BASIC CONCEPTS OF ELECTRONICS What is electronics?
Electronics is the study of flow of electrons in various materials or space subjected to various conditions. In the past, electronics dealt with the study of Vacuum Tubes or Thermionic valves, today it mainly deals with flow of electrons in semiconductors. However, despite these technological differences, the main focus of electronics remains the controlled flow of electrons through a medium. By controlling the flow of electrons, we can make them perform special tasks, such as power an induction motor or heat a resistive coil. Plumbing Analogy a simple way to understand electrical circuits is to think of them as pipes. Let's say you have a simple circuit with a voltage source and a resistor between the positive and negative terminals on the source. When the circuit is powered, electrons will move from the negative terminal, through the resistor, and into the positive terminal. The resistor is basically a path of conduction that resists the movement of electrons. This circuit could also be represented as a plumbing network. In the plumbing network, the resistor would be equivalent to a section of pipe, where the water is forced to move around several barriers to pass through, effectively slowing its flow. If the pipe is level, no water will flow in an organized fashion, since the pressure is equal throughout the pipe. However, if we tilt the pipe to a vertical position (similar to turning on a voltage source), a pressure difference is created (similar to a voltage difference) and the water begins flowing through the pipe. This flow of water is similar to the flow of electrons in a circuit. Electricity To understand electronics, you need to understand electricity and what it is. Basically, electricity is the flow of electrons due to a difference in electrical charge between two points. This difference in charge is created due to a difference in electron density. If you have a point where the electron density is higher than the electron density at another point, the electrons in the area of higher density will want to balance the charge by migrating towards the area with lower density. This migration is referred to as electrical current. Thus, flow in an electrical circuit is induced by putting more electrons on one side of the circuit than the other, forcing them to move through the circuit to balance the charge density. Electric Charge In normal conditions all matter has a neutral or has a zero net charge. When an object receives an electron the object becomes negatively charged. When an object gives up an electron the object becomes positively charged. Each charge possesses electric field lines and charge quantities. A positive charge possesses charge quantities of +Q and has electric field lines going outward. A negative charge possesses charge quantities of -Q and has electric field lines going inward. In general, like charges will oppose each other and opposite charges will attract each other. Hence, it is a property of matter.
Coulomb's Law The force of attraction between two charges can be calculated by Coulomb's Law. Below would be the calculation between a positive and negative charge.
Ampere's Law The electric force, F, on a charge, Q, within an electric field, E, are related by Ampere's Law. On an atomic basis, this is the force that gives rise to current.
Lorentz's Law When a charge in motion passes through a magnetic field. The magnetic field will push a positive charge upward and negative charge downward in the direction perpendicular to the initial direction traveled. The magnetic force on the charge is calculated by Lorennt's Law
ElectroMagnetic Force The sum of Ampere's Force and Lorentz's Force exert on a charge is called EletroMagnetic Force
Electricity and Matter All matter interacts with Electricity, and are divided into three categories: Conductors, Semi Conductors, and Non Conductors. Conductor Matter that conducts Electricity easily. Metals like Zinc (Zn) and Copper (Cu) conduct electricity very easily. Therefore, they are used to make Conductors. Non-Conductor Matter that does not conduct Electricity at all. Non-Metals like Wood and Rubber do not conduct electricity so easily. Therefore, they are used to make Non-Conductors. Semi Conductor Matter that conducts electricity in a manner between that of Conductors and Non-Conductors. For example, Silicon (Si) and Germanium (Ge) conduct electricity better than non-conductors but worse than conductors. Therefore, they are used to make Semi Conductors.
Electricity and Conductors Normally, all conductors have a zero net charge . If there is an electric force that exerts a pressure on the charges in the conductor to force charges to move in a straight line result in a stream of electric charge moving in a straight line
Voltage The pressure the electric force exert on the charges is called voltage denoted as V measured in Volt (V) and defined as the ratio of Work Done on Charge
Current The moving of straight lines of electric charges in the conductor is called current denoted as I measured in Ampere (A) and defined as Charge flow through an area in a unit of time
Conductance Conductance is defined as the ratio of current over voltage denoted as Y measured in mho
Resistance Resistance is defined as the ratio of voltage over current denoted as R measured in Ohm
Generally, resistance of any conductor is found to increase with increasing temperature For Conductor R = Ro(1 + nT) For Semi Conductor R = Ro e
nT
When a conductor conducts electricity, it dissipates heat energy into the surrounding . This results in a loss of electric energy transmitted . If the electric supply energy is PV and the electric loss energy is PR Then the electric energy delivered: P = P V - PR
Black Body Radiation Further experience with conductors that conduct electricity . It is observed that all conductors that conduct electricity exhibit 1. Change in Temperature 2. Release Radiant Heat Energy into the surrounding Experiment Connect a conductor with an electric source in a closed loop . Plot the value I at different f to have a I - f diagram Observation for f<fo Current increasing with increasing f . Radiant heat is a wave travels at velocity v = f carries energy E = m v . for f=fo, Current stops increasing . Radiant heat is a wave travels at velocity v = c (speed of Light) carries energy E = hfo . for f>fo, Current remains at the value of current at fo . Radiant heat is a wave travels at velocity v = c (speed of Light) carries energy E = h nfo Conclusion 1. All conductor that conducts Electricity has a threshold frequency fo 2. The Radiant Heat Energy is a Light Wave of dual Wave Particle characteristic. Sometimes it behaves like Particle, sometimes it behaves like Wave 3. At Frequency f > fo . The energy of the Light is quantized . it can only have the value of multiple integer of fo . E = hf = h nfo CIRCUIT DIAGRAM It is a simplified conventional graphical representation of an electrical circuit. A pictorial circuit diagram uses simple images of components, while a schematic diagram shows the components of the circuit as simplified standard symbols; both types show the connections between the devices, including power and signalconnections. Arrangement of the components interconnections on the diagram does not correspond to their physical locations in the finished device. Unlike a block diagram or layout diagram, a circuit diagram shows the actual wire connections being used. The diagram does not show the physical arrangement of components. A drawing meant to depict what the physical arrangement of the wires and the components they connect is called "artwork" or "layout" