l+gVitgtEgVitptavtat If the growth process continues forever, the limit of the length of the line is: Ao Bt Of DMM+v2) Hia+ vB 1953 Examination Part 1 . A boy buys oranges at 3 for 10 cents. He will sell them at 5 for 20 cents. In order to make a profit of $1.00, he must sell: (A) 67 oranges (B) 150 oranges (C) 200 oranges (D) an infinite number of oranges _ (E) none of these p A refrigerator is offered for sale at $250.00 less successive discounts of 20% and 15%. The sale price of the refrigerator is: (A) 35 % less than $250.00 (B) 65% of $250.00 (C) 77% of $250.00 (1D) 68 % of $250.00 (E) none of these 3. The factors of the expression 2 + y? are: A@+ye-y) Bety OC@ + ye" +y% (D) (@ + iy)(@ — %y) — (B) none of these 4. The roots of x(x? + 8x + 16)(4 — x) = 0 are: (A)O (B)0,4 (C)0,4,-4 (D)0,4, (E) none of these 5. If logs = 2.5, the value of x is: (A) 90 (B) 36 (C) 36/6 (D) 0.5 (E) none of these 6. Charles has 5q + 1 quarters and Richard has g + 5 quarters. The difference in their money in dimes (A) 10@ — 1) (B) (49 - 4) ©C)Hg-1) (D)#@-D (E) none of these 7. The fraction VEE HF — (et — OV VET E sedusen to: : e+e : 2a" 2x° 2a" 2a 00 Oars Oar era Oarsnr 15. PROBLEMS: 1953 EXAMINATION 25 The value of z at the intersection of y = 8/(x? + 4) and x+y =2 is: (A) -2+ V5 (B)-2- V5 (C)0 (D)2 (none of these ‘The number of ounces of water needed to reduce 9 ounces of shaving lotion containing 50% alcohol to a lotion containing 30% alcohol is: (A3 (B)4 (5 (D6 (E)7 The number of revolutions of a wheel, with fixed center and with an outside diameter of 6 feet, required to cause a point on the rim to go one mile is: 440 (A) 880 (B) $ ee (c) > (D) 440x —(E) none of these . A running track is the ring formed by two concentric circles. It is 10 feet wide. The circumferences of the two circles differ by about: (A) 10 feet (B) 30 feet (C) 60feet (D) 100 feet (E) none of these The diameters of two circles are 8 inches and 12 inches respectively. The ratio of the area of the smaller to the area of the larger circle is: 2 4 9 1 (Ay (B)g (C)z (D)5 (E) none of these }. A triangle and a trapezoid are equal in area. They also have the same altitude. If the base of the triangle is 18 inches, the median of the trapezoid is: (A) 36 inches (B) 9 inches (C) 18 inches (D) not obtainable from these data (E) none of these . Given the larger of two circles with center P and radius p and the smaller with center Q and radius g. Draw PQ. Which of the follow- ing statements is false? (A) p —q can be equal to PQ (B) p +4 can be equal to PQ (C) p+¢ can be less than PQ (D) p —¢ ean be less than PQ (E) none of these A circular piece of metal of maximum size is cut out of a square piece and then a square piece of maximum size is cut out of the circular piece. The total amount of metal wasted is: (A) } the area of the original equare (B) } the area of the original square (C) } the area of the circular piece (D) } the area of the circular piece (E) none of these16. I 19. 21. 22. 23. 25. x THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Part 2 Adams plans a profit of 10% on the selling price of an article and his expenses are 15% of sales. The rate of mark-up on an article that sells for $5.00 is: (A) 20% (B) 25% (C)30% (D) 338% (BE) 35% A man has part of $4500 invested at 4% and the rest at 6%. If his annual return on each investment is the same, the average rate of interest which he realizes on the $4500 is: (A) 5% (B)48% (C)5.2% (D)4.6% (E) none of these . One of the factors of z* + 4 is: Ae+2 @B)z+1 ()e-2+2 (D)at—4 (E) none of these In the expression zy’, the values of z and y are each decreased 25%; the value of the expression is: (A) decreased 50% (B) decreased 75% (C) decreased 37/64 of its value (D) decreased 27/64 of its value (E) none of these It y=}, then A+ x — 4 +241 = 0 becomes: (A) ay + y— 2) = 0 (B) ay? + y — 3) = 0 (C) (y+ y— 4) =0 (D) (y+ y - 6) = 0 (E) none of these If logue (z* — 3z + 6) = 1, the value of x is: (A) 10or2 (B)40r—2 (C)30r—1 (D)4o0r—-1 (B) none of these The logarithm of 27 «/9 +/9 to the base 3 is: (A) 84 (B) 43. (C)5 (D) 3 (E) none of these : 6 The equation »/z + 10 Vive (A) an extraneous root between —5 and’—1 (B) an extraneous root between —10 and —6 (C) a true root between 20 and 25 —(D) two true roots (E) two extraneous roots If a, b and ¢ are positive integers less than 10, then (10a + b)(10a + ¢) equals 100a(a + 1) + be i (A)b+c=10 (B)b=c (Cha+b=10 (D)a=b (E)atb+c=10 In a geometric progression whose terms are positive, any term is equal to the sum of the next two following terms. Then the common ratio is: has:PROBLEMS: 1953 EXAMINATION a v5 V5-1 1-v¥% 2 (4)1 (B) about ¥8(c) mist mJ, . The base of a triangle is 15 inches. Two lines are drawn parallel to the base, terminating in the other two sides, and dividing the triangle into three equal areas. The length of the parallel closer to the base is: (A) 54/B inches (B) 10 inches (C) 44/3 inches (D) 7.5 inches (E) none of these . The radius of the first circle is 1 inch, that of the second 4 inch, that of the third } inch and so on indefinitely. The sum of the areas of the circles is: (a8 (B) 18 (©) 2 (D) 4 (B) none of these . In triangle ABC, sides a, b and c are opposite angles A, B and C respectively. AD bisects angle A and meets BC at D. Then if z= CD and y = BD the correct proportion is: (A) z/a = a/(b +c) (B)2/b=a/atc) (C) y/o =c/(b+0) (D) y/e = a/(b +0) (E) 2/y = ¢/b . The number of significant digits in the measurement of the side of a square whose computed area is 1.1025 square inches to the nearest ten- thousandth of a square inch is: (A)2 @)3 (4 ()5 (1 ). A house worth $9000 is sold by Mr. A to Mr. B at a 10% loss. Mr. B sells the house back to Mr. A at 210% gain. The result of the two trans- actions is: (A) Mr. A breaks even (B) Mr. B gains $900 (C) Mr. A loses $900 (D) Mr. A loses $810 (E) Mr. B gains $1710 . The rails on a railroad are 30 feet long. As the train passes over the point where the rails are joined, there is an audible click. The speed of the train in miles per hour is approximately the number of clicks heard in: (A) 20 seeonds (RB) 2 minutes (C) 1} minutes (D) 5 minutes (E) none of these . Each angle of a rectangle is trisected. The intersections of the pairs of trisectors adjacent to the same side always form: (A) asquare (B) arectangle (C) a parallelogram with unequal sides (D) arhombus (E) a quadrilateral with no special properties . The perimeter of an isosceles right triangle is 2p. Its area is: (A) 2+ -V2)p (B)(2—V2)p_ (C) (8 - 2V2)p (D) (1 — 2/2)" = (E) (3 + 2/2)36. 37. 38. 39. 41. 42. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK . If one side of a triangle is 12 inches and the opposite angle is 30 degrees, then the diameter of the circumscribed circle is: (A) 18 inches (B) 30 inches (C) 24 inches (D) 20 inches (E) none of these If (2) = ey then f(x + 2) equals: (A) f(z) + f(2) (B) (x + 2)f@) (C) a(x + 2)f(z) (D) pi) (B) &+ a +1) Part 3 Determine m so that 4z* — 6x + m is divisible by z — 3. The ob- tained value, m, is an exact divisor of: (A) 12 (B) 20 (C) 36 (D) 48 (E) Gt The base of an isosceles triangle is 6 inches and one of the equal sides is 12 inches. The radius of the circle through the vertices of the triangle is: (A) avis (B)4V3 (C) 375 (D) 6/3 (E) none of these If f(a) =a —2 and F(a, b) = bt +a, then FU, f(4)) is: Aj@-4a0+7 @)B (7 M8 Hi The product, loge b-logsa_is equal to: (1 Ba (6 (D)ab (E) none of these The negation of the statement “all men are honest,” is: (A) no men are honest (B) all men are dishonest (C) some men are dishonest (D) no men are dishonest (E) some men are honest A girls’ camp is located 300 rods from a straight road. On this road, a boys’ camp is located 500 rods from the girls’ camp. It is desired to build canteen on the road which shalll be exactly the same distance from each camp. The distance of the canteen from each of the camps is: (A) 400 rods (B) 250 rods (C) 87.5 rods (D) 200 rods, (E) none of these The centers of two circles are 41 inches apart. The smaller circle has a radius of 4 inches and the larger one has a radius of 5 inches. The length of the common internal tangent is: (A) 41 inches (B) 39inches (C) 39.8inches (D) 40.1 inches (E) 40 inches43. 47. 48. 49. PROBLEMS: 1953 EXAMINATION 29 If the price of an article is increased by per cent p, then the decrease in per cent of sales must not exceed d in order to yield the same income. The value of d is: 6h oe oe te mm ®y oO (e) p-i I+? . In solving a problem that reduces to a quadratic equation one student makes a mistake only in the constant term of the equation and obtains 8 and 2 for the roots. Another student makes a mistake only in the coeffi- cient of the first degree term and finds —9 and —1 for the roots. The correct equation was: (A) # — 10r + 9=0 (B)at+ 10r+9=0 (C)a*- 102+ 16=0 (D) 2? — 8-9 = 0 (E) none of these The lengths of two line segments are a units and units respectively. ‘Then the correct relation between them is: (St) > vas (py St < yas (0) OEY 2 vas (Dy) 24) s vas (GED s vas Instead of walking along two adjacent sides of a rectangular field, a boy took a short-cut along the diagonal of the field and saved a distance equal to 1/2 the longer side. The ratio of the shorter side of the rectangle to the longer side was: 1 2 1 3 2 w} @2? ©} wi w? If z is greater than zero, then the correct relationship is: (A) log (1 + 2) = x/(1+ 2) (B) log (1 + 2) < a/(1 + 2) (C) log (1 +2) > 2 (D) log (1 +2) <2 (E) none of these If the larger base of an isosceles trapezoid equals a diagonal and the smaller base equals the altitude, then the ratio of the smaller base to the larger base is: (A) 1/2 (B) 2/38. (C) 3/4 (D) 3/5. (E) 2/5 The coordinates of A, B and C are (5, 5), (2, 1) and (0, k) respectively. The value of k that makes AC + BC as small as possible is: (A)3 (B) 44 (C) 3$ (DD) 48 (E) 24 One of the sides of a triangle is divided into segments of 6 and 8 units by the point of tangency of the inscribed circle. If the radius of the circle is 4, then the length of the shortest side of the triangle is: (A) l2units (B) 13 units (C)14units (D) 15 units (E) 16 unitsal = al THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 1954 Examination Part 1 . The square of 5 — Vj? — 25 is: Ay - 5V¥= 25 (B)-¥ (C)y (D) 6 — 9)? ©) # — lov = B : The equation 7 — 22474 4— +1 = 0 cam be transformed by eliminating fractions to the equation 2 — 5 + 4 = 0. The roots of the latter equation are 4 and 1. Then the roots of the first equation are: (A)4and 1 (B) only 1 (C) only 4 (D) neither 4 nor | (B) 4 and some other root If x varies as the cube of y, and y varies as the fifth root of z, then 2 varies as the nth power of z, where 1 is: 1 5 3 (A) i (B) 3 (Cc) 3 (D) 15 (E)8 . If the Highest Common Divisor of 6432 and 132 is diminished by 8, it will equal: (A)-6 (B)6 (C)-2 (D)3 (B)4 A regular hexagon is inscribed in a circle of radius 10 inches. Its area. is: (A) 1504/3 sq. in. (B) 150 sq. in. (C) 254/83 sq. in. (D) 600 sq. in. (E) 3004/3 sq. in. The value of (-)ar + (LY — g4® — (-32)-"* is: je ot (6)° + (saa) - (-32)"* is: (AE (B) ye (C1 (DYE (ED ve ‘A housewife saved $2.50 in buying a dress on sale. If she spent $25 for the dress, she saved about: (A) 8% (B)9% (C)10% (D)11% (E) 12% The base of a triangle is twice as long as side of a square and their areas are the same. Then the ratio of the altitude of the triangle to the side of the square is: wi @} (1 M2 wa . A point P is outside a circle and is 13 inches from the center. A secant, from P cuts the circle at Q and R so that the external segment of the secant PQ is 9 inches and QR is 7 inches. The radius of the circle is: (A) 3" (B) 4" (C) 5" (D) 6” (BE) 7”10. 1 16. 8 eee ae ea . When simplified MA 1+ GS PROBLEMS: 1954 EXAMINATION aL ‘The sum of the numerical coefficients in the expansion of the binomial (a+ d) is: (A) 32 (B) 16 (C) 64 (D) 48. (E)7 . A merchant placed on display some dresses, each with a marked price. He then posted a sign ““f off on these dresses.” The cost of the dresses was { of the price at which he actually sold them. Then the ratio of the cost to the marked price was: we @} ©} 2 oe : cong 22 BUT ge The solution of the equations $7 — gl Jy is: wes z=0 ja ia (By = (© theres no solution (D) there is an unlimited number of solutions (B) 7 = & y=5 . A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle. If angles are inscribed in the four ares cut off by the sides of the quadrilateral, without intersecting the sides between vertices, their sum will be: (A) 180° (B) 540° (C) 360° (D) 450° (E) 1080° equals: a+ 2-1 at VeF1 fe we el oF oF, z “ @e+s . Log 125 equals: (A) 100 log 1.25 (B) 5log3 (C) 8log 25 (D) 3 — 3 log2 (E) (log 25) (log 5) Part 2 If f(z) = 5a? — 2x — 1, then flz +h) — f(a) equals: (A) 5k — 2h (B) 10zh — 4r +2 (C) 10zh — 22 — 2 (D) (102 + Sh — 2) (E) 3h . The graph of the function f(z) = 2z* ~ 7 goes: (A) up to the right and down to the left (B) down to the right and up to the left, (C) up to the right and up to the left (D) down to the right and down to the left (E) none of these ways.18. 21, 22, 24, 25. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Of the following sets, the one that includes all values of which will satisfy 2c — 3 >7— 2 is: x 10 10 (A)2>4 B)z< @r=% (Dyr>B Hz, and 2a+1 and 2 +1 are the odd numbers, to prove the given statement we put the difference of the squares in the form: (A) (2a + 1)? — (2b + 1)? (B) 4a* — 40? + 4a — 4b (©) fala + 1) — b+ 1) (D) 4a — Ha +041) (E) 4(a? + a — b — b) ooooo a ™ 78 50. The times between 7 and 8 o’clock, correct to the nearest minute, when the hands of a clock will form an angle of 84 degrees are: (A) 7:23 and (B) 7:20 and 7:50 (C) 7:22 and 7:53 (D) 7:23 and 7:52 (E) 7:21 and 7:49 1955 Examination Part 1 1. Which one of the following is not equivalent to 0.000000375? (A) 3.75 X 107 = (B) 32 X 10-7 (C) 375 X 10°* = (D) § X 107 (E) 3 X 10-* 2. The smaller angle between the hands of a clock at 12:25 p.m. is: (A) 132°30' (B) 137°30’ (C) 150° (D) 137°32'_ (E) 137° 3. If each number in a set of ten numbers is increased by 20, the arithmetic mean (average) of the original ten numbers: (A) remains the same (B) is increased by 20 (C) is increased by 200 (D) is increased by 10 (E) is increased by 2> ° x 2 10. 1 1 S PROBLEMS: 1955 EXAMINATION 37 2 1 The equality =; = 7g is satisfied by: (A) no real values of x (B) either z= 1 or z= 2 (C)only r=1 (D) only z= 2 (E) only r=0 y varies inversely as the square of x. When y = 16, x = 1. When x = 8, y equals: (A)2 (B) 128 (C) 64 =(D)t (FE) 1024 A merchant buys a number of oranges at 3 for 10¢ and an equal number at 5 for 20¢. To “break even” he must sell all at: (A) 8for 30¢ (B) 3 for 11¢ (C) 5 for 18¢ (D)11for40¢ (E) 13 for 50¢ If a worker receives a 20 per cent cut in wages, he may regain his original pay exactly by obtaining a raise of: (A) 20 per cent (B) 25 per cent (C) 22} per cent. (D) $20 (E) $25 ‘The graph of 2? — 4y? = 0: (A) isa hyperbola intersecting only the x-axis (B) is a hyperbola intersecting only the y-axis (C) is a hyperbola intersecting neither axis (D) is a pair of straight lines (E) does not exist A circle is inscribed in a triangle with sides 8, 15, and 17. The radius of the circle is: (A)6 (B)2 (C)5 (D3 (E)7 How many hours does it take a train traveling at an average rate of 40 mph between stops to travel a miles if it makes n stops of m minutes each? 3a + 2mn 3a + 2mn a+ mn (A) =j59—_ (B) 8a + 2mn (0) —T— (D) =p + 40mn (gE) 2 “0m EC . The negation of the statement “No slow learners attend this school,” is: (A) All slow learners attend this school. (B) All slow learners do not attend this schoul. (C) Some stow learners attend this school. (D) Some slow learners do not attend this school. (E) No slow learners attend this school. . The solution of ~/5r — 1+ Vz —1 = 2 is: (A)z=2,c2=1 (B)z=} (C)r=2 (D)r=1 (z=0 . The fraction @-—"™ is equal to: =o enero (Abat-—b* (B)at—-b? (C)hatt+h*? (D)agt+e (E) at — &14. 2 22. . The value of THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK The length of rectangle R is 10 per cent more than the side of square S. The width of the rectangle is 10 per cent less than the side of the square. The ratio of the areas, R: S, (A) 99: 100 (B) 101: 100 (C) 1 (E) 201 : 200 1 (D) 199: 200 . The ratio of the areas of two concentric circles is 1 : 3. If the radius of the smaller is r, then the difference between the radii is best approxi- mated by: (A) O41r (B) 0.73) (C) 0.75 (D) 0.73r = (E) 0.75r Part 2 3. when a= 4 and b= —4 is: aap When a=4 and b= ~4 is: (A) 3 @) 3 (C) 0 (D) any finite number (E) meaningless If log z — 5 log 3 = —2, then 2 equals: (A) 125 (B) 0.81 (C) 243 (D) 08 (E) either 08 or 1.25 . The discriminant of the equation 2? + 22/3 + 3 = 0 is zero. Hence, its roots are: (A) real and equal (B) rational and equal _(C) rational and unequal (D) irrational, and unequal (E) imaginary ). Two numbers whose sum is 6 and the absolute value of whose difference is 8 are roots of the equation: (A)2—62+7=0 (B)e-6r-7=0 (C)et or- (D) 2? -6r+8=0 (E)#+6r—-7=0 The expression «/25 — @ + 5 equals zero for: (A) no real or imaginary values of t (B) no real values of 1, but for some imaginary values (C) no imaginary values of t, but for some real values (D)t=0 (E)t= 45 . Represent the hypotenuse of a right triangle by ¢ and the area by A. ‘The altitude on the hypotenuse is: A 2A A A A (A) (B) = (Os D> ()s On a $10,000 order a merchant has a choice between three successive discounts of 20%, 20%, and 10% and three successive discounts of 40%, 5%, and 5%. By choosing the better offer, he can save: (A) nothing at all (B) $400 (C) $330 (D) $345 = (E) $360 . In checking the petty cash a clerk counts q quarters, d dimes, n nickels, and ¢ cents. Later he discovers that x of the nickels were counted as quarters and z of the dimes were counted as cents. To cor- rect the total obtained the clerk must:PROBLEMS: 1955 EXAMINATION 39 (A) make no correction (B) subtract 1l¢ — (C) subtract 11z¢ (D) add liz¢ = (E) add z¢ 24. The function 42* — 122 — 1: (A) always increases as x increases (B) always decreases as x decreases to1 —_(C) cannot equal 0 (D) has a maximum value when z is negative (E) has a minimum value of —10 25. One of the factors of z* + 227 + 9 is: Ae2+3 (zt O©x#-3 (2-2-3 (E) none of these 26. Mr. A owns a house worth $10,000. He sells it to Mr. B at 10% profit Mr. B sells the house back to Mr. A at a 10% loss. Then: (A) A comes out even (B) A makes $100 (C) A makes $1,000 (D) B loses $100 (E) none of these is correct, 21. Hf r and ¢ are the roots of 2* — pr +g = 0, then r+ equals: (A)r+2¢ (ByP-% C)rt+_g (Dr-¢g Hr 28. On the same set of axes are drawn the graph of y = ar’ + br-+¢ and the graph of the equation obtained by replacing x by —z in the given equation. If b #0 and c 0 these two graphs intersect: (A) in two points, one on the z-axis and one on the y-axis (B) in one point located on neither axis (C) only at the origin (D) in one point on the z-axis (E) in one point on the y-axis 29, In the figure PA is tangent to semicircle SAR; PB is e tangent to semicircle RBT; SRT is a straight line; the ares are indicated in the figure. Angle APB is measured by: 7 (A) 4(a — b) (B) ia + 8) (C) (¢ — a) — (db) (D)a—b (E)atb 30. Each of the equations 32 — 2 = 25, (22 — 1)t = (z — 1), Via = V1 has: (A) two integral roots (B) no root greater than 3 (©) no root zero (D) only one root (E) one negative root and one positive root3 32. 34. 36. 37. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK . An equilateral triangle whose side is 2 is divided into a triangle and a trapezoid by a line drawn parallel to one of its sides. If the area of the trapezoid equals one-half of the area of the original triangle, the length of the median of the trapezoid is: 4 (v2 (24 v3 (D)24,V2 (2VE= ve If the discriminant of az* + 2br + ¢ = 0 is zero, then another true statement about a, b, and c¢ is that: (A) they form an arithmetic progression (B) they form a geometric progression (C) they are unequal (D) they are all negative numbers (E) only 6 is negative and a and c are positive Henry starts a trip when the hands of the clock are together between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m. He arrives at his destination between 2 p.m. and 3 p.m. when the hands of the clock are exactly 180° apart. The trip takes: (A) 6hr. (B) 6 hr. 43y min. (C) 5 hr. 16; min. (D) 6 hr. 30 min. (E) none of these A G-inch and 18-inch diameter pole are placed as in the figure and bound together with wire. The length of the shortest wire that will go around them is: (A) 12/3 + 16x (B) 12/3 + 7x ‘) (C) 12/3 + 14x (D) 12 + lia (E) 240 Three boys agree to divide a bag of marbles in the following manner. The first boy takes one more than half the marbles. The second takes a third of the number remaining. The third boy finds that he is left with twice as many marbles as the second boy. The original number of marbles: (A) is 8 or 38 (B) cannot be determined from the given data (© is 20 or 26 (D) is 14 or 32 _—_(E) is none of these Part 3 A cylindrical oil tank, lying horizontally, has an interior length of 10 feet and an interior diameter of 6 feet. If the rectangular surface of the oil has an area of 40 square feet, the depth of the oil is: (A)V5 (B)2V%5 (C)3-V5 (D)3+ V5 (E) either 3 — 1/5 or 3+ V5 A three-digit number has, from left to right, the digits A, ¢ and wu with h > u. When the number with the digits reversed is subtracted from the original number, the units? digit in the difference is 4. The next two39. 4 42, . If b # d, the fractions PROBLEMS: 1955 EXAMINATION aL digits, from right to left, are: (A) 5and9 (B)9and5 (C) impossible to tell (D) 5 and 4 (E) 4 and 5 Four positive integers are given. Select any three of these integers, find their arithmetic average, and add this result to the fourth integer. Thus ° the numbers 29, 23, 21 and 17 are obtained. One of the original integers is: (A) 19 (B) 21 (C) 23) (D) 29 (E) 17 If y = 2+ px +a, then if the least possible value of y is zero, ¢ is equal to: . : cao (BE (Ch (D)-5 HE-a az +b ata (Aja=c=1andz¥0 (B)a=b=0 (C)ha=c=0 (D)z=0 (E)ad = be and 5 are unequal if: . A train traveling from Aytown to Beetown meets with an accident after 1 hr, It is stopped for } hr., after which it proceeds at four-fifths of its usual rate, arriving at Beetown 2 hr. late. If the train had covered 80 miles more before the accident, it would have been just 1 hr. late. The usual rate of the train is: (A) 20 mph (B) 30 mph (C) 40 mph (D) 50 mph_—(E) 60 mph If a, 6, and ¢ are positive integers, the radicals V a+! and oy/' © are equal when and only when: (Aja=b=c=1 (B)a=bandc=a=1 (C)e= =) (D) a =b and cis any value (E)a=6 and c=a-—1 The pairs of values of z and y that are the common solutions of the equations y = (c +1)? and zy + y = 1 are: (A) 3 real pairs (B) 4 real pairs (C) 4 imaginary pairs (D) 2 real and 2 imaginary pairs (E) 1 real and 2 imaginary pairs In circle O chord AB is produced A&B c so that BC equals a radius of the oo circle. CO is drawn and extended to D. AO is drawn. Which of the following expresses the relationship between angles z and y? (A)z=3y (B)z = 2y D (C) x = 60° (D) there is no special relationship between 2 and y (E) x = 2y or x = 3y, depending upon the length of AB42 46. 47. 48, 49. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK . Given a geometric sequence with the first term #0 and r #0 and an arithmetic sequence with the first term =0. A third sequence 1,1,2,-++ is formed by adding corresponding terms of the two given sequences. The sum of the first ten terms of the third sequence is: (A) 978 (B) 557 (C) 467 (D) 1068 (E) not possible to determine from the information given The graphs of 2r+3y—6=0, 42 —3y-6=0, r= y = 7 intersect in: (A) 6 points (B) 1 point (C) 2 points (1D) no points (E) an unlimited number of points The expressions a + be and (a + b)(a +c) are: (A) always equal (B) never equal (C) equal when a+b+e=1 (D) equal when a+ 6+¢=0 (E) equal only when a = Given triangle ABC with medians AE, BF, CD; FH parallel and equal in length to AE; BH and HE are drawn; FE extended c H meets BH in G. Which one of the following statements is not necessarily correct? 5 6 (A) AEHF is a parallelogram HG A . 8 (E) FG isa median of triangle BFH The graphs of y = = 2 and y = 2r intersect in: (A) one point whose abscissa is 2 (B) one point whose abscissa is 0 (C) no points (D) two distinct points (E) two identical points . In order to pass B going 40 mph on a two-lane highway A, going 50 mph, must gain 30 feet. Meantime, C, 210 feet ca pe from A, is headed toward him at 50 mph. aoe 5 rl ae their speeds, then, po in order to pass safely, A semen must increase his speed by: (A) 30 mph = (B) 10 mph ++ (C)5mph (D) 15 mph (E) 3 mph This co is not drawn to scales = © . The expression 1 — PROBLEMS: 1956 EXAMINATION 43 1956 Examination Part 1 . The value of 2 +2 (z*) when z = 2 is: (A) 10 (B) 16 (C) 18 (D) 36 (E) 6 . Mr. Jones sold two pipes at $1.20 each. Based on the cost his profit on one was 20% and his loss on the other was 20%. On the sale of the pipes, he: (A) broke even (B) lost 4¢ (C) gained 4¢ — (D) lost 10¢ (E) gained 10¢ ‘The distance light travels in one year is approximately 5,870,000,000,000 miles. The distance light travels in 100 years is: (A) 587 X 10® miles (B) 587 X 10" miles (C) 587 X 10~"° miles (D) 587 X 10" miles (E) 587 X 10-* miles . A man has $10,000 to invest. He invests $4,000 at 5% and $3,500 at 4%. In order to have a yearly income of $500, he must invest the remainder at: (A) 6% (B)6.1% (C)62% (D)63% (EB) 64% A nickel is placed on a table. The number of nickels which can be placed around it, each tangent to it and to two others is: A4 @B5 (6 Ms E12 In a group of cows and chickens, the number of legs was 14 more than twice the number of heads. The number of cows was: ()5 (B)7 ()10 (12 (Hit . The roots of the equation azt + br + ¢ = 0 will be reciprocal if: (Aja=b (B)a=be (C)e=a (D)c=b (E)c = ab If 8-2" = 5e'5, then, when y = —8, z = ()-4 (B)-3 (CO WM)4 8 Simplify [W/Ya']'[W/Vasl'; the result is: Aa Bat (Ca Dae Ha . A circle of radius 10 inches has its center at the vertex C of an equilat- eral triangle ABC and passes through the other two vertices. The side AC extended through C’ intersects the circle at D. The number of degrees of angle ADB is: (A) 15 (B) 30 (C) 60 (D) 90 (E) 120 a 1+ V3 1-V A1l-vs Bl O-Vv3 WM) v3 Hit v312. 14, 1b. 16. 18. 19. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK If z — 1 is divided by z — 1 the quotient is: hm (yt @) z . Given two positive integers x and y with x < y. The percent that = isless than y is: rN) a (B) eo (c) 10 = 2) (Dy po0(y — 2) (E) 100 (z — y) The points A, B, and C are on acircle 0. The tangent line at A and the secant BC intersect at P, B lying between C and P. If BG = 20 and PA = 1041/3, then PB equals: (A)5 (B)10 (C) 10/3 (D) 20 (E) 30 15 pias : The root(s) of 24 — 25 = 1 is (are): (A) -5and3 (B) +2 (C)2only (D) —3and5 (E) 3 only Part 2 The sum of three numbers is 98. The ratio of the first to the second is 3, and the ratio of the second to the third is §. The second number is: (A) 15 (B) 20) (C)30) (D) 32 (E) 33 ae . The fraction ae was obtained by adding the two fractions A B Fp and gy. The values of A and B must be: A= 5 A=-11 A=-1 A=3 Ag a ®) B = 52 : OR=3 () B= 1 prey If 10% = 25, then 107 equals: A? @mL os mi w} 5 625 50 25 5 ‘Two candles of the same height are lighted at the same time. The first is consumed in 4 hours and the second in 3 hours. Assuming that each candle burns at a constant rate, in how many hours after being lighted was the first candle twice the height of the second? (A) #br. (B) 1ghr. (C)2hr. (D) 2¢hr. (E) 2¢ hr. If (0.2)* = 2 and log 2 = 0.3010, then the value of z to the nearest tenth is: (A) -100 (B)-0.5 (C)-04 (D) -0.2, (E) 10.021. 27. 28. PROBLEMS: 1956 EXAMINATION 45 If each of two intersecting lines intersects a hyperbola and neither line is tangent to the hyperbola, then the possible number of points of inter- section with the hyperbola is: (A)2 (B)2or3 (C)2or4 (D)3o0r4 (E) 2,3, 0r4 . Jones covered a distance of 50 miles on his first trip, On a later trip he traveled 300 miles while going three times as fast. His new time com- pared with the old time was: (A) three times as much — (B) twice as much (C) the same (D) half as much —(E) a third as much . About the equation az? ~ 224/2 + ¢ =0, with a and ¢ real constants, we are told that the discriminant is zero. The roots are necessarily: (A) equal and integral (B) equal and rational (C) equal and real (D) equal and irrational (E) equal and imaginary . In the figure AB = AC, A angle BAD = 30°, and AE = AD. Then x equals: w a (B) 10° E 1H (D) 15° 8 c (E) 20° . The sum of all numbers of the form 2k + 1, where k takes on integral values from 1 to n is: (A) nm (B)n(n+1) (C)n(n +2) (D) (+1)? (E) (wn + 1) (nv + 2) Which one of the following combinations of given parts does not deter- mine the indicated triangle? (A) base angle and vertex angle; isosceles triangle (B) vertex angle and the base; isosceles triangle (C) the radius of the circumscribed circle; equilateral triangle (D) one arm and the radius of the inscribed circle; right triangle (E) two angles and a side opposite one of them; scalene triangle If an angle of a triangle remains unchanged but each of its two including sides is doubled, then the area is multiplied by: (A)2 (B)3 (C)4 (D)6 (EB) more than 6 Mr. J left his entire estate to his wife, his daughter, his son, and the cook. His daughter and son got half the estate, sharing in the ratio of 4 to 3. His wife got twice as much as the son, If the cook received a bequest of $500, then the entire estate was: (A) $3500 (B) $5500 (C) $6500 (D) $7000 (E) $750046 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 29. The points of intersection of zy = 12 and 2* + # = 25 are joined in succession. The resulting figure is: (A) a straight line —(B) an equilateral triangle (C) a parallelogram (D) arectangle (E) a square 30. If the altitude of an equilateral triangle is +/6, then the area is: (A) 2V2 (B)2V3 (C)3V3_ (D) 62 (E) 12 In our number system the base is ten. If the base were changed to four you would count as follows: 1, 2, 3, 10, 11, 12, 18, 20, 21, 22, 23, 30, - ‘The twentieth number would be: (A) 20 (B)38 (©) 44. (D) 104 (E) 110 32, George and Henry started a race from opposite ends of the pool. After a minute and » half, they passed each other in the center of the pool. If they lost no time in turning and maintained their respective speeds, how many minutes after starting did they pass each other the second time? (3 (B44 (C6 (D7 (9 The number +/2 is equal to: (A) «rational fraction (B) a finite decimal (C) 1.41421 (D) an infinite repeating decimal (E) an infinite non-repeating decimal 31. 3 & 34. If n is any whole number, n* (n? — 1) is always divisible by: (A) 12 (B) 24 (C) any multiple of 12 (D)12—n (BE) 12 and 24 35. A rhombusis formed by two radii and two chords of a circle whose radius is 16 feet. The area of the rhombus in square feet is: (A) 128 (B) 128x/3 (C) 256 (D) 512 (E) 5124/3 Part 3 36. If the sum 1+ 243+ ---+K isa perfect square N* and if N is less than 100, then the possible values for K are: (A) only 1 (B)1and8 (C) only 8 (D)8and 49 (E) 1, 8 and 49 37. On a map whose scale is 400 miles to an inch and a half, a certain estate is represented by a rhombus having a 60° angle. The diagonal opposite 60° is ys in. The area of the estate in square miles is: 2500 1250 5625/3 (A) (B)— (C) 1250 (D) SY" (E) 1250-3 2 ae 38. In a right triangle with sides a and 6, and hypotenuse ¢, the altitude drawn on the hypotenuse is x. ‘Then: (Aab=2 (B)i¢tat (gti = 22" ee39. 41. 46. 47. PROBLEMS: 1956 EXAMINATION 47 The hypotenuse ¢ and one arm a of a right triangle are consecutive integers. The square of the second arm is: (Aco (BE (e+e Wea (E) noneof these Ii V = gt+ Vo and S = ig? + Vol, then ¢ equals: 28 28 28 28 Arty, Bray Opa, My Hes-v The equation Sy + y +4 = 200+ y+ 2) where y = 20 is satisfied by: (A) no value of 2 (B) all values of z (C)z = 0 only (D) all integral values of z only (E) all rational values of z only . The equation /z +4 — Vz—3 +1 =0 has: (A) no root. (B) one real root (©) one real root and one imaginary root (D) two imaginary roots (E) two real roots The number of scalene triangles having all sides of integral lengths, and perimeter less than 13 is: (Al (@)2 (C3 (D)4 (18 If xar>a (CC) ax but ar <0 (E) 2? >a? but a® <0 A wheel with a rubber tire has an outside diameter of 25 in. When the radius has been decreased a quarter of an inch, the number of revolutions of the wheel in one mile will: (A) be increased about 2% (B) be increased about 1% (C) be increased about 20% (D) be increased 4% (E) remain the same For the equation pts = a to be true where Nis positive, 1 can have: (A) any positive value less than 1 (B) any value less than 1 (©) the value zero only (D) any non-negative value (E) any value ‘An engineer said he could finish a highway section in 3 days with his present supply of a certain type of machine. However, with 3 more of these machines the job could be done in 2 days. If the machines all work at the same rate, how many days would it take to do the job with one machine? (A)6 (B) 12 (C)15 (D) 18 (E) 3648. 49. oe » . The simplest form of 1 — THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 3p + 25 If p is a positive integer, then P= can be a positive integer, if and only if p is: (A) at least 3. (B) at least 3 and no more than 35 (C) nomore than 35 (D) equal to 35 (E) equal to 3 or 35 Triangle PAB is formed by three tangents to circle 0 and 4 APB=40°; then angle AOB equals: (A) 45° (B) 50° (C) 55° (D) 60° (©) 70° p. 7 A In triangle ABC, CA = CB. On CB square BCDE is constructed away from the triangle. If z is the number of degrees in angle DAB, then (A) 2 depends upon triangle ABC — (B) x is independent of the triangle (C) z may equal angle CAD (D) z can never equal angle CAB (E) z is greater than 45° but less than 90° 1957 Examination Part 1 . The number of distinct lines representing the altitudes, medians, and in- terior angle bisectors of a triangle that is isosceles, but not equilateral, is: (A9 (B)7 (C)6 (D5 (E)3 In the equation 2x* — hx + 2k = 0, the sum of the roots is 4 and the product of the roots is —3. Then h and k have the values, respectively: (A) 8and —6 (B)4and-3 (C) -3and4 (D) —3 and 8 (E) 8 and —3 1 Le (Aja ifa#0 (B)1 (C)aifax-1 (D) 1 — a with no restriction on @ (E)a if a1e s n e 2 PROBLEMS: 1957 EXAMINATION 49 The first step in finding the product (3x + 2)(z — 5) by use of the distributive property in the form a(b + c) = ab + ac is: (A) 32? — 13r — 10 (B) 3z(2 — 5) + (x — 5) (C) (Bx + 2)x + (82 + 2)(—5) (D) 82% — 172 — 10 (E) 32? + 2x — 152 — 10 ‘Through the use of theorems on logarithms a b ¢ ay log § + log 2 + log 5 — log 54 can be reduced to: : (A) log (B) log= (C)1 (DO (E) log Et An open box is constructed by starting with a rectangular sheet of metal 10 in. by 14 in. and cutting a square of side x inches from each corner. The resulting projections are folded up and the seams welded. The volume of the resulting box is: (A) 1402 — 482¢ + 42% (B) 1402 + 482 + 42 (©) 140x + 242 + x (D) 1402 — 242° + 2? (E) none of these The area of a circle inscribed in an equilateral triangle is 48%. The perimeter of this triangle is: (A) 72/3 (B) 48/3 (C) 36 (D) 24 (E) 72 The numbers 2, y, 2 are proportional to 2, 3, 5. The sum of x, y, and 2 is 100. The number y is given by the equation y = az — 10. Then a is: (2 (2 (3 (2 Hs The value of x — y*¥ when x =2 and y = —2 is: (A) -18 (B)-14 (C)14 (D) 18 (E) 256 . The graph of y = 2xt + 4r + 3 has its: (A) lowest point at (—1, 9) (B) lowest point at (1, 1) (C) lowest point at (—1,1) (D) highest point at (—1, 9) (E) highest point at (—1, 1) . The angle formed by the hands of a clock at 2:15 is: (A) 30° (B) 274° (C) 574° (D) 172}° (E) none of these . Comparing the numbers 10“ and 2-10 we may say: (A) the first exceeds the second by 8-107 (B) the first exceeds the second by 2-10-t (©) the first exceeds the second by 8-10- (D) the second is five times the first (B) the first exceeds the second by 550 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 13. A rational number between «/2 and 1/3 is: a) 453 @ V2 V3 jis (is (14 Wf y= Ve—2et1 + Ve + 2e 41, then y is: (A) 2z (B)2z4+1) (C)O (M)l(e-1/+|/z+1] (E) none of these 15. The table below shows the distance s in feet a ball rolls down an in- clined plane in ¢ seconds. ee [e0e eal =| 0 | 10 The distance s for t = 2.5 is: (A) 45) (B) 62.5 (C)70 (D)75 (E) 82.5 3 [90717160 Part 2 16. Goldfish are sold at 15¢ each. The rectangular coordinate graph showing the cost of 1 to 12 goldfish is: (A) a straight line segment (B) a set of horizontal parallel line segments (C) a set of vertical parallel line segments (D) a finite set of distinct points (E) a straight line 17. A cube is made by soldering twelve 3-inch lengths of wire properly at the vertices of the cube. If a fly alights at one of the vertices and then walks along the edges, the greatest distance it could travel before coming to any vertex a second time, without retracing any distance, is: (A) 24in. (B) 12in. (C) 30in. (D) 18in. (E) 36in. 18. Circle O has diameters AB and CD perpendicular toeach other. AM is any M chord intersecting CD at P. el Then_AP-AM is equal to: (A) 40.08 A 5 (B) A0-4B (©) CP.CD (D) CP.PD (©) 00.0P t 19. The base of the decimal number system is ten, meaning, for example, that 123 = 1-10' + 2-10 +3. In the binary system, which has base two, the first five positive integers are 1, 10, 11, 100, 101. The numeral 10011 in the binary system would then be written in the decimal system as: (A)19 (B) 40) (C) 10011. (D) 11 (E)7PROBLEMS: 1957 EXAMINATION 51 20. A man makes a trip by automobile at an average speed of 50 mph. He returns over the same route at an average speed of 45 mph. His average speed for the entire trip is: (A) 47y5 (B) 474 (C) 47} (D) 47H4 (BE) none of these 21 . Start with the theorem “If two angles of a triangle are equal, the triangle is isosceles,” and the following four statements: 1. If two angles of a triangle are not equal, the triangle is not isosceles. 2. The base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal. 3. If a triangle is not isosceles, then two of its angles are not equal. 4. A necessary condition that two angles of a triangle be equal is that the triangle be isosceles. Which combination of statements contains only those which are logically equivalent to the given theorem? (A) 1,2,3,4 (B)1,2,3 (C)2,3,4 (D)1,2 (E)3,4 22. 1f Wri - Vz+1+1=0, then 42 equals: (AVS (B)4-Y=1 (C)O (D) 13 (E) no real value 23. 8 The graph of 2* + y = 10 and the graph of z+ y = 10 meet in two points. The distance between these two points is: (A) less than 1 (B)1 (©) V2 (D) 2 (E) more than 2 24. If the square of a number of two digits is decreased by the square of the * number formed by reversing the digits, then the result is not always di- visible by: (A) 9 (B) the product of the digits (C) the sum of the digits (D) the difference of the digits (E) 11 25. The vertices of triangle PQR have coordinates as follows: P(0, a), Q(b, 0), R(c, d), where a,b, and d are positive. The origin and point R lie on opposite sides of PQ. The area of triangle PQR may be found from the expression: (ay ab tae + be + od (B) thd — ab (© ®o ead 2 2 2 (p) ted + ab (py ae + bd — ab ~ ed aT 26. From a point within a triangle, line segments are drawn to the vertices. A necessary and sufficient condition that the three triangles thus formed have equal areas is that the point be: (A) the center of the inscribed circle (B) the center of the circumseribed circle (C) such that the three angles formed at the point each be 120° (D) the intersection of the altitudes of the triangle (E) the intersection of the medians of the triangle52 28. 31. 32. 33. 34. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK . The sum of the reciprocals of the roots of the equation z* + px + q = 0 is: (A) -p/q (B)a/p_ (C) Pp/a (D) -a/p_ (E) Po If a and b are positiveand a # 1, b #1, then the value of b'™* is: (A) dependent upon b (B) dependent upon a (C) dependent upon a and 6 (D) zero (E) one The relation z%(z* — 1) > 0 is true only for: A@)e21 (B)-lg2z¢1 (C)r=0,2=1,2=-1 (D)s=0,2<-1, 221 ()z>0 where z >a means that 2 ean take on all values greater than @ and the value equal to a, while z must be: (A) a positive integer (B) a positive or a negative rational number (C) a positive rational number (D) a positive or a negative irrational number (E) a negative irrational number Given the system of equations @F + (@ — Y= 1. For which one of (a + 1)z — ay the following values of a is there no solution for z and y? (Al (BO (C)=-1 ) a ©) + v2 Hi S=i+4, where i= /=1 and n is an integer, then the total number of possible distinct values for $ is: 1 ®2 ©3 (D) 4 (E) more than 4 ‘We define a lattice point as point whose coordinates are integers, zero admitted. Then the number of lattice points on the boundary and inside the region bounded by the z-axis, the line x = 4, and the parabola y =a is: (A) 24 (B) 35. (C) 34 (D) 30 (E) not finite In triangle ABC, AC = CD c and 4CAB — ABC = 30°. Then %BAD is: (A) 30° (B) 20° 7 (©) 224° (D) 10° (©) 15° A 8 If two real numbers x and y satisfy the equation 2/y = x — y, then: (A) z>4 and x <0 where z >a means that x can take any value greater than a or equal to a (B) y can equal 1 (C) both z and y must be irrational (D) z and y cannot both be integers (E) both z and y must be rational ‘Two perpendicular chords intersect in a circle. The segments of one chord are 3 and 4; the segments of the other are 6 and 2. Then the diameter of the circle is: (A) V89 (B) V56- (CC) Vol. (D) VBE) V8PROBLEMS: 1957 EXAMINATION 55 47. In circle O, the midpoint of radius OX is Q; at Q, AB 1 XY. The semi-circle with AB as diameter intersects XY in M. Line AM intersects circle O in C, and line BM intersects circle O in D. Line AD c is drawn. Then, if the radius u\ of circle O is 7, AD is: x Y (A) v2 (Br (C) not a side of an D inscribed regular polygon La A m3 wrvi 48, Let ABC be an equilateral triangle inscribed in circle O. M is a point — on are BC. Lines AM, BM, and S/ CM are drawn. Then AM is: (A) equal to BM + CH (B) less than BM _+ CM. le (C) greater than BM + CM (D) equal, less than, or greater than BM + CM, depending upon the position of M (E) none of these 49, The parallel sides of a trapezoid are 3 and 9. ‘The non-parallel sides are 4 and 6. A line 3 parallel to the bases divides the trapezoid into two trapezoids of equal perimeters. The ratio in which each of the non-parallel sides is divided is: (A) 4:3 (B) 3:2 (©) 4:1 (D) 3:1 © 6:1 ° 50. In circle O, G is a moving point on diameter AB. AA’ is drawn per- pendicular to AB and equal to AG. BB’ is drawn perpendicular to AB, on the same side of diameter AB as AA’, and equal to BG. Let 0’ be the midpoint of A’B’. Then, as G moves from A to B, point 0’: (A) moves on a straight line parallel to AB (B) remains stationary (C) moves on a straight line perpendicular to AB (D) moves in a small circle intersecting the given circle (E) follows a path which is neither a circle nor a straight line2 » s = x = THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 1958 Examination Part 1 . The value of [2 — 32 — 3)~*! is: (A)5 (B)-5 (Che (D)- 1 cee Myo ge then = equals: (y-2 (@B)z-y ©# ®t wy on (D) er a i . ath OF the following expreions the one equal to 5—pa i ay e ® gre oo Tn the expression 2+ 4 ett. © gee (D) B e- a each x is replaced by The resulting expression, evaluated for z = }, equals: @3 @)-3 ©1 ae —1 (B) none of these The expression 2+ /2 + equals: 1 awit Va-2 _ 2 @2-VvF O2+v2 Ow? OY at £ The arithmetic mean beteen 2, when #0, is (the eymbol x means “not equal to"): (A)2if a0 (B)L (C1, onlyif a=0 (W)a/e ()z AA straight line joins the points (1,1) and (8, 9). Its 2-intercept is: wo? o©2 m2 ws and = Which of these four numbers VA, V3, 0016. W/=1:~/(09)%, is (are) rational: (A) none (B)all (C) the first and fourth (D) only the fourth (E) only the first A value of = satisfying the equation, 2* + b = (a — 2)* is w Pet met @ tet mt? mit . For what real values of k, other than k = 0, does the equation a! + ke + =0 have real roots? (The symbol z >a means that z can take on all values greater than a and the value a itself; 0 (C)k2>1 (D)all values of k (E) no values of & 11. The number of roots satisfying the equation 1/5 — 2 = 24/5 — = is: (A) unlimited (B)3 (C)2 (D)1 (0 s . 12. If Pe aa then n equals: > log (8; & 8 OEP Blengig (©) leit y 8 log ¢ D) log tle A+H) (Sopa 13. The sum of two numbers is 10; their product is 20, The sum of their reciprocals is: - a (A) 0 (B) 3 (C)1 ()2 (E)4 14, At a dance party a group of boys and gitls exchange dances as follows: one boy dances with 5 girls, a second boy dances with 6 girls, and so on, the last boy dancing with all the girls. If b represents the number of boys and g the number of girls, then: (A) (B)b=9/5 ()b=g-4 (D)b=g-5 (E) It is impossible to determine a relation between ) and g without knowing the total number of boys and girls. 15. A quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle. If an angle is inscribed into each of the four segments outside the quadrilateral, the sum of these four angles, expressed in degrees, is: (A) 1080 (B) 900 (C) 720 (D) 540 (E) 360 16. The area of a circle inscribed in a regular hexagon is 100r. The area of the hexagon is: (A) 600 (B) 300 (C) 2000/2 (D) 2000/3 (E) 120-5 17. If x is positive and log x > log 2 + } log 2, then: (A) 2 has no minimum or maximum value (B) the maximum value of « is 1 (C) the minimum value of z is 1 (D) the maximum value of 2 is 4 (E) the minimum value of is 4 18. The ares of a circle is doubled when its radius r is increased by n. Then r equals: Av2+1) BavzZ-1) (C)n (D)x2@- V2) ne © Fri19. 21. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK The sides of a right triangle are a and 6 and the hypotenuse is c. A perpendicular from the vertex divides ¢ into segments r and s, ad- jacent respectively to a and 6. If a:b = 1:3, then the ratio of r to 8 is: (A) 1:3 (B) 1:9) (C) 1:10) (D) 3:10 (B) 1: 10 If 4* — 4=1 = 24, then (2z)* equals: (A5V5 (B) V5 (C) 255 (D) 125 (E) 25 Part 2 In the accompanying figure fe CE and DE are equal chords of a circle with center O. Are AB is a quarter-circle. Then the ratio of the area of . ZN, triangle CED to the area of triangle AOB is: (A) V2:1_ (B) V3: . (4:1 (D) 3:1 (B) 2:1 a . A particle is placed on the parabola y = z*—2z—6 ata point P whose ordinate is 6. It is allowed to roll along the parabola until it reaches the nearest point Q whose ordinate is —6. The horizontal distance traveled by the particle (the numerical value of the difference in the abscissas of P and Q) is: @5 @)4 (©3 (2 ©1 If, in the expression 2* — 3, x increases or decreases by a positive amount a, the expression changes by an amount: (A) 202 +a? (B) 2ar ta? (C) ta? — 3 (D) (@ +a)? 3 () @ — a -3 A man travels m feet due north at 2 minutes per mile. He returns due south to his starting point at 2 miles per minute. ‘he average rate in miles per hour for the entire trip is: (A) 75 (B) 48 (C) 45 (D) 24 (E) impossible to determine without knowing the value of m If loge 2-logs k = 3, then = equals: (A) k* (B) 5K (C) (DD) 243) (KE) 125, A set of n numbers has the sum s. Each number of the set is increased by 20, then multiplied by 5, and then decreased by 20. The sum of the numbers in the new set thus obtained is: (A) s+ 20n (B)5s+80n (C)s (D)5s (E)5s+4nPROBLEMS: 1958 EXAMINATION 59 27, The points (2, —3), (4,3) and (6, k/2) are on the same straight line. The value(s) of is (are): (A) 12 (B)-12 (C) +12 (D)120r6 = (E) 6 or 63 28. A 16-quart radiator is filled with water. Four quarts are removed and re- placed with pure antifreeze liquid. Then four quarts of the mixture are removed and replaced with pure antifreeze. This is done a third and a fourth time. The fractional part of the final mixture that is water is: 1 81 2 37 175 OE Bay O88 De O36 29, In a general triangle ADE (as shown) E lines EB and EC are drawn. Which of the following angle rela- tions is true? (A) e+e @B) yte (©) m+z=wtn )zrtztn=wtetm 4 A : 5 (E) c+yt+n=atbt+m i: # (A) (a + 26)? (B) a? +b (C) b(ab + 2) (D) ab(b + 2) @i+% 30. If xy = b and At =a, then («+ y)? equals: 3 . The altitude drawn to the base of an isosceles triangle is 8, and the per- imeter is 32. The area of the triangle is: (A) 56 (B) 48 (C) 40 (D) 32, (EM With $1000 a rancher is to buy steers at $25 each and cows at $26 each. If the number of steers s and the number of cows ¢ are both positive integers, then: (A) this problem has no solution (B) there are two solutions with s exceeding c (C) there are two solutions with ¢ exceeding s (D) there is one solution with s exceeding ¢ (E) there is one solution with ¢ exceeding s 33. For one root of az + br + ¢ = 0 to be double the other, the coefficients a, b, c must be related as follows: (A) 40? = Q(B) 20 = Yac (C) 2 = 9a (D) # — Bac = 0 (E) 90 = 2ac 34. The numerator of a fraction is 6x + 1, the denominator is 7 — 42, and 2 can have any value between —2 and 2, both included. The values of for which the numerator is greater than the denominator are: At<2<2 (B)$ 1. Then a; equals: (a) 3B) 33. (Cy a1 (D) 10. (B) =17 Part 3 . The roots of Az? + Br +C = 0 are r and s. For the roots of e+pr+q=0 tobe r* and 3, p must equal: : P 4A — 2A 24C — B a ae (we) Bo pae () ACTF a (D) BY - 2c (E) 2c -— BY42. 47. PROBLEMS: 1958 EXAMINATION 61 Ina circle with center 0 chord AB = chord AC. Chord AD cuts BC in E. If AC = 12 and AE = 8, then AD equals: (A) 27) (B) 24 (C) 21 (D) 2 (E/ 18 . AB is the hypotenuse of a right triangle ABC. Median AD =7 and median BE = 4. The length of AB is: (A) 10 (B) 573 (C)5V2 (D) 2713 (E) 2/15 . Given the true statements: (1) If a is greater than b, then c is greater than d (2) If ¢ is less than d, then ¢ is greater than f. A valid con- clusion is: (A) If a is less than b, then ¢ is greater than f (B) If ¢ is greater than f, then a is less than b (C) If e isless than f, then a is greater than b (D) If a is greater than b, then e is less than f (E) none of these . A check is written for x dollars and y cents, z and y both two-digit numbers. In error it is cashed for y dollars and z cents, the incorrect amount exceeding the correct amount by $17.82. Then: (A) = cannot exceed 70 (B) y can equal 22 (C) the amount of the check cannot be a multiple of 5 (D) the incorrect amount can equal twice the correct amount. (E) the sum of the digits of the correct amount is divisible by 9 . For values of x less than 1 but greater than —4, the expression Bowe 2 has: (A) no maximum or minimum value (B) a minimum value of +1 (C) a maximum value of +1 (D) a minimum value of —1 (E) 2 maximum value of ABCD isa rectangle (see the accompanying diagram) with P =A Bae any point on AB. PS 1 BD ea asec aruee = [ND and PQ 4 AF. Then PR + PS is equal to: (A) PQ (B) AEB (C) PT + AT (D) 4F (EB) EF o c49. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Diameter AB of a circle with center 0 is 10 units. Cis a point 4 units from A, and on AB. D isa point 4 units from B, and on AB. P is any point on the circle. Then the broken-line path from C to P to D: (A) has the same length for all positions of P (B) exceeds 10 units for all positions of P (C) cannot exceed 10 units (D) is shortest when CPD is a right triangle (E) is longest when P is equidistant from C and D. In the expansion of (a + 6)" there are n + 1 dissimilar terms. The number of dissimilar terms in the expansion of (a + b + ¢)!° is: (A) LL (B) 33) (C) 55 (D) 66 (E) 132 . In this diagram a scheme is indicated for | Abe associating all the points of segment AB Wee 5 with those of segment A’B’, and reciprocally. To describe this association scheme analytically let 2 be the distance froma point P on AB to D and let y be the distance from the associated point P’ of A’B’ to D’. Then for any pair of associated points, if z=, x+y equals: (A) 130 (B) 17a — 51 (©) 17-30 17 — 3a @) 4 ay (E) 12a — 34 lo 1 ps4 3 1959 Examination Part 1 . Each edge of a cube is increased by 50%. The percent of increase in the surface area of the cube is: (A) 50 (B) 125 (C) 150 (D) 300 (E) 750 . Through a point P inside the triangle ABC a line is drawn parallel to the base AB, dividing the triangle into two equal areas. If the altitude to AB has a length of 1, then the distance from P to AB is: A, By @2-v2 o?eo = > _ - 1 1 & 3 PROBLEMS: 1959 EXAMINATION 63 . If the diagonals of a quadrilateral are perpendicular to each other, the figure would always be included under the general classification: (A) rhombus (B) rectangle (C) square (D) isosceles trapezoid (E) none of these If 78 is divided into three parts which are proportional to 1, 4, 2, the middle part is: (A) 94 (B) 13 (C) 174 (D) 184 (E) 26 . The value of (256) '*-(256) is: (A)4 (B) 16 (C) 64 = (D) 256.25 (E) —16 Given the true statement: If a quadrilateral is a square, then it is a rectangle. It follows that, of the converse and the inverse of this true statement: (A) only the converse is true (B) only the inverse is true (C) both are true (1D) neither is true (E) the inverse is true, but the converse is sometimes true ‘The sides of a right triangle are a, a +d, and a + 2d, with a and 4 both positive. The ratio of a to d is: (A) 1:3) (B) 1:4 (C)21 (D) 3:1 (B) 3:4 The value of 2? — 6x + 13 can never be less than: (4 (B45 5 (D7 (E)13 A farmer divides his herd of n cows among his four sons so that one son gets one-half the herd, a second son, one-fourth, a third son, one-fifth, and the fourth son, 7 cows. Then 7 is: (A) 80 (B) 100 (C) 140 (D) 180 (E) 240 In triangle ABC, with AB = AC = 36, a point D is taken on AB ata distance 1.2 from A. Point D is joined to point E in the pro- longation of AC so that triangle AED is equal in area to triangle ABC Then AE equals: (48 (B)54 (C)72 (D108 (B) 12.6 . The logarithm of .0625 to the base 2 is: (A) 025 (B).25 (C)5 (D)-4 (EB) -2 By adding the same constant to each of 20, 50, 100 a geometric progression results. The common ratio is: 5 4 3 1 1 MW; B53 OF MZ OZ . The arithmetic mean (average) of a set of 50 numbers is 38. If two num- bers, namely, 45 and 55, are discarded, the mean of the remaining set of numbers is: (A) 36.5 (B) 37 (C) 37.2 (D) 37.5 (E) 37.5264 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Given the set S whose elements are zero and the even integers, positive and negative. Of the five operations applied to any pair of elements: (1) addition (2) subtraction (3) multiplication (4) division (5) finding the arithmetic mean (average), those operations that yield only elements of S are: ie ee ee re ee 15. In a right triangle the square of the hypotenuse is equal to twice the product of the legs. One of the acute angles of the triangle is: (A) 15° (B) 30°. (C) 45° (D) 60° (E) 75° PR eels oP Belle al 16. The expression = — ETS + Set, (2 - 1)(@ - 6) z+3 z+ eos wets (iti wi 2 when simplified, is: Wi y=e@ a8 2 where a and 6 are constants, and if y = 1 when a= —I, and y =5 when z = —5, then a+b equals: (A)-1 (B)O (C)1 (D)10 (BE) 18. The ssithonti, mean (average) of the first n positive integers is: (ay we (yn wes mst 2 19. With the use of three different weights, namely, 1 Ib. 3 Ib., and 9 Ib., how many objects of different weights can be weighed, if the objects to be weighed and the given weights may be placed in either pan of the scale? (A)15 (B)13. (C)1l (D)9_— (HT 20. It is given that x varies directly as y and inversely as the square of 2, and that z = 10 when y = 4 and z = 14. Then, when y = 16 and 2=7, © equals: (A) 180 (B) 160 (C) 154 (D) 140 (E) 120 Part 2 21. If p is the perimeter of an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle, the area of the circle is: -” ci 7" ™ V3 wt of © met may 22, The line joining the midpoints of the diagonals of a trapezoid has length 3 If the longer base is 97, then the shorter base is: (A) 94 (B) 92 (C) 91 (DY 90 (E) 8924, 25. g PROBLEMS: 1959 EXAMINATION 65 The set of solutions for the equation logio (at — 15a) = 2 consists of: (A) two integers (B) one integer and one fraction (C) two irrational numbers (D) two non-real numbers (E) no numbers, that is, the set is empty. A chemist has m ounces of salt water that is m% salt. How many ounces | salt must he ae to make a coat) that is 2m% ae Niptn ® iota © orm oro (E) wn 2m 100 + m wa 100 = tm am 100 + 2m = 2m ‘The symbol || means +a if a is greater than or equal to zero, and —a if a is less than or equal to zero; the symbol < means “less than”; the symbol > means “greater than.” The set of values z satisfying the inequality |3 — z| <4 consists of all x such that: (Ay2<49 B)at>l (1i<#<49 (D)-1<2<7 (E) -7<2<1 ‘The base of an isosceles triangle is 1/2. The medians to the legs intersect each other at right angles. The area of the triangle is: (A)15 (B)2 (C)25 (D)35 (E)4 Which one of the following statements is not true for the equation at 2+2%=0, where i= /=1? (A) The sum of the roots is 2 (B) The discriminant is 9 (C) The roots are imaginary (D) The roots can be found by using the quadratic formula (E) The roots can be found by factoring, using imaginary numbers In triangle ABC, AL bisects angle A and CM bisects angle C Points L and M are on BC and AB, respectively. The sides of A : MB be a e e (AL (BY (O)5, (D5, (EDS triangle ABC are a, b, and c. Then S™ = re where k is: On an examination of » questions a student answers correctly 15 of the first 20. Of the remaining questions he answers one third correctly. All the questions have the same credit. If the student’s mark is 50%, how many different values of n can there be? (A)4 (B)3_ (C)2 (D) 1B) the problem cannot be solved66 31. 3 34. 3 36. 37. 8 e THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK ). A can run around a circular track in 40 seconds. B, running in the opposite direction, meets A every 15 seconds. What is B’s time to run around the track, expressed in seconds? (A) 124 (B) 24 (C) 25) (D) 274 = (E) 53. A square, with an area of 40, is inscribed in a semicircle. The area of a square that could be inscribed in the entire circle with the same radius, is: (A) 80 (B) 100 (C) 120 (D) 160 (E) 200 ‘The length ¢ of a tangent, drawn from a point A toa circle, is $ of the radius r. The (shortest) distance from A to the circle is: (A)ar (B)r (C)4l (D) Hl (E) a value between r and 1. A harmonic progression is a sequence of numbers such that their recipro- cals are in arithmetic progression. Let S, represent the sum of the first n terms of the harmonic pro- gression; for example, $3 represents the sum of the first three terms. If the first three terms of a harmonic progression are 3, 4,6, then: (A)Si= 20 (B)S,=25 (C)Ss=49 (D)S=49 (E)S2= 4% Let the roots of x? — 3x + 1 = 0 be r and s. Then the expression e+e is: (A) a positive integer (B) a positive fraction greater than 1 (C) a positive fraction less than 1 (D) an irrational number (E) an imaginary number ‘The symbol > means “greater than or equal to”; the symbol < means “Jess than or equal to”. In the equation (x — m)? — (x — n)? = (m — n)?, m isa fixed posi- tive number, and n is a fixed negative number. The set of values 2 satisfying the equation is: (Ae >0 (B)x ; + < ‘2 a+b—ec () reducible to SF >< Given the following six statements: (1) All women are good drivers (2) Some women are good drivers (3) No men are good drivers (4) All men are bad drivers (5) At least one man is a bad driver (6) All men are good drivers. ‘The statement that negates statement (6) is: (4) Q) (B) 2) (©) @)(D) (4) (E) 5)70 . The polygon(s) formed by y = 3r +2, y = —8r +2, and y = — THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK . For a given value of k the product of the roots of at — 3kr +2 —1=0 is 7. The roots may be characterized as: (A) integral and positive (B) integral and negative (C) rational, but not integral (D) irrational (E) imaginary . The locus of the centersof all circles of given radius a, in the same plane, passing through a fixed point, is: (A) a point (B) a straight line (C) two straight lines (D) a circle (E) two circles is (are): (A) an equilateral triangle (B) an isosceles triangle (C) a right triangle (D) a triangle and a trapezoid (E) a quadrilateral . If @ and b are real numbers, the equation 3x — 5 +a = br + 1 has @ unique solution z [the symbol a ~ 0 means that a is different from zero]: (A) forall a and b (B)ifa#2b (C)ifax6 (Dif b¥0 (E) if 643 . Triangle I is equilateral with side A, perimeter P, area K, and cir- cumradius R (radius of the circumscribed circle). Triangle II is equi- lateral with side a, perimeter p, area k, and circumradius r. If A is different from a, then: (A) P:p = Rr only sometimes (B) P: (©) P:p = Kk only sometimes (D) R (E) R:r = K:k only sometimes r always K:k always . In the numeration system with base 5, counting is as follows: 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, --- The number whose description in the decimal system is 69, when described in the base 5 system, is a number with: (A) two consecutive digits (B) two non-consecutive digits (C) three consecutive digits (D) three non-consecutive digits (E) four digits . The formula N = 8-10*-2"*” gives, for a certain group, the number of individuals whose income exceeds x dollars. The lowest income, in dollars, of the wealthiest 800 individuals is at least: (A) 10¢ (B) 10° (C) 10° (D) 10" (E) 10 . The pair of equations 3+” = 81 and 817 = 3 has: (A) no common solution _(B) the solution x = 2, y (C) the solution x = 2h, y = If (D) @ common solution in positive and negative integers (E) none of thesePROBLEMS: 1960 EXAMINATION 7 . Consider equation I: x + y +z = 46 where x, y, and z are positive integers, and equation II: z+ y + 2+ w= 46, where z, y, 2, and w are positive integers. Then (A) I can be solved in consecutive integers (B) I can be solved in consecutive even integers (C) TH can be solved in consecutive integers (D) I ean be solved in consecutive even integers (E) I can be solved in consecutive odd integers. . The coefficient of 2” in the expansion of & = 2) is: (A) 56 (B)-56 (C)M (D)-14 (E)0 Part 2 . The diagonal of square I is a + 6. ‘The perimeter of square II with twice the area of I is: (A) @ +b (B) V2(a +b) (C)Aatb) (D) V8(a + d) (B) 4@ +b) . The equality (2 + m)? — (x + n)? = (m— n), where m and n are unequal non-zero constants, is satisfied by x = am + bn where: (A) a = 0, b has a unique non-zero value (B) 0, b has two non-zero values (C) 6 =0, a has unique non-zero value (D) b = 0, a has two non-zero values (E) a and 6 each have a unique non-zero value. . The radius R of a cylindrical box is 8 inches, the height H is 3 inches. The volume V = RH is to be increased by the same fixed positive amount when R is increased by x inches as when His increased by x inches. This condition is satisfied by: (A) no real value of (B) one integral value of x (C) one rational, but not integral, value of x (D) one irrational value of x (E) two real values of 2 If loge 216 = z, where 2 is real, then z is: (A) A non-square, non-cube integer (B) a non-square, non-cube, non-integral rational number (C) an irrational number (D) a perfect square (E) a perfect cube . Let m and n be any two odd numbers, with n less than m. The largest integer which divides all possible numbers of the form m* — n* is: (2 @B)4 (6 W)8 (E1672 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. . Find the set of 2-values satisfying the inequality THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK < 2. [The symbol |a| means +a if @ is positive, —a if a is negative, 0 if a is zero. The notation 1 < a < 2 means that a can have any value between 1 and 2, excluding 1 and 2.) @iu (©) [z/<6 . Let S be the sum of the interior angles of a polygon P for which each interior angle is 7} times the exterior angle at the same vertex. Then (A) S = 2660° and P may be regular (B) S = 2660° and P is not regular (©) S = 2700° and P is regular (D) S = 2700° and P is not regular (B) S = 2700° and P may or may not be regular ‘The equation 2 — 25 = 3 - 1 has: (A) infinitely many integral roots (B) no root (C) one integral root (D) two equal integral roots (E) two equal non-integral roots Five times A’s money added to B's money is more than $51.00. Three times A’s money minus B’s money is $21.00. If @ represents A’s money in dollars and b represents B’s money in dollars, then: (A)a>9%, b>6 (B)a>%b<6 (Card, b=6 (D) a > 9 but we can put no bounds on 6 (E) 2a = 3b Given the line 3z + 5y = 15 and a point on this line equidistant from the coordinate axes. Such a point exists in: (A) none of the quadrants (B) quadrant I only (C) quadrants I, I only (D) quadrants I, II, II only (E) each of the quadrants Part 3 For a + 2c + 5 to bea factor of x + put + q, the values of p and q must be, respectively: (A) -2,5 (B) 5,25 (C) 10,20 (D) 6,25 (B) 14,25 In this figure the center of the circle is 0. AB 1 BC, ADOE isa straight line, AP = AD, and AB hasa length twice the radius. Then: (A) APt = PB (B) AP-DO = PB- (©) AB = AD-DE (D) AB-AD = OB-AO (E) none of these35. 37. PROBLEMS: 1960 EXAMINATION 73 ‘You are given a sequence of 58 terms; each term has the form P +n where P stands for the product 2-3-5: --- -61 of all prime numbers (a prime number is a number divisible only by 1 and itself) less than or equal to 61, and n takes, successively, the values 2, 3, 4, ---, 59. Let N be the number of primes appearing in this sequence. Then N is: (A)O (B)16 = (C)17 (D) 57) (BE) 58 ‘Two swimmers, at opposite ends of a 90-foot pool, start to swim the length of the pool, one at the rate of 3 feet per second, the other at 2 feet per second. They swim back and forth for 12 minutes. Allowing no loss of time at the turns, find the number of times they pass each other. (A424 (B)21 (C)2%_ —(D)19 Hs. From point P outside a circle, with a circumference of 10 units, a tangent is drawn. Also from P a secant is drawn dividing the circle into unequal ares with lengths m and n. It is found that ¢, the length of the tan- gent, is the mean proportional between m and n. If m and ¢ are integers, then ¢ may have the following number of values: (A) zero (B) one (C)two (D) three (E) infinitely many Let s1, #2, 8 be the respective sums of n, 2n, 3n terms of the same arithmetic progression with a as the first term and d as the common difference. Let R = ss: — s: — 81. Then R is dependent on: (A)a and d (B)d and n (C)a and n (D)a, d, and n (E) neither a nor d nor n The base of a triangle is of length b, and the altitude is of length h. A rectangle of height 2 is inscribed in the triangle with the base of the rectangle in the base of the triangle. The area of the rectangle is: waz @EO-2 (CE w- 2 (D)2(b— 2) (E)ath—2) . In this diagram AB and AC are the A equal sides of an isosceles triangle ABC, in which is inscribed equilateral tri- angle DEF. Designate angle BFD by a, angle ADE by b, and angle FEC by c. Then: wate (A)b= 2 (C)a= (E) none of these” THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK at+b_b : = appr @ and & must be: (A) both rational (B) both real but not rational (C) both not real (D) one real, one not real (E) one real, one not real or both not real 39. To satisfy the equation 40. Given right triangle ABC with legs BC = 3, AC = 4. Find the length of the shorter angle trisector from C’ to the hypotenuse: (a) 2VF = 2 py BVS= 9 ays—s cn) 2¥ 25 (BE) 5II Answer Keys AAwo¢da00AB daidvgerses CARAm 1, or tothe equality 2 = at, shows that (A), (B), (C), and (D) are all correct. 1 [eA ee ies ee 2 This sequence is an infinite geometric progression with r= 4 <1. Thus if a is its first term and ¢ its sum, we have Hence (4) and (5) are correct statements.84 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 40. Pat GFE lets, fora 2 1; z the limit of 2+ 1 as z—+1 is 2, so that (D) is the correct choice. Note: This problem is beyond the scope of the contest. 41. The graph of the function y = ax* + br +c, a0, is a parabola with its axis of symmetry (the line MV extended) parallel to the y-axis. y, y, vy ep im Ja Py Q yrk yek Vv * x aro a andthe % 2a 1 ordinate of V = o(-2) o(- b 2a, if a > 0, the ordinate of V is the minimum value of the function ax? + bx +e and if a <0, it is the maximum value. 42. If 2 = 2, then the exponent, which is again 2“ is also 2, and we have 2?= 2, Therefore x= V/2.45. 46. 47. 49. SOLUTIONS: 1950 EXAMINATION 85, . Rearrange the terms: . Looking at y = loge or equivalently x = b¥, we see that y = 0 for x = 1, That is, the graph cuts the z-axis at z = 1. d = n(n — 3)/2 = 100-97/2 = 4850. In the new triangle AB = AC + BC, that is, C lies on the line AB. Consequently, the altitude from C is zero. Therefore, the area of the triangle is zero. By similar triangles, (hk — x)/h = 2x/b. -.2 = bh/(2h + b). Let P be an arbitrary point in the equilateral triangle ABC with sides of length s, and denote the perpendicular ee 8 Area ABC = Area APB + Area BPC + Area CPA = 4 (spo + spo + spe) = $8(Pa + ps + ps Also, Area ABC = 4s-h, where h is the length of the altitude of ABC. Therefore, h = pe + pst pe and this sum does not depend on the location of P. Perhaps the easiest approach to this problem is through coordinate geom- etry. Let the triangle be A(0, 0), B(2,0) and C(x, y). Then Ay, the midpoint of BC, has the coordinates [(x + 2)/2, y/2]. Therefore, using the distance formula, we have z+2V , (vy 23 ey @-3 VEO 2S eae) 22) a or (+2 +y=9. This equation represents a circle with radius 3 inches and center 4 inches from B along BA;se THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK or as extreme values we may have a — 5 = 2 and a—b =O, using the notation a, 6,¢ with ite usual meaning. From the median formula, with c=2 and m= 3/2, we have 2+8=9+a% 2.2 —a?= 1. Using the given extreme values in succession, we have b= 5 and a=7, and b=1 and a= 1. Therefore, the maximum distance between the extreme positions of C is 6 inches. These facts, properly collated, lead to the same result as that shown above. After the two-hour chase, at 1:45 P.M. the distance between the two ships is 4 miles. Let ¢ be the number of hours needed for the privateer to overtake the merchantman. Let D and D + 4 be the distances covered in t hours by the merchantman and the privateer, respectively. ‘Then Rate of merchantman:t = D, and Rate of privateer-t = D +4 or 8-17 ea SM) =D +4, and 8 =D; .(@ 8): 4 3} hours, so that the ships meet at 5:: 1951 Solutions Part 1 . The pedagogic value of this extremely simple problem can be enhanced by ® discussion of necessary restrictions on the number-nature of M and N, the permissibility of negative numbers, and so forth. . Let the dimensions of the field be w and 2w. Then 6w = z, w = 2/6, and Qu = 2/3. A = w-2w = 2°/18, A=} = Ha + 0). S = 1(13-10) + 22(13-5) + 2(10-5)] = 590. S; = 10,000 + 1000 = 11,000, S: = 11,000 ~— 1100 = 9900, S, — S: = 1100. ~-(B) is the correct choice. If the dimensions are designated by 1, w, h, then the bottom, side, and frontareasare lw, wh, hl. The product of these areas is Puth? = (lwh)? = the square of the volume.is 13. 16. 1 = SOLUTIONS: 1951 EXAMINATION 87 Relative error = error/measurement. Since .02/10 = .2/100, the relative errors are the same. Let M_ be the marked price of the article. M — .1M = 9M = new price. To restore .9M to M requires the addition of AM. .1M = 49M), and }, expressed as a percent, is 114%. Let Py be the perimeter of the kth triangle. Then Piss = Ps. S=Pit Prt Pit: 1 1.3 =Ba45°8a+5-5a+- \e/ ae 1 1 aoe wm(i4sete ) /\ % 6a. ul = Tay ~ ). (C) is incorrect since doubling the radius of a given circle quadruples the area. . The new series is a@+ortart+---; «S=a/(1—r). . In 15 minutes the hour hand moves through an angle of 4 of 30° = 74°. Therefore, the angle between the hour hand and the minute hand is 224°, In one day A can do 1/9 of the job. Since B is 50% more efficient than A, B can do (3/2)(1/9) = 1/6 of the job in one day. Therefore, B needs 6 days for the complete job. . (C) is incorrect since some terms (primitives) must necessarily remain undefined. n —n = (n—1)(n)(n + 1), for integral values of n, represents the product of three consecutive integers. Since in @ pair of consecutive in- tegers, there is a multiple of two, and in a triplet of consecutive integers, there is a multiple of three, then n* — n is divisible by 6. Part 2 The condition ¢ = b*/4a implies equal real roots of f(z) = 0 for real coefficients, i.e., the curve touches the z-axis at exactly one point and, therefore, the graph is tangent to the z-axis. (A), (B), (C), and (E) are of theform y = kz or zy = k, but (D) is not.88 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 18. Let the factors be Ax +B and Cx+D. Then (Az + B)(Cz + D) = ACz* + (AD + BC)x + BD = 212 + az + 21. “AC = 21, BD = 21, Since 21 is odd, all its factors are odd. There- fore each of the numbers A and C’ isodd. The same is true for B and D. Since the product of two odd numbers is odd, AD and BC are odd numbers; a = AD + BC, the sum of two odd numbers, is even. 19. Such a number can be written as P-10" + P = P(10* + 1) = P(1001), where P is the block of three digits that repeats. .(E) is the correct choice, 1 ‘ies ety G : d . (C) is not always correct since, if 2 is negative, 22 < yz. 20. (ety) (zt +y7 21 22. Since logio(a? — 15a) = 2, then a* — 15a = 10° = 100. The solution set for this quadratic equation is {20, —5}. 23, Since V = wrth, we must have x(r + z)*h = ari(h + z). z = (r* — 2rh)/h. For r = 8 and h = 3, wehave x = 5}. 2a") Qe orm oe ote ee 25. Lets be the side of the square, a, its apothem; then si = 4s, and since 2a; = s,, we have 4ai = 8a, or a: = 2. Let e be the side of the equilateral triangle, h its altitude and a: its apothem; then 8/3/4 = 352. Since h = 3a:, and s: = 2h/+/3 = 6ar/+/3, we have (36a:/3)\/3/4 = 3-6a:/1/3, and a2 = 2 =a). 26. After simplification, we have 2* — x — m(m+ 1) = 0. For equal roots the discriminant D = 1+ 4m(m +1) = 0 = (2m+ 1). m= —-}. 27. We may eliminate (A) and (D) by proving that corresponding angles are not equal. If (A) is false, (B) is certainly false. We may eliminate (C) by placing the point very close to one side of the triangle. Thus none of the four statements is true. 28. P = kAV?, 1 = k-1-16%; 36/9 = (1/16): (1)-(V9); 29. Let the ratio of altitude to base be r. The triangles in the figure satisfy condition (D) but have different shapes. Hence (D) does not deter- mine the shape of a triangle. ok = 1/165 ©. V = 32 (mph).SOLUTIONS: 1951 EXAMINATION 89 1 1 1 90. t = 16 (inches); 100-¥ Y & = 16 (inches). 31. Let n be the number of people present. Single out a particular individual P. P shakes hands with (n — 1) persons, and thie is true for each of the n persons. Since each handshake is between two persons, the total number of handshakes is n(n — 1)/2 = 28. on = 8; or C(n, 2) = n(n — 1)/2 = 28. 32, The inscribed triangle with maximum perimeter is the isosceles right triangle; in this case AC + BC = ABy/2. Therefore, in general, AC + BC < ABY2. 33. (at = 2x = 0) + (2? = 22) (2! — 22 +1 = 1) o(t—1= 2-1). +.(C) is the correct choice. 34. In general, a” = N, with suitable restrictions on a and N; or let 10'°*7 = N. Taking logarithms of both sides of the equation to the base 10, we have logi7-logil0 = log. “.N = 7. ee ge = 2g/y; ory = qe. Part 3 36. To prove that a geometric figure is a locus it is essential to (1) include all proper points, and (2) exclude all improper points. By this criterion, (B) is insufficient to guarantee condition (1); i.e., (B) does not say that every point satisfying the conditions lies on the locus.90 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 37. Let N denote the number to be found; then we may write the given in- formation as N=10H+9 =94+8 + 2a +1. Hence N + 1 = 10(a) + 1) = O(a + 1) ie, N +1 has factors 2, 3, 4,---, 10 whose least common multiple is 2*.3°-5-7 = 2520. .N = 2519. = 2a + 1), 38. 08 = 600/z, and .02 = 600/z2; “+21 = 20,000 and x: = 30,000; “2 — 1 = 10,000 (feet). 39. The average rate of fall of the stone is 5 (initial rate + final rate) = 4(0+ 1) =8, Since the distance d traveled by the stone and the sound is the same, d= ryt = ratz. +The times of travel are inversely proportional to the rates of fall: rs/re = t/t. Big ree “aps <1. t-~ 7(seconds) ; <. 160° ~ 16-7" = 784 (feet). 40. Since +1 = (2+ 1)@*—2+1) and (z@-DY@+24+, the given expression, when simplified, is 1 (with suitable restrictions on the value of 2). ao 41, Since the y-differences are 2,4, 6,8, a quadratic function is suggested, thus eliminating (C). A quick check of the other choices shows that (B) is correct; or Make the check with each of the choices given. 422= Vidz, ®=1+2, 2-2-1=0, and 2~ 1.62. wl and re=%, wehave +4 a a ate92 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 50. Let t:, t2, ts be the number of hours, respectively, that the car travels forward, back to pick up Dick, then forward to the destination. Then we may write 25-ty — 25-te + 25-ts = 100 for car Bet + 5-t + 25-4 = 100 for Dick Wet + St + Sts = 100 for Harry. ‘This system of simultaneous equations is equivalent to the system u-hbtti=m 4 bth + 5b = 20 Sath+ b= 20 whose solution is t = 3, t: = 2, t = 3. Hence t: + 42 + ts = 8 = total number of hours. 1952 Solutions Part 1 1. Since A = wr? and x is irrational and r is rational, A is irrational. (The product of a rational number and an irrational number is irrational.) _ 20-80 + 30-70 _ 2. Average = Dt ye =n. 2 o dl il 1 a—a -@- ha (o-(e+i 43). 4. For P — 1 pounds the charge is 3 cents per pound. For the first pound the charge is 10 cents, “.C = 10 + 3(P — 1); or ‘The charge for each pound is 3 cents with an additional charge of 7 cents for the first pound. “.C = 3P +7 = 3P —3 + 10 = 10+ 3(P — 1). won _1246_ 4. sy = 3246, Substi- 3x — 6. This equation By = mr+d, m= m tuting, —6 = 3-0 + 6; is satisfied by (3, 3).SOLUTIONS: 1952 EXAMINATION 93 6. The roots are (7 + +/49 + 36)/2 and their difference is 7+ V8 _7-VB 7- V8 _ T+ V8 _ Te V8 TVS _ ag or TVR TEE Les, Of the given choices, (E) is correct. a il el) = Oye Oa) Et 8. Two equal circles in a plane cannot have only one common tangent. 9, ma — mb = cab, ma = b(m + ca); ob = ma/(m + ca). a a 1. Wh = 5) &= 5H ateaa(h+2); ad 2 = 134 (mph); * af7i0) + 720)] or 1 ee 1 _ 40 Vek(b+a): ae a 11. The value x = 1 makes the denominator zero, Since division by zero is not permitted, f(1) is undefined, so that (C) is the correct choice. 12. Let the first two terms be a and ar where —1 9, the triangle is acute, so that (C) is a correct, choice. A check of (D) by the Law of Sines or the Law of Cosines shows that it is incorrect. (B) is obviously incorrect by the Law of Sines. Note: The elimination of (B) and (D) involves trigonometry, and so, in part, this problem is beyond the indicated scope. Part 2 bh = Ma) comy and h isreduced by + or 914%; . eR) ho oa (64+ 5 9)( amt) = + hm 700 ©" — 7000 5 a 2 hy — agp 70 amd 7 = 9k (Per cent). . Let C be the cost, L the list price, S the selling price and M the marked price. c= 41, s=c+ts, s=4u. M=51; — +.(C) isthe correct choice. log p + log g = log (pq). Thus we must have pg = p + 9. “p= a/(q— 1). Since BD bisects angle ABE, we have 42 _ 4B, . DE Bi since BE bisects angle DBC, 7 DE BD wehave Fi = 5a: iC” BC : 5 Hence AD _ DE(AB/BE) _ (4B)(BD) EC ~ DE(BC/BD) (BE)(BC)*SOLUTIONS: 1952 EXAMINATION 95 «. (E) is incorrect, 21. Each such angle is the vertex angle of an isosceles triangle whose base angles are each, in degrees, 180 — (n — 2)180/n = 360/n. s-angle = 180 — (720/n) = (180n — 720)/n = 180(n — 4)/n. 2 at+4= +1; A n= VEAH3. 7 D. b x Bec = A ta tteseet & m~1 23, The equation is equivalent to 2? — (+25 : Jeroen at 0. Since the coefficient of z is equal to the sum of the roots, it must be zero. a We have b+ ae 1 24, Since AB = 20 AC = 12, BC = 16. Since ABDE ~ ABCA, Area ABDE _ 1 oe RERARCA 7 7g: BUt Area ABCA = 3-12-16 = 96, .. Area ABDE = 37}, and the required area is 96 — 37} = 58}. Note: the method here shown is based on subtracting the area of ABDE from that of ABCA. It is a worthwhile exercise to find the area of the quadrilateral by decomposing it into two right triangles. 25, Since the times are inversely proportional to the rates (see 1951, Problem 39), 1080/3 827. 29. 31. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Let P; and P, be the perimeters of the smaller and larger triangles respectively, We have 1 = 83/2 and s = 2r//3. ee ee en a (C) is shown to be the correct choice by direct check. Note: The fact that the y-differences are 4, 6, 8, and 10 can be used to eliminate (A) and (B) immediately. let KB=x and CK =y. Then 9(8— y) = 2(10—2) and Y= Gato. 4 By yt = 50— oy = 28/4, 10 — (15/2) _ 5 ao yo eG ond Wea, so that (A) is the correct choice. ee = Using $= 5 a+ (n ~ 1)dl, we have Pea +94) = 43020 + 4d). od = 2a; “aid = 1:2, Single out any one point A, Joined tothe remaining 11 points, A yields 11 lines. Since a line is determined by two points, we have for the 12 points, }-12-11 = 66 (lines); or C (12, 2) = 4-12-11 = 66, Time = distance/rate, -. t = 30/z. For a given perimeter the cirele has the largest area; or let P be the common perimeter, A; and Az the areas of the circle and the square, respectively. Then P P Petr rat, Aap iE la Ped, 207, A:eagi Since 4x < 16, Ar > 4s.34. 35. 36. 37. 39. SOLUTIONS: 1952 EXAMINATION 97 Let the original price be P. Then Py = (: = 2) P. mCi) (ie) ee me . — (P/100) 10,000 — p?* v3 (V2+ V9) + V5 _ 2+ Ve+ VO, (V2+ V3) - V5 (V2 4+ V3) + V5 26 2+ V6+ VIO V6 _ 26464215 _ 3+ Vo+ VIB 26 v6 26 6 . Part 3 P+l_ @+tiei-2ct+1)_ e-2r41 Se Gt Nee eee ae zt ine . et) For continuity at x= —1, we must define =~ = Note: This problem is beyond the indicated scope. By symmetry, the required area is 4(7 + S). T = 4-43 = 8V3, 'S = (30/360)-8? = 54x; oA = 3293 + 2lbe, 1400 = 4-50(8a + 8b)... a +b = 7. This indeterminate equation is satisfied by the following pairs of integral values: 1, 6; 2,5; 3, 4. 2. (D) is the correct choice. P+ wad, lt w= p/2, (1+ wv) =P + Ww t w = pd, Ql = p/4 — @, (UL — w) = B — Qo + wt = 2G ~ p*/4, and l—~w= Jee — p/2.98 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 40. We are told that the values of f(2) listed correspond to Sle), fe +h), fle + 2h), +++ fle + 7h). Observe that the difference between successive values is given by Sle +h) — fle) = ale +h) + We +h) +e — (art + be +0) = Qahz + ah? + bh. Since this difference is a linear function of z, it must change by the same amount whenever z is increased by A. But the successive differ- ences of the listed values 3844 «3969 44096 ©4227 «4356 «444489 «4624 461 are 1251271120183 135137 so that, if only one value is incorrect, 4227 is that value. 41 V+ y = alr + OA = wh + 6); (+ 6-2 = 128 <.3rt ~ 127 — 36 = 0; . 42. D = .PQQQ +++ = +++ arbi ~*~ babs --- + So (A), (B), (C) and (E) are all correct choices. To cheek that (D) is incorrect, we have 10D — 10D = PQ—P. — «. 10°10" — 1)D = PQ — 1). 43, For each semi-circle the diameter is 2r/n, and the length of its are is ar/n. The sum of n such arcs is n-*r/n = xr = semi-circumference. 44. Given 10u + ¢ = k(u +2). Let 106+ u = mut 0). “Ut tu) = (k+ mut; ok+m=1l; m=ll~—k. 45, The Arithmetic Mean is (a + 6)/2, the Geometric Mean is ab, and the Harmonic Mean is 2ab/(a + ). The proper order for decreasing magnitude is (E); or Since (a — b)' > 0, wehave a? + 8 > 2Qab; a + 2ab + BE > dab, a+b > 2/ab, and (a + b)/2 > Vab. Since a? + 2ab + b > 4ab, we have 1 > 4ab/(a + b)%; +. ab > 4a*?/(a + b)*, and +/ab > 2ab/(a +b). 46. Area (new) = (d+ D@ —1) =@—-P= wt — «. (C)is the correct choice. 47, From equation (1) 2 = y. From equation (2) 2" = 24, 2= 2+ 1; ne z z From equation (3) a + y + yt = 16. This equation has one integral root _y = 3. =4y=3,2=9SOLUTIONS: 1953 EXAMINATION 99 48. Let f and s denote the speeds of the faster and slower cyclists, respec- tively. The distances (measured from the starting point of the faster eyclist) at which they meet are (1) for =k-+8-r when they travel in the same direction, and (2) f-t =k —s-t when the slower one comes to meet the other. From (2), f+#=k/t; from (1), f—s k Lk LuMr+tO 4k eyelet a “f-¢- eee ro ais and 49. By subtracting from AABC the sum of ACBF, ABAE, and AACD and restoring ACDN, + ABFN; + AAEN:2, we have ANNI, ACBF = ABAE = AACD = {AABC. From the assertion made in the statement of the problem, it follows that ACDN, = ABFN, = AAEN: = 4-4QABC = ¥AABC. “. ON\NiNa = QABC — 3-4QABC + 3-9, AABC = 4QABC. 50. Rearrange the terme: lS 5 and w= Vy ve, v2. 1 . Saltgtigt a et of S= S48 = 4 + V2). 1953 Solutions Part 1 1, The profit on each orange sold is 4 — 3} = Geent. -. 3n = 100, n = 150. 2. D = Dy + Di — DiDr, D = 20+ 15 — 3 = 32. 2. S = 250 — (.32)(250) = (.68)(250), 68% of 250. (See 1950, Problem 22.) 3. at + y* has no linear factors in the real field. 2* + y* = (x + ty)(x — iy) in the complex field. Note: This problem is probably beyond the indicated scope.100 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK - |. Set each factor equal to zero, and solve the three resulting equations. ‘The roots are 0, —4, —4, and 4. (The factor x? + 82 + 16 = (x +4)? has the double root —4.) 5.2 = 6% = 6.6" = 366. 2 3 l(oq +1) (a+ 8)] = 34a — 4) = 100g - D. Multiply numerator and denominator by +/a? +a and simplify. (D) is the correct choice. Lad For intersection 8/(2' + 4) = 2 — vat — at + 4x = x(a — 22 + 4) tte 9% O+E r= 6. 10. The circumference of the wheel is 6r. -. N = 5280/6x = 880/x. 11. Cy = 2ar, Cy = 2e(r + 10); + Cr — Ch = 208 ~ 60 (feet). 12, Ai/Ay = r/x6? = 4/9. 13. A = 4bh = gh, + be); ba tbe = m= Hb: + by) = 9. 14. Each assertion is realized in the accompanying figure. Hence, none of these statements is false. (8) A) 15. Designate « side of the origi! square by a "Thica'fe radius + of the inscribed circle is s/2. A side of the second square (inseribed in the circle) is ra/Z = 8/4/2. Therefore, the area of the second square is #/2, while that of the original square is 3*, . (B) is the correct, choice.SOLUTIONS: 1953 EXAMINATION 101 Part 2 cost + profit + expense = C + .10S + .155; (D) is the correct choice. or Let y_ be the amount invested at 4%. Then .04y = .06(4500 — y) and y = 2700. Therefore the total interest is .04(2700) + .06(1800) = 216, and (216/4500)-100 = 4.8%. 18. ch + 4 = (24 + 40° + 4) — 42” = (at + 2)? — (2x)! = (at + Qe + 2)(at — 22 + 2). 3 9. 2 ae a ar () = Flay’, and the decrease is. zy* — ay? = Fay’ fa 2 f(t 1 matte —attrtiag[(t+h)+(e+))-4] : 2,1 1 Since 2 +5 = (2+ 7) — 2 wehave 0. a(y-2+y-4) =2(y'+y- 6) =0. 21. at — 3x +6 = 10' = 10 or FP — Br — 4 22, 27-Y9-Y9 = 3°.3"7.3%? = 3%", logs 3*" = 44. 23. Multiply both sides of the equation by ¥/z + 10. t+ 10-6 = 572+ 10, x — 17x — 234 = 0, x = 26 or —9. —9 fails to check, ic, it is an extraneous root. 24. 100a? + 10a(b + c) + be = 100c? + 100a + be. For equality we must, have b + = 10. 25. ar = art tart, artral ars (Vve-1)/2 26. Let x be the required length. Then !/15* = 2/3. at = 150; ne = 56. 27. S= rt+itgt see, Sm x/{1 —(1/4)] = 44/3. 28. The bisector of an angle of the triangle divides the opposite sides into segments proportional to the other two sides, ie. y/e = 2/b. It follows that 2/b = (x + y)/(b + ¢) = a/(b + ¢).102 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 8B (D) is the correct choice. Consult sections on approximate numbers for the explanation. Note: For a full understanding of the topic, a knowledge of calculus is needed. 30. B pays A 9000 — 15-9000 = $8100. A pays B 8100 + ¥5-8100 = $8910. ‘Thus A has lost 8910 — 8100 = $810. 31. 30 ft. per second corresponds to 1 click per second. In miles per hour, 30-60"/5280 = 225/11 mph corresponds to 1 click per second. 1 mph corresponds to 11/225 clicks per second, which is approximately 1 click in 20 seconds. So x miles per hour corresponds approximately to clicks in 20 seconds. 32, The diagonals of the quadrilateral formed lie along the two perpendicular lines joining the midpoints of the opposite sides of the rectangle. These diagonals are of different lengths, and they are perpendicular bisectors of each other. Therefore, the figure is a rhombus; or the sides of the quadrilateral can be proved equal by congruent triangle: Also it can be proved that no interior angle is a right angle. 33. Let x be one of the equal sides of the triangle. 2p = 2x + 24/2; : _ 4p 6 = 42 v3 — 273). a ee 6-42 _ “aye 472" "2 6Faya bo aye 34. Let the 12-inch side be AC. Since 4B = 30°, AC = 60°. « AG = 1; 2r = d = 24 (inches). Sle +2) = (e+ le +2 —1)/2 and Je@+I=@+N@t+1-1/2 So (e+ 1)/2=fe+ Vie. fe+2) = + Wet V/s Note: The symbolism here is beyond the indicated scope.37. 39. 41. SOLUTIONS: 1953 EXAMINATION 103 Part 3 By actual division, the remainder is found to be 18 + m. Since 2 — 3 isa factor, 18 + m = 0, and, therefore, m = —18. ~. (C) is the cor- rect choice; or by the Factor Theorem Converse, 36 — 18 + m= 0. -. m= —18 Let x be the distance from the center c of the circle to the base and let Then h=1+ x be the altitude of AABC. W+9 = 144. oh = VIB5. r= + at B+ (h— ry = 34 hr $k (9 + WY/2h = 9 + 135)/2//135 a = 1444/135/270 = 8+/15/5. ‘ f F{3,f(4)| means the value of b+ when a =3 and b = 2, namely, 7. Note: This problem is beyond the indicated scope. For permissible values of a and b, log.b-loga = 1; or Let x = log.b and y= loga. a? = b and bY =a. hav=W=a, zy=l; — « logeb-lopa = 1. To contradict the given statement, preface it with “It is not true that --- ”, Therefore, the negation is (C); or in symbols, given ¥',[z eM | x is honest]. “~ V2 = alt eM | x is dishonest]. 409-x OB = 400 rods. oy x 8 2 = 3008 + (400 — 2}, 8002 = 250,000. 2. © = 312} (rods); 300| <. (B) is the correct choi ‘500 °104 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 42. f = 41? — 9 = 40 43. Let s be the price of the article, m the number of sales. Then (2. + p)sl[l — dn] = sn, p~d — pd = 0, d = p/(l + p). 44. Let the true equation be x* + bx +c = 0, the equation obtained by the first student be 2* + bz + c’ = 0, and the equation obtained by the second student be z* + b/z + ¢ = 0. a+brte’ A — 102+ 16=0 and Porte + 10x + 9 = 0. n+ brte=2- rt+9=0. 45. For a * b, Arithmetic Mean > Geometric Mean. For a = b, Arith- metic Mean = Geometric Mean. (Sce 1952, Problem 45.) + (a + d)/2 > Vab. — (oe 6. VET =stl-g=st5, qh =a; Sap 47. Forallz > 0, 1+2<10. 9 + log(i tz) <2. Note: This problem may be beyond the indicated scope. ts li te 2 az 49. The smallest possible value of AC + BC is obtained when C’ is the intersection of the y-axis, with the line that leads from A to the mirror image (the mirror being the y-axis) B’:(—2, 1) of B. This is true be- cause CB’ = CB and a straight line is the shortest path between two points. The line through A and B’ is given by y= BSgttha Gere. To find k, we use the fact that the line goes through A: 4 oi Bap 5th kab > 2 «. C has coordinates (0, 2+).SOLUTIONS: 1954 EXAMINATION 105 50. Denoting the sides of the triangle by a,b, ¢ we observe that a = 8+ 6 = 14, b=B+z,c=2t6. oe Ws atb+e= +B, earth On the one hand, the area of the triangle is half the product of the perimeter and the radius of the inscribed circle; on the other hand, it is given in terms of s sv that Area = r-a = 4(z + 14) = Vals —a)@—D@— 0 = Va8z@ + 14) or (« + 14) = 3e(@ + 14), + 14 = 3x. -. = 7, and the shortest side is ¢ = 64+7 = 1: oa 2 Vi3" sin B = 2sin B Using the Law of Sines, sinB_sinC = -12/18__4/5 b eeee 8+z 642° Thus = 7. 1954. Solutions Part 1 (6 — VF = 25)" = 25 — 107 = 25 + y* — 25 = — 10V 7 — 25. Since z = 1 is not a solution of the original equation, the solution set of the first equation is the number 4 only; pe or the graph of y = = 5 -2iT +e 1 is the straight line . :. eens fe — 4) with the point (1, —4) deleted. Since z—l1 3 the graph crosses the z-axis at (4,0), its only root is 4.106 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Be = kyy = ke; 2. = bake’ = ky" and (C) is the correct choice. 4, 132 = 2-3-11 and 6432 = 2-3-67. Their H.C.D. = 2-3 = 12 and 12-8 =4. 5. A = hap = 4-54/3-60 = 1504/3 (square inches). 6. 2° = 1 for any number z (x 0) and ~32 = —25, 1 wth 7. Let C be the original price of the dress. Then 25 = C — 2.50 or C = 27.50. 250/2750 = 1/11 ~ 9%. 8. Let 6 be the side of the square and h the altitude of the triangle. Then wae hae or h/a= 1. (3 +r03—7)=16-9 = 25, r= te 10. Let a = b = 1, Then (1 + 1)* = 2* = 64; or 1+6+15+2+15+6+1 = 64 11, Let S$ be the selling price, M the marked price and C the cost. Then 3 1 2 3.2 1 S=M- ;M=3M, C= g°g@=5M and gla in 12, The system is inconsistent (see 1950, Problem 14); hence, no solution; or graphically, we have two parallel lines; or 2-3 4 | = OF hence no solution.SOLUTIONS: 1954 EXAMINATION 107 13, 42 = }(a-+b +c). Thus the sum of the four angles S=Hatbtetbtet+dtcet+dt+atdtatd) Hat+b+c¢+d) = §-360° = 540°. Part 2 B(e +h)? — x +h) — 1 — (xt — 2x — 1) loch + 5K — 2h = A(102 + 5h — 2). Note: The symbolism in this problem may be beyond the indicated scope, but the problem itself is quite simple. 16. f(z +h) — f(z) 17, There are a number of ways of determining that (A) is the correct answer. One (obvious) way is to plot a sufficient number of points. Note: Graphs of cubies, generally, are beyond the indicated scope. 18. 2c — 3 > 7 — x, Adding x + 3 to both sides of the inequality, we have 3¢ > 10 or 2> WV. 19. 4A =5, 4A = 180° — a; a = 180° — XA, + == — 44, xa’ = $= 90° — 24, “ BA’ < 90°. Similarly, xB’ < 90°, xC’ < 90°.108 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 20. By Descartes’ Rule of Signs (B) is shown to be correct; solve to find the roots —1, graph y = 2 + 62* + llz + 6. 2 21, 2Vz-+ Sz = 5. Squaring, we obtain 4 + 8 +4 = 25, Multiply both sides of the equation by x and obtain 4z* — 17z +4 = 0. 22. Adding, we have Qt 4 Ax - Net l) 4 @+ YG — 2) @F+NE-2 ~ for values of x other than 2 or —1. w.s-c+te; .c- 8, «m=lem n n+l n s Sai ae n+l aim 24, 2xt — x(k — 1) + 8 = 0. For real, equal roots, the discriminant (k — 1 — 64 =0 and k—1= +8 k=9 or -7. 25. The product of the roots is e(a — b)/a(b — ¢). Since one root is 1, the other is the fraction shown. 26, Let z = BD and let r be the radius of the small circle. Draw the line from the center of each of the circles to the point of contact of the tangent and the circle. By similar triangles, ptr ctor aoe naar in . a7. ph 5 Coo = ee tg! ima 6k and nt= 7k. 3mr— nt _ 18k —7k _ 1k iv Gnd = Tmr ~ 28k — 49k ~ 14k ~ ~ 14"SOLUTIONS: 1954 EXAMINATION 109 29. In any right triangle (see accompanying figure), we have ze=a and (c—z)c= oe a ony Since $=}, itfollows that z ze a P =a Ge BE 30, Denote by a, 6, ¢ the respective number of days it would take A, B, C to complete the job if he were working alone; then 1/a, 1/6, 1/e denote the fractions of the job done by each in one day. Since it takes A and B together two days to do the whole job, they do half the job in one day, ie., a, 11 A Lilli aty 7g endsimilerly, 5 +o = 3, ae = Sa peo aaa: (= ” 31. XBOC = 180 — 4(4B + XC). But 4(4B + XC) = 4-140 = 70. «. %BOC = 110 (degrees). 32. at + 64 = (xt + 16x + 64) — 162° = (2? + 8) — (42) = (a? + 42 + 8)(2* — 4x + 8). (See also 1953, Problem 18.) 33. The exact interest formula is complex. Approximately, he has the use of $59 for 1 year. 6-100/59 = 10+. ~. (D) is the correct choice. 34. 1, the infinite repeating decimal 0.333 --- . Thus 1/3 is greater than 33 by the amount 0.00000000333 --- = 1/3-10*; or o-"(1 — 107) 1-10" 0.33333333 = 3-10 + 38-10% + +» +3-10° = fae, Os) 1 10n 3 a 9 3 37 S10110 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK ct VEt oto =htd, VOt Rta Hhtd-z OLR + he tat = + E+ a+ Bhd — hx — Mr, he + de = hd a= hd/(2h + 4). Part 3 21,41 5/40 2_ 40/3 8 36. mot i027 3? 1B 1g ~ G° (See also 1951, Problem 39.) 37. Xm = Xp+ Xd, Ad = Xq— Am (there are two vertical angles each 4m) Am = Apt Aq- Am; + Am = HAD + Aq). 38, 3*-3" = 135; 5 clog 3 = log 5 = log (10/2) = log 10 — log 2. 2. @ = (1 — 03010)/0.4771 ~ 1.47. 39. Let PA be any line segment through P such that A lies on the given circle with center O and radius r. Let A’ be the midpoint of PA and let O" be the midpoint of PO. To see that the required locus is a circle with center 0’ and radius }r, consider the similar triangles POA and PO’A’. For any point A on the given circle, 0'A’ = }0A = }r. 2.(B) is the correct, choice. s.a+}= (043) —9(0+!) =svi—svi 41, 8 = — (-8/4) = 2} or find one root, —3, by trial. The reduced equation is 42* — 207 - 3 = 0, where the sum of the roots is 5. -. S=5—3=2. 42, From the graphs, or from a consideration of the positions of the lowest points, it is found that (D) is the correct answer. (See 1950, Problem 41.)SOLUTIONS: 1954 EXAMINATION au —r+b—r (see 1950, Problem 35). “1 =a+b— 2; atb+c= 1042410 = 22. ae 44, We seek an integer whose square is between 1800 and 1850. There is one, and only one, such integer, namely 1849 = 43%. . 1849 — 43 = 1806, the year of birth; or let _y be an integer between 0 and 50. -. 1800 ++ y + z = 2%. For tobe integral, the discriminant 1+ 7200 + 4y must be an odd square, The value y = 6 makes the discriminant 7225 = 85%. The year of birth is, therefore, 1800 + 6 = 1806. 45. Let d denote the distance from A mensured along AC and let 1(d) denote the length of the segment parallel to BD and d units from A. ‘Then by similar triangles, we have: For a < 46, G/2)t 2) BD or 1 = aka where k = B2 = constant. da (1/2) AC For d> BAN _ 2) BD op | = ok(AG — d) = —2kd + 24AT. (7ay 46 ‘The graph of 1 asa funetion of d evidently is linear in d. Its slope 2k is positive for d < AC/2; its slope —2k is negative for d > AC/2. Hence (D) is the correct choice. 46. The distance from the center of the circle to the intersection point of the tangents is 3/8. ie 7g (inch) - 47. Since WP = YE =, ap an + ur = 2+ ve = ie Aa TB = AB - AT ve therefore, 2? — pr + @ = 0. 4¢ ‘The required equation is,112 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 48. Let x be the distance from the point of the accident to the end of the trip and R the former rate of the train. Then the normal time for the trip, in hours, is ztR eo: Considering the time for each trip, we have i4i 3+ GOR ztkyat and z+R Rt3t gan ets nee 10 and B= < the trip is 540 + 60 = 600 (miles). 49. (2a + 1)? — (2b + 1)? = 4a? + 4a + 1 — 4b°- 4b - 1 = 4fa(a + 1) — 0 + DI. Since the product of two consecutive integers is divisible by 2, the last expression is divisible by 8. 50. 210 + 2 — 12 = 84; 11x = 126; = 126/11, 126-60/11-30 ~ 23 and 210 + 2 + 84 = 122; Lz = 294 x = 294/11, 294-60/11-30 ~ 53. «. the times are 7:23 and 7:53. 1955 Solutions Part 1 ie ; = 375; - : 10-* = 0,000000375. _-. (D) is the correct choice. Sd 2. 150° ei} 30° 137} 137° 30’. 3. Let A. be the arithmetic mean of the original numbers. Then their sum is 10 and A(new) = (104 + 200)/10 = A + 20. ~. (B) is the correct choice. 4. Multiplying both sides of the equation by (z — 1)(z — 2), we have Qe -2a2-2% Ar=0. 5. y = h/t, 16 = k/l, k = 16; oy = 16/2, y = 16/8-8 = 1/4; or i/ys = 23/2t, 16/yr = 8/15 = 1/4.SOLUTIONS: 1955 EXAMINATION ns 6. Let n be the number bought at each price, and 2 be the selling price of each, 2nz = (10n/3) + 4n; -. x = 11/3, that is, 3 for 11 cents. W. = Wi — Wi/5 = 40/5. Wi, = 5W,/4. The increase needed is W2/4 or 25% of Ws. 8. 22 = 4y = (x + Qy)(e—2y) =0; e+ 2y = 0 and z—- Y=. Each of these equations represents a straight line. ed 2 ). This is a right triangle. For any right triangle it can be shown (see 1950, Problem 35) that ee &matb—c=8+ 15-17 =6 and r = 3. 10. The train is moving for 5 hours and is at rest for nm minutes or nm _ @ 1 nm _ 3a + 2mn ee ot 11. The negation is: It is false that no slow learners attend this school. There- fore, some slow learners attend this school. 12, Sr 1 =2- Vz —1, and 52 — 4-4Ve-1+2-1. w 40-4 = 4/2 —1, c- 1 = —V2 —1. Squaring again, we get e-Wwt+l=x-1, #-3r4+2=0, 2=1 or 2. Since 2 does not satisfy the original equation, we have one root, z = 1. (a + b*)(a* — 6) ate at+o% 14. The dimensions of R are 1.ls and 0.98; its area is 0.995. 2. R/S = 99s/s = 99/100. 15, Let_z be the radius of the larger cirele. Then 1*/xz* = 1/3, x = rV3, V8 — 2 = (V3 — 1) ~ 073. Part 2 16. When a = 4 and b = ~4, a+b = 0, Therefore, the expression becomes meaningless for these values. log — 5 log 3 = log (2/3); 10? = 2/3, 1 = 2.43. 5 18. For real coefficients a zero discriminant implies that the roots are real and equal.4 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 19. The numbers are 7 and ~1; the required equation is, therefore, e-—6r+7=0. 20. The expression +/25 — + 5 can never equal zero, since it is the sum of 5 and a non-negative number. (By +/25 — @ we mean the positive square root.) ~. (A) is the correct choice. 21. Since the = A, h = 2A/c. 22. Since a single discount D, equal to three successive discounts D,, Dz, and D,, is D = D, + D: + Ds — DD: — DD; — DD, + DDD; (see also 1950, Problem 22), then the choices are: 20 + .20 + .10 — .04 — 02 — 02 + .004 = 424 and 40 + 05 + .05 — .02 — 02 — .0025 + 001 = 4585. The saving is .0345-10,000 = 345 (dollars). 23, The counted amount in cents is 25q + 10d + 5n + ¢. The correct amount is 25(q¢ — z) + 10d + x) + 5(n + x) + (c — x). The dif- ference is —25z + 10x + 52 — 2 = —-llz. .. 11x cents should be subtracted. 24. The graph of y = 42* — 12z — 1 isa vertical parabola opening upward with the turning point (a minimum) at (3/2, —10). (See 1950, Problem 41); or algebraically, the turning point occurs at 2 = —b/2a = —(—12/8) = 3/2, For this value of z, y = 4z* — 12z — 1 = —10. 25. at + Qa? + 9 = (xt + 62? + 9) — (42%) fat + 3)t — (Qe)! = (at — Qe + 3)(at + Qe + 3). +. (E) is the correct choice. 26. See 1951, Problem 5. Qt t gt = (r+ 8)! — Ors = pt — Be. 28. For 2 #0, az? + br + ¢ # ax? — br + ¢; for x= 0, a2? + be +c = art — br +e. There is one intersection point (0, c); _~. (E) is the correct choice.SOLUTIONS: 1955 EXAMINATION 115; 29. First, draw the line connecting P and R and denote its other inter- sections with the circles by M and N; see accompanying figure. The ares MR and NR contain the same number of degrees; so we may denote each are by z. To verify this, note that we have two isosceles triangles with a base angle of one equal to a base angle of the other. © XNOR =4.MO'R. 1 1 XAPI See Oe gece! ABPR=hib+d+d—-2)) =} 12d +a] and the sum of angles APR and BPR is XBPA =c+d. ‘The desired angle is 360° — x BPA = 360° — (c + d) = (180° — c) + (180° — d) =ato. 30. The real roots are, respectively: +3; 0 and 2/3; and 3. ~. (B) is the correct choice. 31. Let A: and Az denote the areas of the small and the original triangle, respectively. The median m of the trapezoid is the arithmetic mean of the parallel sides, that is, m = }(b + 2), where b denotes the shorter parallel side of the trapezoid. To find 6, observe that A otek ae al 27a7e nb=V2 and om g (v2 +2). 32. D = 4b* — dac = Bo ac=0; + B= a0, a/b = be.16 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 33. Let. z be the number of degrees the hour hand moves in the time in- terval between 8 a.m. and the beginning of the trip, and let y be the number of degrees it moves between 2 p.m. and the end of the trip. The number of degrees traversed by the minute band during these intervals is 240 + x and 60 + y + 180, respectively. Since the minute hand traverses 12 times as many degrees as the hour hand in any given interval, we have 12 = 240 + 2, vO ana 12y = 60 + y + 180, -%, that is, the hour hand is just as many degrees past the 8 at the beginning as it is past the 2 at the end of the trip. Since the 8 and the 2 are 180° apart, the initial and final positions of the hour hand differ also by 180°, so that (A) is the correct choice. 34. The shortest length consists of the two external tangents ¢ and the two circular ares and ls. t= 6V3, 2 = 1273, bh = 129 25-3 = 2x, h = ao FS -2e-0 = Ie. length = 124/3 + L4r 35. The first boy takes $+ 1 marbles, leaving 5—~1 marbles. The second boy takes ; ¢ . 1). ‘The third boy, with twice as many, must necessarily have 2G - 1), so that n is indeterminate; ie, n may be any even integer of the form 2+ 6a, with a = 0, 1,2,---. Part 3 36. The area of the rectangular surface is 10-2r = 40. 2=2 and y= V5; <. the depth is 3 — 5, or 3+ V5. 37. The original number is 100k + 10¢ + u. The number with digits re- versed is 100u + 10 + A. (Since h > u, to subtract we must add 10 to wu, ete.) ©. 100(h — 1) + 10¢+ 9) +ut 10 100u +100 th 100(h —1 —u) +90 + 10+u—h, Since 10+ u—h = 4, h-—1—u=5 and therefore, the digits from right to left are 9 and 5.39. 41. 42. 43. 45. SOLUTIONS: 1955 EXAMINATION 7 Solving the system: we obtain a = 12, b = 9, ¢ = 3, d = 21. Thus (B) is the correct choice. The least value occurs when x = —p/2. For x = —p/2, y = (-p/4) +9 = 0; = q = pt/4 (See 1950, Problem 41.) A non-unit fraction 6/d_ is changed in value by the addition of the same non-zero quantity x to the numerator and denominator. -. (A) is the correct choice. =141494} +t5 kw 143+ Ge R Core fae a 1954, Problem 48.) b : If Verney then a+? aoe . = b(a? — 1); 2. ¢ = b(a® — 1)/a. yeti and Wet 1 +1 = 1/e +1); and =. (@ + 1)! = 1. This last equation has one real and two imaginary roots. .. (E) is the correct choice. 4 OBA = 2%; +. X OAB = 2y; and + 2 = % OAB + y = 3y. Let the two series be a, ar, ar’, and 0,d,2d,---. a+0=1; sa@=Land r+d=1, r+ 2d=2. d= 1, aa = 1) _1@%-1) a Sai = 1023, Ss u 20+ (n— 1a) = Po + (-1)] = -45. J S = 1023 — 45 = 978. We are required to solve the system of equations: Solve the first two simultaneously, obtaining x = 2, y = 2/3. Since these results are consistent with the last two equations, the solution is (2, 2/3) and (B) is the correct choice.118, THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 47. For the equality a + be = a? + ab + ac + be to hold, we must have a=a@+ab+acorl=a+b+e. 48. (A) is true because FH is parallel and equal to AE. (C) is true be- cause when HE, which is parallel to CA, is extended, it meets AB in D; DC and BH are corresponding sides of congruent triangles ACD and HDB. (D) is true because PG = FE + EG = AD + 4DB = i4B. (E) is true because G is the midpoint of HB. (FE is parallel to AB and E is the midpoint of CB.) (B) cannot be proved from the given information. Challenge: What additional information is needed to prove (By? 49. Since y = (at — 4)/(e — 2) = (@ — 2) + 2)/e — 2) = 2 $2 (for #2, ie. y #4), then y = (2t — 4)/(x — 2) is a straight line with the point (2, 4) deleted. The straight line y = 2r crosses the first line in the deleted point. -. (C) is the correct choice. 50. Let r be the increase in the rate of A and d be the distance (in miles) A travels to pass B safely. The times traveled by A, B and C are equal: ad _ 4d — (30/5280) d — (30/5280) _ (210/5280) - d 50+r 40 ' 40 - 50 . Solve the second equation for d. .. d = 110/5280 miles. Solve the first equation for r. : 5 mph. 1956 Solutions Part 1 1, 2+ 2(2) =24+8 = 10. 2S: = Ci + $C, and S: = Cr — 30. “Cy = $8: = 1.00 and Ce= $8:= 1.50. Si +S: = 2.40 and C,+C,=2.50; — -. (D) is the correct choice. 3. 5,870,000,000,000 = 587-10!, (587-10'°)100 = 587-10". 1 1 z 4. 95° 4000 + 55 - 3500 + 345 - 2500 = 500, 25r = 160, 2 = 64. e Around a given cirele can be placed exactly six circles each equal to the given circle, tangent to it, and tangent to two others. The arc between two successive points of contact of the given circle and the outside circles is one-sixth of the circumference.x . For reciprocal roots, the product of the roots ¢/a = * @ F2Gz = 3) at Fa ). Let the height in each case be 1. 1 — }¢ = 2(1 — 34); SOLUTIONS: 1956 EXAMINATION 19 . Leta be the number of cows and 6 the number of chickens. Then 4a + 2b is the total number of legs and 4a +2 = 14+ 2(a +), 2a= 14, a = 7 (cows). Note: The number of chickens is indeterminate, 8-2 = 6 = BH 1; ASH e2=0 ond 2 = —3, Note: 2° = 5°, but, otherwise, 2° # 5°. qXOID, IMU Gg? gt, ). & ADB = 4% ACB = 30°. Ld + v3) vi y= = 73) +1 + V3) _ (+ vay — V3) oe . y — x is the excess of y over x. The basis of comparison is the ratio of the excess to y, namely, (y — z)/y. Therefore, the per cent required is 100(y — 2)/y. . PB-PC = PA?. PB(PB + 20) = 300; -. PB = 10. . Multiply both sides of the equation by 2? ~ 4 = (x + 2)(x — 2). 15-%e+2=2-4, «2+ 22-15 =0; and. x, = —5 or xz = 3. Each of these roots satisfies the original equation. . Let 10m, 15m, 24m be the three numbers. Then 10m + 15m + 24m = 98, “m=2 and 15m = 30. A(2z — 3) + Bit+2) _ 5x - 1 A(2z — 3) + Bz + 2) = 52 - 11. Equating the coefficients of like powers of z, we obtain 24 + B = 5, -3A+2B=-; 1 A=3, B= . 10% = 5, 10% = 5, 10-¥ = 1/10 = 1/5.120 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK " z a 2 ) =2; +. tog (3) = vlog 75 = =(log 2 — log 10) = log 2. : 03010 _, fe Oe 21. Each line has 1 or 2 intersection points. Therefore, for both lines, there may be 2, 3, or 4 intersection points. 22, 4 = 50/r, & = 300/3r = 100/r = 24; __~ (B) is the correct choice. 23. Each of the roots is /2/a. Since a is real, (C) is necessarily the correct choice. 2%, Let ADAE = a. Then %BCA = $(180 — 30 — a) = 75 — (a/2) and 4DEA = }(180 — a) = 90 — (a/2) = XADE. a+ XADE+x+ XBCA = 180; «x = 15 (degrees). Be = 3454 TH + Ant 1) =F G+ I+ 1) = nln +2). Combination (A) determines the shape of the triangle, but not its size. All the other combinations determine both the size and the shape of the triangle. 27. The two triangles are similar and hence A(new)/A(old) = (28)*/st = 4. «. (C) is the correct choice. 28, Let 42 be the daughter’s share, 3x the son’s share. Then 4z + 3x = estate and 6r+ 500 =} estate. «7x = Gx + 500; “2 = 500; and ss 132 + 500 = 7000 (dollars). 29. 2* + y* = 25 isa circle with center at the origin. zy = 12 is a hyperbola, symmetric with respect to the line z = y. _~. points of intersection are symmetric with respect to x = y. There are either no intersections, two intersections (if the hyperbola is tangent to the circle) or four inter- sections. Simultaneous solution of the equations reveals that there are four points of intersection, and that they determine a rectangle. 2 = a 2h evs _ 4h V3 _ 6v3 30h = 5 V8: Wile eos ae 31. 20 = 1-47 + 1-44 0-49; the required number is 110,; or 20 + 4 yields 5 and remainder 0; 5 + 4 yields 1 and remainder 1; + 20, becomes 110,,37. SOLUTIONS: 1956 EXAMINATION 121 . After 1} minutes each was in the center of the pool. After 3 minutes they were at opposite ends of the pool. After 44 minutes each was again in the center of the pool. It can be shownt that 1/2 is not rational number. It can also be shownt that repeating non-terminating decimals represent rational num- bers, and terminating decimals clearly represent rational numbers with a power of 10 in the denominator. Hence a non-terminating, non-repeating decimal is the only possibility for representing By considering the special case _n = 2 we immediately rule out choices (B), (©), (D), and (E). We now show that (A) holds. mnt — 1) = n{(n— Dain + 1)) = nk, where k is a product of three consecutive integers, hence always divisible by 3. If n iseven, k is divisible also by 2 (since n isa factor of ), hence by 6, and nk by 12; if n is odd, k is divisible also by 4 (since the even numbers n — 1 and n+ 1 are factors of k), hence by 12. A = 16-8 1/3 = 128 3. S = K(K + 1)/2 = N*. The possible values for N* are 1%, 2, 3,---, 99%. For K to be integral, the discriminant 1 + 8N? of the equation K? + K — 2N? = 0 must be a perfect square. This fact reduces the possible values for N? to 1%, 6, and 35%. Hence the values of K are 1,8, and 49. Note: There are ways of shortening the number of trials for N* still further, but these involve a knowledge of number-theoretic theorems. The shortest way to do this problem is by testing the choices given. The diagonal divides the rhombus into two equilateral triangles. A (thombus) = 2-s- a =2- ees Since the map scale is 400 miles to 1} inches, 1 inch represents 4-400 miles and 1 square inch represents (§-400)* square miles. The area of the estate is thus ava : au = 1250 1/3 (square miles). } See, e.g., Ivan Niven, Numbers: Rational and Irrational, also in this series.122 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 38. The segments of the hypotenuse are . and . (see 1954, Problem 29). Using similar triangles, = = e, ace on s Cu ce at +b’ - @ 30. Bata =c—(¢- 1 =%-lL=cte-l=cta; and = zn or Bet@-a=(@tlt-@=%mM+1=a+1+a-c+a; or =¢@-a@= (c+ a)(¢— a) =c+a since c—a = 1. 40.28 = g+2Vol; Veg t+ Vol; +. 28 — Vt= Vot;and “VV 4 . Since y = 2x, 3y-+ y +4 = 122% + 2 +4. Wat + Qe +4 = 1B + 4e $4; are de, r= 0. 2 et se@+-4=2n—-3-AWr—-34+1; = —1/x—3. Thisis impossible since the left side is positive while the right side is ae 43, Let the largest side be c. Then a+ b+c < 12. But c ax and ar > a’. Lmile y, 1 mile Lmile 1/2 45. Mi = Ne = Taya Nt — Me = “DD = 1,2)"47. 48. 49. SOLUTIONS: 1956 EXAMINATION 123 NeoeNE i/o 2 ™ = 1/2 a ~ 49° -. the percent increase is 100 - — ~ 2%. Solving for x we have x = 1/(2N + 1). Since N is positive, 1/(2N + 1) is positive and less than 1. —_~. (A) is the correct choice. In 1 day, x machines can do 4 of the job and x -+ 3 machines 4 of the job. . 3 machines can do } — } = 4 of the job in 1 day, and 1 machine can do yy of the job in 1 day. Hence, 18 days are needed for 1 machine to complete the job; or (2+ 3)/z = 3/2; +. x = 6, that is, 6 machines can do 1/3 of the job in 1 day, ete. Let (3p + 25)/(2p — 5) = n, a positive integer. Then, 3p + 25 = kn, 2p- 5 =k; + kn — 8) = 65 = 1-65 = 5-13, é 1, 65, 5, or 13 and 2n — 3 = 65, 1, 13, or 5 correspondingly. 2p =5+1, 5465, 545, or 5+13; - p= 3, 35, 5, or 9. +. choice (B) is correct. AP = 40°; 4 PAB + 4PBA = 180° — 40° = 140°. 4.TAS = 180° — 4 PAB; ARBS = 180° — x PBA; XTAS + XRBS = 360° — 140° R o a Since OA and OB bisect 8 angles TAS and RBS, respectively, NX / 4048 + 4088 ~ 42009 = 110% A <4 AOB = 180° — 110° = 70°. The number of degrees in %AOB is "dependent of the position of tangent ASB. 4ACB = 180° — 2A. Since CA = CD, eae AD 4[180° — (4 ACB + 90°) 4[180° — (180° — 24 + 90°) c A— 45° '80°-28- =A-X, aX = 45° Anas Ase o = 12, 1 14, 15. . In this case a = 8r + 2, b= 2, = — s THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 1957 Solutions Part 1 ‘The altitudes, the medians, and the angle-bisectors are distinct for the legs but coincident for the base. Hence, 7 lines, d/2 = 4, h= 8, 2/2 = —3, k= 3, 1-(1-a)/1-a+a)=1-—1+a4 =a, provided a #1. sab + ac = (32 + 2)z + (8x + 2)(—5). log a — logb + logb — loge + loge — logd — log a — log y + log d + log x = log (x/y). ‘Thedimensionsare x, 10—2z, 14—2r. -. V = 140 — 482° + 42, For the inscribed circle 1 = h/3 = 8V/3/6._p = 38 = 6y/3r = (6V/3)(4-V3) = 72. (A = at, r= VB = 43.) ‘The numbers are easily found to be 20, 30 and 50. -. 30 = 20a ~ 10; as 2 2— (-2)' =2- 16 = —14. For a low or high point x = —4/4 = —1 (see 1950, Problem 41). When x= —1, y= 1. The point (—1, 1) is alow point since the coefficient of 2? is positive. - 90 — (60° + 3-30)° = 224°; «. (E) is correct. (See also 1951, Problem 12.) 10? = 10-10-; +. 10-4 — 2-10-% = 10-*(10 — 2) = 8-10-, (A) and (B) are irrational. Of the remaining choices only (C) is between Vi and V3. Since Vz — 22 1 =|z—-1| and VP F241 = |24+1], (D) is correct. The formula satisfying the table is s = 10. When ¢ = 2.5, # = 62.5.SOLUTIONS: 1957 EXAMINATION 125 Part 2 16. Since the number of goldfish n is a positive integer from 1 to 12, the graph is a finite set of distinct points. 17. The longest path covers 8 edges, and 8-3 = 24 (inches). 18. ABM is a right triangle. By similar triangles, AP/AB = AO/AM. -. AP-AM = AO-AB. 19. 10011; = 1-2 4+ 0-2? + 0-28 + 1-24 1-29 = 164+2+1= 19. (See also 1956, Problem 31.) tft ty 20. =3(5+4): 1A = 477. (Seo 1950, Problem 27.) 21, (1) is the inverse, (2) is the converse, (3) is the contrapositive, and (4) is an alternative way of stating the theorem. — ~. the combination (3), () is correct. 2. Vr—-1+1=VvEFi; z-1l+2@/e-1+1l=241. a QVe-1=1; 42-4 = 1; and «4x = 5. (This value of x satisfies the original equation.) 23. The intersection points are (0, 10) and (1, 9). d= V(-IF +P = V3 24. (10 + wu)? — (10u + Of = 99(¢ — w). This is divisible by 9, 11, t+ut—u *. (B) is the correct choice. 25. From Ri(c, d), draw line segment RA perpendicular to the z-axis. Let O denote the origin (0, 0). Ried) B: (c,d) Bb Qibjo) A * al ‘OB, o) Ife >, area APQR = area trapezoid OPRA — area AQAR — area AOPQ = }ela + d) — fd(c — 6) — gab = Hac + bd — ab). Ife 0 implies 2 — 1 > 0. a>,“ ]a| > 1, thatis, > lore <—1. Combining these, wehave r= 0, 2< —I, c2>1. 30. The formula is S = n(n + 1)(2n + 1)/6; or first let S = 1? and then let S = 1* + 2. 1 +e(2 +b) 6 and ree= cee Solving for ¢ and k, wehave c= k = 1. 31. Let z be the length of one of the legs of the isosceles triangle. Then a side of the square is given by 1 — 2x and this side must equal the hy- potenuse of the triangle (to form a regular octagon). a2 = 1-2 nas (2- V2)/2. 32. Since né — n = (n — I)n(n + 1)(W? + 1) = k(n? + 1), where k is a product of 3 consecutive integers, k is always divisible by 6 at least (see 1951, Problem 15). We show next that in addition, x‘ — n is always divisible by 5. If we divide » by 5, we get a remainder whose value is either 0, 1, 2,3, or 4; i¢ n=dgtr, 7 =0,1,2,3 or 4 By the binomial theorem, (5q + 7)* — (5g + 1) (5q)* + 5(5q)*r + 10(5g)%* + 10(5q)*r* + 5(5q)r4 + r* — 59-7. =5N+r—7, where WV is an integer. nb—n8 37. SOLUTIONS: 1957 EXAMINATION 127 Ir=0, nb—-n=5N is divisible by 5. Ir=1, nt—n=5N is divisible by 5. Ir=2, nt—n=5N+30 =5(N +6) _ is divisible by 5. Ifr=3, n= 5N +240 = 5(N +48) is divisible by 5. Ifr=4, nt—n=5N + 1020 = 5(N + 204) is divisible by 5. Thus, for all integers n, n* — n isdivisible by 5 and by 6 hence by 30; or né — n = n(n — 1) is divisible by 5 since n™-! = 1 (mod p) where p isaprime. — -. nb — n is divisible by 30 grt 9 = 240, (BI 1) = 240, BB, Oe = and 2.2 =}. x + y? < 25 is the set of points interior to the circle 2? + y* = 25. Let the straight line x + y = 1 intersect the circle in A and B. Then all the points of the straight line segment AB, except A and B, are also interior to the circle. -. (C) is correct. }. All the triangles so formed with A as one vertex are similar. Let hy be the side parallel to BC at a distance (k/8)-AC from A, k = 1,2, -++,7. She 10 0k S (yee 4G. a ee Sait haters + hr = (10/8) (1+ 2+ -++ +7) = 35. Part 3 If z+y=1, then P = zy = 2(1 — 2) = —2' +2, The largest value of P occurs when x = 1/2 (see 1950, Problem 41). 2. P (maximum) = 1/4. By similar triangles MN/2 = 5/12, or MN = 52/12. Also, NP = MC = 12-2. = 12 — 2+ 52/12 = (144 — 72)/12, . 10L + u — (10u + t) = 9(t — u). Since both ¢ and wu lie between 0 and 9, ¢ — u cannot exceed 9. -. Ot — u) cannot exceed 81. The possible cubes are, therefore, 1, 8, 27, and 64, of which only 27 is divisible by 9. Ot — u) = 27; t= u+ 3 so that the possibilities for N = 10¢ + wu are 96, 85, 74, 63, 52, 41, 30, seven in all. Let ¢ be the time each man walked. Then the distance the second man walked is given by S = 2+42}4+- +r tgyetee .# ute Py 4t= 72; 4 = 95 and ~. each man walks 36 miles, 80 on they meet midway between M and N.128 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 40. When the vertex is on the z-axis, y = 0 and the roots of —2? + bz — 8 = 0 are equal since this parabola touches the z-axis at only one point. —. b# — 32 = 0 and b = “v/32. 41. There is no solution when a(—a) — (a — 1)(a + 1) = 0, that is, when a = +/2/2 (see 1950, Problem 14); or solve for z, obtaining z = (2a — 1)/(2a* — 1), which is undefined when 2a? — 1 = 0, that is, when a = +4/2/2. 42, For integral values of n, i* equals either ¢, —1, —i or +1. When =i, then i = 1/i= d/l. + S canbe 0, ~2, or +2. 43. On the line z = 4 the integral ordinates are 0, 1, 2, ---, 16; on the line x = 3 they are 0,1,2,---,9; on 2 =2 they are 0,1, +++, 4; on z= 1 they are 0, 1; and on 2 = 0 the integral ordinate is 0. «. The number of lattice points is 17 + 10 + 5 +2 +41 = 35. 44. ABAD = ¥CAB ~ ACAD = 4CAB — 4CDA %CAB — (XBAD + XB). * 24BAD = XCAB— XB= 30°; X BAD = 15°. 45. Solving for x, we have x = y'/(y — 1), y 1. Solving for y, we have y = («+ V2 — 42)/2; a(t — 4) > 0, so that x > 4 or x <0 and (A) is the answer. Note that choice (B) was quickly elimi- nated. The values x = 4, y = 2 rule out choices (D) and (C). The values z= 5, y = (5 + >/5)/2 rule out (E). 46. The center of the circle is the point of intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of the given chords. Draw the radius to the endpoint of one of the chords und use Pythagoras’ Theorem. ors a + (1/2) = 65/4, += V8/2, d= /6. 47, XY is the perpendicular bisector of AB. ©. MB = MA. 4BMA is inseribed in a semi-circle and thus is a right angle, * 4ABM = 45°; +. AD = 90°; and +. AD = rv/2.SOLUTIONS: 1958 EXAMINATION 129 48. Consider first the special case where M coincides with C. Then AM = AC_and BM + MC = BM = BC= AC. “AM = BM + MC. To prove this in general, lay off MN (on MA) equal to MC. Since 4.CMA = 60°, AMCN is equilateral. We can show that AACN & AMCB because AC = CB, CN = CM, and %ACN = ¥ACM — 60° = 4MCB. -. BM = AN and AM = AN + MN = BM + MC. 49. Let _z and be the two upper segments of the non-parallel sides. Then 3+y+2=9+6-y+4-—-2. “2+y = 8. Since iy = 4:6 = 2:3, 29/3 + y = 8. ee “and y:(6 — y) = 24/5:6/5 = 24:6 = 4:1, 50. A’ABB" is a trapezoid. Its median 00’ is perpendicular to AB. 00’ 5 (4M + BB) =} (AG + BG) = <. 0” is a fixed distance from O on the perpendicular to AB, and therefore the point 0” is stationary. 1958 Solutions Part] . 2 = 3-1) = ( - 4) ~ttitte—-)) z+1_, t+I-@=-) oe 5, 2+ VIM V2 ~ 2) + V2-2 +24 V2_ . (2 + V2)(/2 = 2) - ee ee 3 ete )-130 x 10. THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK y = mz + is satisfied by (—1,1) and (3,9), 50 l=—-m+b and 9 =3m+d; b=3; and the equation is y = 2x + 3. When y = = 2 V¥ = x, irrational; W/8 = Wh Vig" itrational; W000IG = W/E X10 = 2-100, irrational; 1 V- 1-09)! = =1-4, rational. B+ Raat Metal, = (ot W/20. vee vee. For 2 to bereal, k* — 4k* > 0, an impossi- bility. . Replace W/5 — aV/5 — a by 5 — x = 25 — x). The solution set for this equation is {5, 1, —1} but the solution set. for the original equation is {5,1}; or =2V/5—a. If 5-20, divide by 5 —z and obtain r=1; if 5-2 =0, then x = 5. . log s — log P __log (#/P) . = = To) ge ee ee eine log P = logs — nlog (1 + 4); n= SETS = eae 8) . Set up the following table, a one-to-one correspondence between the elements of the boy set and the girl set: Boy number eee eee eee Girls danced with 5 6 7---b+ 4; ag =b+4 b=g—4 or by the formula for the last term of the arithmetic sequence 5, 6, 7, 5+ (6-10); b g Seeitel . Take a special case, the square, where all the inscribed angles are equal; and each inscribed angle x = }(270°); 4z = 540°;21. 23. 24. SOLUTIONS: 1958 EXAMINATION 131 or See 1953, Problem 28. . Let _r be the radius of the circle, and a, p, s the apothem, perimeter, and side of the regular hexagon. att = 100x; r = 10; A = dap = 3as; a = + A = 3-10-20//3 = 200/83. = 10; 8 = 2-10/+/3; . Flog a > log 2, logz > log 4, « > 4; or log x > log 2V/z, > 2V/z, Vr 22224. 3 A = wrt; 2A = x(n tn); Qar? = x(r? + rn + v2); r = n(l + V2); the negative value 1 — +/2 is not used. . a = cr, bt = cs; 1/2 = at/b? = 1/9. (See 1956, Problem 38.) 4 4d = 24; Bde = Dd; 4 = 32; (OP = 2, Or = = (22)? = 5°? = 25/5. Part 2 Consider the special case with A on C. The answer is.obvious; A(ACED) = 1°; A(AAOB) = 47°; ratio 2:1. Wheny=6 2 =4 or —3; when y 62-00 1. Because of symmetry the particle may roll from (4, 6) to (1, —6) or from (~3, 6) to (0, —6). In either case the horizontal distance is 3. w= 2-3; = (etal — 3 ye — = Har tat. Let a = rate north = 30 mph, 6 = rate south = 120 mph. The average rate for the round trip is a4 (see 1950, Problem 27). 2ab__ 2-30-120 CU -A=logz, 2 B = logsk: nk 5 (loge x)(logsk) = AB 3 2 = (87) = 5 = 125.132 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 2.8 =a tat tan; v= 5(a, + 20) — 20 + 5(az + 20) — 20 4 ++ = 5a, + 80 + 5a, + 80+ +++ + 5a, + 80 = 5G + ae + +++ + ay) + 800 = 58 + 80n; or = 8 Zola + 20) — 20) = 5350, + ¥ 80 = 55 + Bon. — Oy _ 3 +3 _ (k/2) Oe Ae 3 ee where Ay = y2 — wy, ete. Water | water tete | Antifreeze “Antifreeze left First Second Third Fourth Oe Ole : 10H _ 175 Water: Ti = g5gi antifreeze: 75" = ore 29, From triangle AEC, r++ y+ w = 180°. From triangle BED, m+ a+ w+ b= 180°. natytn=atbdbtm or + yf = abl; riilgtei_, Lette ata Gp te eae (a + y)? = a? + 2xy + yb = ab? + 2 = (ab + 2). 3] Denote each side by @ and the base by 2b. 2a + 2b = 32; a+b = 16; @ — 8 = (a 8)(a +d) = (a— d)16 = 64; a-b= 45 ‘area = 8-6 = 48. 32. 25s + 26¢ = 1000; 8 = 40 — 26¢/25 The only solution in positive integers is c = 25, 33. Let the roots be p,q where p = 29; p +4 = 39 = —b/a; 9 = B/at; Pq = 24! = c/a. Division of 94° by 24° yields $ = b#/ac or 2b = Sac.37. 8 38. 39. SOLUTIONS: 1958 EXAMINATION 133 6+ 1>7—-de,e>8 wd < <2 . There is no loss of generality by placing one vertex at the origin, 0. Let the other two vertices be A(a,c) and B(b,d). Let D and C be the projections of A and B, respectively, on the z-axis. Therefore: area OBA = area OCBA — area OCB = area ODA + area DCBA — area OCB = fac + ¥(b — a)(c + d) — bd = d(be — ad) Since a, b, ¢, d are integers, this is rational. Let h be the altitude and z, the smaller segment. 30 — a? = ht = 78 — (80 — x); x = 15; 80 — 65. =fRat w—Uds a= Kl n=%t1d=1 a= G+ DB + h+ OD - 2k + 3k + 3k +1 = BH 38+ B+ Lt R= (hE IER. gid= 7 yz 1 max. val. = (when z = 0) =7=1 or denote by @ the angle between OP and the positive z-axis. Sin 6 = s. Cos@ = c. Let st — Since ® + ¢ = 1,28 = 1 +a; ase 1 Since the maximum value of s is 1, max a ymina = 1. If 2>0, &+2—-6=0; (x — 2)(e + 3) = 0; z+340; 2-2. Ife<0, 2-2 2-380; 05 0; (@ — 3)(e + 2) =0 or (z| + 32 joe ee 2) =2 ie,2=2 or —2, When n= 1, ai — Gee When n= 2, ai — aie 10. 33.134 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Part 3 2c A HOF 4) = BCE 42. AAEB ~ AABD; 40 28, AD = 18. 2 2 16a a+! =F +h 65 = (a +); @4+R=0=52; c= 2/13. 44. Let p be the proposition “a is greater than b”, Let q be the proposition “c is greater than a”. Let r be the proposition “e is greater than f”. From the given, pq and ~q—>r. From the Rule of the Contrapositive, ~g-—+ ~p and ~r —q. Therefore, (A), (B), (C), (D) are not valid conclusions. 45. Let «= 10a +6 dollars y= 10e+d cents. The face value of check is 1000a + 100b + 10¢ + d cents. The cashed value of check is 1000c + 100d + 10a + b cents. The difference is 990c + 99d — (990a + 996) 1786. ©. (We + d) — (10a + b) = 18 or y — z = 18. Therefore, y can equal 2x. The sum of a number and its reciprocal is numerically least when the number is 1. For ¢ — 1 = 1, 2 = 2 which is excluded; z—1=-1 and y = —1. Allother values of z in the interval given yield values of y less than —1; dy _ (2x — 2)(2¢ — 2) — (2* — 22 + 2)(2) a @x — 2) 2=0, x= 2 (excluded). By testing with values close to « = 0 to the right and to the left, we find that y isa maximum when z = 0.SOLUTIONS: 1958 EXAMINATION 135 47, APTR ~ AATQ; PR/AQ = PT/AT — PT = AT (4PAT = %PBS = %APT); PR = AQ, PS = OF, PR + PS = 40+ OF = AF; or ASBP = 4TPA = &TAP, A,Q,R,P_areconeyclic, arc PR = ate AQ, PR = 4Q, PS = QF; PR + RS = AP. 48. Let Q be the foot of the perpendicular from P to AB and let QB = z. Then (PQ)! = 2(10 - 2). OP = V/x10— 2) + (6-2) DP = V200- 2) + 4 —aP CP + DP = V/36 = 2c + Vi6 + 2x. ‘This sum is greatest when 4/36 — 2x = +/16 + 22, that is when x = 5. Hence (E); or an ellipse through A and B with C and D as foci is the locus of points P’ such that CP’ + P'D = 10; since this ellipse lies entirely inside the given circle (except at the points of tangency A and B), we see that CP + PD = 10 for all points P on the circle, the sign of equality holding only when P coincides with A or B. O(a + Oe 49. (a + b + €) = (a + b) + 10(a + b)%e + at + 10(a + b)c? + c'. Since the expansion of (a + b)" has n + 1 distinct terms, in extended form the first term above has 11 distinct terms, the next has 10, ete. The total number of distinet. terms is 1424344 — PL 6 = 06. =u; PEP BR = 1/4 1+ BP =1+4PB; PB=4—- 17 — 4a, e+ y = 17 - 3a, or m = = 1 = <4 since for x = 3, y = 5, fort =4, y= 1. ys de tb, y = 40 +17, b= 17. When x = a, 2 +y = 17 - 3a136 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 1959 Solutions Part 1 S (old) = 62%; S (new) = 6(1.52)* = 13.502", Increase = 7.52" = $(62"). Increase (%) = 125. 2, Let x be the distance from P to AB. By similar triangles 1_(1—2z) . 1 57 wlo-r= +5; v2 (negative sq. root rejected). 3. There are a variety of figures satisfying the given conditions, and not falling within the classifications (A), (B), (C), (D), for example, the “kite”, 1 1 1 hatgetge = 2. 9x = 468. 37 174. (256)""(256)"" = (256) = (256)!" = 4, ee The converse is: If a quadrilateral is a rectangle, then it is a square. ‘The inverse is: If a quadrilateral is not a square, then it is not a rectangle. Both statements are false; or use Venn diagrams to picture the sets mentioned. x @ + +d} = (a+ 2d); “a= 3d (a = —d is excluded); + a/d = 3/1. 8. a? — 6x + 13 = ( — 3)! + 4. The smallest value for this expression, 4, is obtained when z = 3; or graph y = 2? — 6r + 3. The turning point, whose ordinate is 4, is a minimum point. (See 1950, Problem 41.) 2 - 1 1 sna ontgntent7. n= 140. 10. Let the altitude from B to AC be h. Then since AD = } AB the altitude from D to AE is 3h. Let AE =z. Then = 108.SOLUTIONS: 1959 EXAMINATION 137 11. Let logs 0625 = 2; +. 2° = .0625 = MW+a_ 50+a +a 10+a' 12, Let a = the constant: sum of numbers umber of numbers * = 1900 — 45 — 55 = B 13. Arithmetic mean = * S = 50 X 38 = 1900; oe 375. 14. Addition, subtraction, and multiplication with even integers always yield even integers. Note: This is a good opportunity to underscore operational restrictions imposed by the available domain. 15. ¢ = 2ab; at + = Dab; (a — WY = 0; and wa =. Since the right triangle is isosceles, one of the acute angles is 45°. tg I WME- WD e- 32-4) | EH DEHD Ge H > wysatt, t= 5-0-8 =5 and a=6. 18. The sum of the first n positive integers is oa mat. Since the correct choice is (E). 19. Weighs wed xe See 1. singly 3 2. two at a time (same pan) 3 3. three at a time (same pan) 1 4. two at a time (diff. pans) 3 5. three at a time (diff. pans) 3 Total = 13138 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Part 2 ap ool 2 ce 21, R = Z altitude = V3= a 3v3" 22. The median of a trapezoid goes through the midpoints of the diagonals. Let x be the length of the shorter base. v length of median =34+ 343; + 3Ge+07) = 34343, x 2-91. 23. logue (a? — 15a) = 2; 1 = a — 15a; and a = 20 or a= —5. 2 m mitt om ot mee 100) ~*~ 100 = Bm" 25. Let AB be a straight line segment with its midpoint at 3, and its right end at B. Each of the two intervals from A to 3 and from 3 to B is less than 4. Hence B is to the left of 7 and A is to the right of —1; or ifz<¢3, |8—2| <4 means 3-2 <4, ce eeet eae 2>3, |8—z| <4 means r-3 <4, ae <0SOLUTIONS: 1959 EXAMINATION 139 27. The sum of the roots is 1/i = —i. 28. The bisector of an angle of a triangle divides the opposite sides into segments proportional to the other two sides (see 1953, Problem 28). sine £.2=8, pee, aca a = ae 30, Let x = B’s time in seconds. Letting ! represent the length of the track, 1 Ge = we have (15) + £(18) = 1 ee = 2h ; roe 2% | 31. Let 20 be the side of the smaller square. Then “5 = —? ; = V50. Let S betheside of the langer square. Then S=rV2=10; + A = 100. 32. The point A, the point of tangency, and the center of the circle, de- termine a right triangle with one side 1, another side r, and the hy- potenuse z +r, where z is the shortest distance from A to the circle. (ty tha (etry; fob ° 1 38. 1g gegg 10 with d= — 7 <. the terms of the H.P. are 3, 4, 6, 12 only (since 0 has no reciprocal). 2 Se = 2. Bat —Brt1=0; re=1 and rt+e=3; BGs art et =9; and we te = 35. Solving for x wehave 2(—m +n) = —mnt+ant; can. 36. Let the triangle be ABC, with AB = 80, BC =a, CA. = 90-4, 60°. Let CD be the altitude to AB. Let x = BD. + OD = V3, a = 2x, b = 90 — 2x; +. 82? + (80 — 2)? = (90 — 2z)*; (= D0-M-DoG es 8140 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 38. 40+ V2 =1, or 42-1 = —v/8z. + 16x? — 10r +1 = 0; “2 =}. (x = 4 does not satisfy the original equation); or lt y=vVve 1 4y + V2y -— 4V3 hus 2 = =}, § (Reject) = 0 and y= 2¥2, or 8 a+ 20+ 3at- 40, Let G be a point on EC so that FE = EG. Connect D with G. Then FDGB isa parallelogram. -. DG = 5, AF = 10, AB = 15. Part 3 Al, 2 + (x — 4)? = (@ + 4) 42. Represent a, b, c in terms of their prime factors. Then D is the product of all the common prime factors, each factor taken as often as it appears the least number of times in @ or b or c. M_ is the product of all the non-common prime factors, each factor taken as often as it appears the greatest number of times in a or b or c. Therefore, MD may be less than abe, but it cannot exceed abe. Obviously, MD equals abe when there are no common factors. 43, Leth be the altitude to side AB. Any other altitude can be used equally well. Then right triangle ACD is similar to right triangle ECB because angle A and angle # are equal. Hence 22/25 = 40/h. To find h, we use the area:SOLUTIONS: 1959 EXAMINATION A41 Area of ABC = }h-39 = Vs—a)(@— B=) = VE\IATHIA7) =4-9-13. pe HOB — og WZ ™ | “gta ahh a eZ a coe ar 44, Let the roots be 1+ m and 1+ n with m and n both positive. os ltm+1l+n=—b and (1+ m(1+n)=0 e=btce+1l=mn>0. 45. Since log. b = 1°82 | we have, with base 2, log a loge log2e logy _ » Jog3 ‘Toga * fog 2z logy = 2log3 =log9; y= 9. 46. rainy mornings _non-rainy mornings rainy : afternoons non-reiny : afternoons d=atbtete, atb+e=7,a=0,cte bte=6; ~e=2, and .d=9. 47. 48, For h = 3 wecan have Iz, Iz'+ 1, zt — 1, 2z', 32°F. {The number A is known as the height of the polynomial. It is utilized in proving that the number of polynomials with integer coefficients is a countable in- finity, the lowest one in the scale of infinities.142, THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 49. Combine the terms in threes, to get the geometric series ares e eee + 2, Gtgptagtoc 8 8= =3i or rearrange the terms into three series: V+et+eeti, -b— te — rhe +++, —b- a abe — Sos ee a 7 Sr | 2 o8eq. 50. This problem may be interpreted as a miniature finite geometry of 4 lines and 6 points, so that each pair of lines has only 1 point in common, and each pair of points has only 1 line in common; or 1960 Solutions Part 1 . Substituting 2 for z, we have 2+h2+10=0. wh = -9. . For the six strokes there are five equal intervals so that the time interval between successive strokes is one second. For twelve strokes, then, eleven seconds are required. vor~ = s 10. . 40% of $10,000 is $4,000; 36% of $10,000 is $3,600 SOLUTIONS: 1960 EXAMINATION 143 4% of ($10,000 — $3,600) is $256. $3,600 + $256 ~, the difference is $4,000 — $3,856 = $144; $3,856; or two successive discounts of 36% and 4% are equivalent to one discount of 38.56% (see 1950, Problem 22) . The triangle is equiangular with side 4. A = 84/3/4 = 4/8/4 = 4/3. ). Substitute y* = 9 into z*+ y* = 9 to obtain z* +9 = 9, so that = 0. Therefore, the common solutions, and, hence, the intersection points are (0, 3) and (0, —3); or 2 + y! = 9 represents a circle with radius 3 and centered at the origin. y' = 9 represents the pair of lines y = +3 and y = —3, tangent to the circle at (0, 3) and (0, —3). . Since 100 = rd, d = 100/x. Let + be the side ofthe inscribed square. sa d/V2 100/r-V2 = 50V/2/n. . Area II/Area I = #R?/xrt = (2r)?/r = 4; ©. Area II = 4 Areal = 4-4 = 16, Let N = 2.52525---, 100N = 252.52525---. Subtracting the first equality from the second, we obtain 99N = 250; .. N = 250/99. Since this fraction is already in lowest terms, we have 250 + 99 = 349. CHU C+ 2b _ (a+b) —- ce _(atbte)(atb—c) @+E—K+ Mc (Cate? - KP (a+e+da+e—b) uatb-e “ate-b with (a+)? #0. To negate the given statement we say: It is false that all men are good drivers, that is, at least one man is a bad driver. . The product of the roots, here, is equal to 2k? — 1. Wt -1=7, = 4 ‘The discriminant = (—3k)* — 4-1-(2k* — the roots are irrational. = +4 = 8; therefore . The locus is circle, centered at the given point, having a radius equal to that of the given circles,144 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK 13. The given lines intersect pairwise in the three points (0, 2), B(4/3, — 2) and_C(—4/3, —2). These three points are the vertices of a triangle with AC = AB, each of length 4+/10/3, and BC = 8/3, so that (B) is the correct choice. 14. 32 —5 +a = br +1, 32 — be = 6 — a, z = (6 — a)/(3 — Bb) if b#3. 15. Since the triangles are similar, we have A/a = P/p = R/r = V/K/VE always, so that (B) is the correct choice. 16. 69 = 2-5? + 3-5 + 4-1 = 2345 (that is, 234 in the base 5 system). The correct choice is, therefore, (C). (See also 1956, Problem 31.) 17. We have N = 8-10%-2-*”? with N = 800; solve for 2: 800 = 8-108-27*”, = 102°", 2? = 10, 2? = 10, 2 = 10. 18, 3°47 = 81 = caty=4; 8lv=3=8t w2-y=h .2=244, y =2— 4% and the correct choice is (E). 19. For (A) we have n+n+1l+n+2=3n+3 = 46, an impossibility for integral n. For (B) we have 2n + 2n+2+2n+4 = 6n+6 = 46, an impossibility for integral n. For (C) we have nt n+1+n+2+n+3 = 4n+6 = 46, solvable for integral n. For (D) we have 2n-+ 2n+2+2n+4+ +6 = 8n + 12 = 46, an impossibility for integral _n, For (E) we have 2n + 1+ 2n+3+2n+5+2%+7 = 8n + 16 = 46, an impossibility for integral n. “a -4) = gpl +8074) 8 5 (ay ay + S28 aya) + 23 1 8 Bs 123 ‘The required term is 23 5 (24% the coefficient is —14; or 1 (gy) 1 8-7-6 wp C8 SMA)" = gh SE the required coefficient is — 14. 3 (—4)') = — 142%;SOLUTIONS: 1960 EXAMINATION 145, Part 2 21. Let bea side of square I; 8, a side of square II. Area I = st, Area II = S%. Since St = 2s, S = 84/2. But a/V2 = (a+ /V2; 8 = [Ca + D/VIV2 =a + d; «+ the perimeter of II = 48 = 4(a + 0). 22. (x + m) — (c +n)? = (m — n)*. Factor the left side of the equation as the difference of two squares. @+m—x-—net+m+aetn) = (m—nyP (m — n)(Qx + m+n) = (m— nj Since m #1, 2c -+m+n=m-—n, = —n, so that (A) is the correct choice. 23. V = «RH, x(R + 2) = RYH + 2); RH + 2RaH + 2H = RH + Ree; 2ReH + 2H = Rea; since x # 0, QRH + 2H = Ry 2 = 22H For R=8 and H=3, 2 = 10, so that (C) is the correct choice. A. logs 216 = 2, (22)? = 216, 2-27 = 2.3%, ‘An obvious solution to this equation is z = 3, so that (A) is the correct choice. 25, m= +1 where r= 0, stl, £2,+++; n= 2%+1 where s=0, 1, £2,---; m — nb = art + drt — 4st — 48-1 = 4(@r — 0) + e+ 1), a number certainly divisible by 4. If r and ¢ are both even or both odd, r — ¢ is divisible by 2, and r+e+1 isnot. If r and ¢ are one even and one odd, then r + @ + 1 is divisible by 2,and r —s is not. Thus m? — n? is divisible by 4-2 = 8. 26. The numerical value of |5 — 2| must be less than 6 for the inequality to hold. Therefore, x must be greater than —1, and less than 11; or BH 3 a-1; .-l<2 - 360 = 2700. Since S = (nm — 2)180, (n — 2)180 = ane, n = 17. A 17-sided polygon that is equiangular may or may not be equilateral, and, hence, regular. A formal solution of = — sa- ae a yields a repeated value of Sfor 2, But r= 3 makes the expression ~ 7__ meaningless. The 3 correct choice is, therefore, (B). . Ba + b> Sl. 3a — b = 21; -. 8a 72, a> 9, 3a> 27. Since b= 3a—21,b>6. The locus of points equidistant from the coordinate axes is the pair of lines y= 2 and y = —2. Solve simultaneously 3z + 5y = 15 and y = z toobtain x = y = 15/8. The point (15/8, 15/8) in quadrant I, therefore, satisfies the required condition. Solve simultaneously 3x + 5y = 15 and y = —z toobtain z = —15/2, y = 15/2. The point (—15/2, 15/2) in quadrant I, therefore, satisfies the required condition. There are no other solutions to these pairs of equations, and, therefore, no other points satisfying the required condition. Part 3 Let the other factor be 2 + az + b. Then (a? + 2a +.5)(x* + ax + b) sat + 22-4 a) + 25 + b+ 2a) + 2(50 + 2) + 5b = a+ pot g Match the coefficients of like powers of 2: For 2: 2+a=0; a= -2 Forz: 5a + 2b = 0; b=5. For at: 5 + b+ 2a = p; p=6 For 2": Sb= gq) g = 25; or = at so that x! + pet +9 = y' + py +g. Let the roots of ¥ + py +q=0 be r and st, Since y = z* the roots of a+ pot + q=0 must be tr, ts. Now 2° + 2x+5 isa factor of x + pat + q; consequently, one pair of roots, say r and s, must satisfy the equation z* + 2r + 5 = 0. It follows that —r and —s32. SOLUTIONS: 1960 EXAMINATION 147 must satisfy the equation 2* — 2z + 5 = 0. Therefore, the other factor must be 2? — 2r + 5. GE Qe + 5) (at — Oz 5) mw at + Gat + 25 wot + pat tg. p= 6,9 = 25; or +(p-1) ee 7 aati ae bat — 2xt + (p — 5)a* = 22 — at — 10z @— D+ 10z + q (p = 1)z? + 2p — 1a + 5(p — 1) (12 — 2p)z + (q Since the remainder must be zero (why?), 12 — 2p = 0, p = 6 and q- Spt+5=0, g= 2%. Since AB is tangent to the circle, we have AD/AB = AB/AE, AB = AD-AE. But AE = AD + 2r = AD + AB; AB: = AD(AD + AB) = AD + AD-AB. AD = AB* — AD-AB = AB(AB — AD). Since AP = AD, APt = AB(AB — AP) = AB-PB. All those numbers P +n of the sequence P+2, P+3, ---, P+59 for which n is prime are divisible by n because n already occurs as a factor in P. In the remaining members, n is composite and hence can be factored into primes that are smaller than 59. Hence all terms :. all members of the sequence are composite. We graph the posi- tion of each swimmer with respect to time {this graph ends with t = 3 (minutes)}. At the end of 3 minutes they are back to their original positions, so that in 0” 30 € 80" 180” 150” 160 (seconds) 12 minutes this cycle is repeated four times. Since there are five meet- ings in this cycle, the total number of meetings is 4-5 = 20. ‘The problem may be viewed as one in periodic phenomena; the period for the faster swimmer is 60 seconds, while the period for the slower swimmer is 90 seconds (the period is the time-interval necessary for the swimmer to return to his starting point). The common period is 180 seconds or 3 minutes. DISTANCE (feet)148, THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK t/n,_mn = #. Since m+n = 10, # = m(10 — m). vt = Vm =m). Since m, 10 — m, and ¢ are integers, we have {= 3 when m= 1 and t= 4 when m= 2. The remaining integral values of m, namely m = 3,4,6,7, yield non-integral values of 4. The value m= 5 cannot be used, since m and n are unequal. 36. = Bat (n= Dd), = Ba + (2m — Val, a = 2 ea + (nu - Dd. R= a — 4 — 1 = 5160 + Ond — Bd — 4a — And + 2d — 2a ~ nd + = 2ntd, so that (B) is the correct, choice. 37. Designate the base of the rectangle by y. Then, because of similar : LL are ay ttn ee _-_—,_ 38.b+00=a+B at+60=c+C eb-oma-c+B-C. Since B= C, wehave b+¢= 20, a= P48, cob be _ 39, SEP = 5 a + Dab +O = ab, a + ab + b' = 0. -b + VER b+ bv 68 If } is real, a is not real. If b is not real, a may be real or not real. 40. Since CD trisects right angle C, %BCD = 30° and %DCA = 60° and ¥CDE = 30°, so that ADEC is a 30°-60°-90° triangle. Let EC =2. -. DE = 2/3 and DC = 2x. 4-7 4 , 2 2 rvs 3? 3443" Fe 24 32/3 — 24 ay = 4 _ - BS — h 34473 13 a = cSOLUTIONS: 1960 EXAMINATION 149 or Area of ABCD = 5 - 3-22-sin 30° = 3. Area of AACD = 5 - 4-2x-sin 60° = 2\/3z. Area of ABCD + Area of AACD = Area of AACB. 12 163 — 12 ae ey ce ee fet 2v3e 6,2 iH 3 32/3 — 24 2.ALY: Classification of Problems The classification of these contest problems is not a simple task; their content is so varied and their solution-possibilities so diverse that it is difficult to pigeonhole them into a few categories. Moreover, no matter which main topics one selects, there are always borderline cases that must be cross-indexed. Arithmetic, Algebra, Geometry, and Miscellaneous Topics constitute the primary groupings. Subheadings provide a somewhat more refined classification of the problems in the four main categories, the last of which has but two subheadings, Logic and Sets. Some of the problems in these two divisions are also listed elsewhere, but others could not satisfactorily be classified in any other way. Under Arithmetic are subsumed approximate-number and number- theoretic problems, and problems dealing with the arithmetic mean, with percentage, and with profit-and-loss; these are also cross-indexed with appropriate subheadings under Algebra. The majority of the problems listed under Geometry concern Euclidean geometry of the plane; the relatively few problems in coordinate geometry and solid geometry are also included here. The number preceding the semicolon refers to the last two digits of the examination year and the number following the semicolon refers to the problem in that examination. For example, 59; 13 means Prob- lem 13 in the 1959 examination. Arithmetic Approximate 51;7 53;29 numbers. Mean 50;5 51,43 52;2,45 53;45 55; 3, 38 57; 20 58; 6, 24, 26 59; 13, 18 150CLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS 151 Number theory 50; 7 51; 15, 19, 37,45 54;4 56; 31, 34 57; 19, 24, 32, 38 59; 19,42 60; 8, 16, 19, 25, 33 Pereent, 50; 8, 22,36 51; 1,8, 13 52; 16, 34 53; 2, 19,43 54;7,33 55; 7,22 56; 18, 45 59; 1,24 60;3 Profit and loss 50; 36 51;5 52; 14, 17 53; 1, 16, 30 54; 23 55; 26 56; 2 Algebra Binominal expansion _see Polynomial expansion Discriminants see Roots Equations Cubic (and higher) 50; 1353; 4 54; 20,41 6051 Indeterminate 56;6 57;45 58;32 60;19 Linear 50; 1, 2, 19, 23, 27, 28, 29, 31, 50 51; 30, 38, 39, 50 52; 4, 9, 10, 32 53; 6, 9, 10, 17, 31 54; 7, 30, 36, 48, 50 55; 2, 4, 6, 7, 26, 33, 35, 40, 41, 47, 50 56; 2, 11, 16, 19, 22, 28, 40, 41, 46, 47 57; 11, 31, 45 58; 2, 34, 40, 45, 50 59; 9, 17, 29, 30, 46 60; 2, 14, 22, 29, 34 Quadratic 50; 38,42 51; 31 52; 6,23 53; 44 54; 2, 24, 25, 44,47 55; 18, 19, 27, 30, 32 56; 7, 14, 15,23 57; 2,27 58; 9, 10, 33, 39, 41 59; 23, 27, 32, 34, 35, 44 60; 23, 28, 39 Radical 50;24 51;42 83;23 54; 21 55; 12, 30,42 56,42 57; 22 58; 11 59; 38 60;17 Systems 30; 6, 14,30 51; 35,44 52; 44, 47, 48 A8;8 54,12 5A; 19, 28, 43,46 56; 48 57; 41 60;5, 18 Exponent 520, 24,35 52; 7,47 54; 6, 34 51,13 56; 1,3, 8,9, 18 57; 9, 12, 33 60; 17, 18 Extreme value 1 51; 32, 43 55; 39 57; 10, 36 18 7, 38, 46, 48 59; 8, 32 51;8 52; 3,26 53; 3, 18 5 82, 49 55; 25 =ee er Factors $3 BBS see152 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Fractions Functions Linear Notation Polynomial Quadratic Graphs Inequalities Logarithms Numbers Complex Real Reciprocal Operations Permanence (of form) Polynomial expansion Progression Proportion (see also Variation) Ratio 50;4,40 51; 40 52;7 53;7 54; 22 55; 13 56; 11, 12,17 57;3 59;16 60;9,31 55; 10, 23, 37 58; 4 52; 11 53; 35,38 54; 16 54,17 59; 48 52; 13, 28,40 55; 24 56; 41 57; 15, 40 58; 23, 30, 38 59;8 60; 25, 31 50; 44 51; 16,33 54; 42, 45 55; 8, 28, 46,49 56; 21, 29 57; 10, 16, 23, 34, 36, 40, 41, 43 58; 7, 22, 27, 46,50 59; 50 60;5 51; 21,43 53;47 54;18 55;40 56; 44 57; 29, 34 58; 10, 34 59; 25, 35, 44 60; 26, 29 50; 25, 26, 37 51; 22, 34,45 52; 18 53; 5, 21, 22, 39,47 54; 15, 38 55; 17 56; 20 57; 5,28 58; 12, 17,25 59; 11, 23, 45 60; 24 37; 42 59;27 60; 39 52;1 54,34 56;33 57,13 58;5,8 58; 13, 46 50; 10, 18, 20 52; 11, 28, 35, 36, 42 53; 20, 24,36 54;1,14 55;16 56; 44 5T;4,14 59; 14 60;9 51; 33 58; 20 59; 38 50; 16 54; 10,40 58; 49 60;20 50; 5, 39,43 51; 9,11 52; 12, 30, 42, 50 53; 25, 27 55; 45 56; 25, 36 57; 30, 35, 39, 43 58; 14, 21, 28, 37 59; 12, 33, 37, 39, 49 60; 8, 20, 36 50;1 51; 39 52; 20,48 54; 11, 28 56; 16 57;8 59;4 60; 15, 35, 39 see ProportionCLASSIFICATION OF PROBLEMS 153 Roots (of an equa- 50;3 51; 16, 26,47 52; 6,23 53; 4, 44 tion) 54; 24, 25, 41 55; 18, 27,32 56; 7, 23, 57; 2,27 58; 10, 33,41 59; 27, 34, 44 60; 1, 11, 28 Sequence see Progression Series see Progression Variation 50; 11,19 51; 17,28 52; 25 54;3 55; 5 | 59; 20 Geometry Coordinate geometry 50; 49 52; 5 53; 49 57; 23, 25 58; 7, 22, 27, 50 60; 5, 13, 30 Plane geometry Affine properties 55; 48 60; 15 Angle measure- 51; 12 5221 54; 13, 19, 31, 37 ment 55; 2, 29, 33, 44 56; 5, 10, 24, 49 57; 11, 44,47, 48 58; 15,29 59;15 60; 38 Area 50; 8, 9, 33, 46 51; 2, 3, 10, 25, 48 52; 24, 37, 38, 46, 49 53; 13, 15, 33 8 55; 14, 15, 21, 31 56; 27, 30, 35, 37 25,26 58; 16, 18, 21, 31, 35 59; 2, 10, 21, 26 60; 4, 6, 7, 15, 21, 37 Circles 50; 8, 33, 34,35 51; 46 52; 8, 29, 33, 43 53; 10, 11, 14, 34, 50 54; 9, 26, 39, 43, 46 5B; 34, 36 56; 5, 10, 14, 45, 4957; 46, 47, 48, 58; 15 59; 32, 41,43 60; 5, 6, 7, 12, 35 Classification (of 51; 27, 29, 36, 46 52; 15 53; 32 figures) 56; 26,20 87; 1,21 59;3,6 60; 12, 13 Congruence 53; 32 55;48 57; 48 Polygons 3 sides 50; 9, 35, 46, 48, 49 51; 27, 32 52; 15, 19 55; 48 56; 24, 26, 38, 43, 49, 50 57; 44 58; 29, 36 59; 36, 40,43 60; 4, 13, 15, 38, 40 4 sides 51; 2,3 52; 33,38 54;45 55; 48 56; 50 57; 50 59; 22, 40 60; 6, 21, 37 neides(n > 4) 50; 12, 45 60; 6, 27 Proportion 50; 33,47 51; 10, 30, 48 52; 19, 24, 27 53; 12, 26, 28 54; 8,29 55; 14 56; 37 57; 18, 37, 49 58; 42,47 59; 28 60; 32154 THE CONTEST PROBLEM BOOK Pythagorean for- mula Ratio Similarity Solid geometry Logie Sets Algebra of Element of 50; 32,49 51;49 52; 22, 29, 30 53; 37, 41, 42, 46, 48 54; 35,47 55; 9 56; 39 57; 46 58; 19,43 59; 7, 15, 41 60; 40 see Proportion see Proportion 50; 21 51; 4,623 52;41 54; 27 57;6,17 59;1 60;33 Miscellaneous Topics 51,14 53;40 55; 11 56; 32 57; 21 58; 44 59; 47 60; 10 54; 2,18 59; 47 50,45 51; 31 52; 31 58; 14, 44, 49 59; 19, 48, 50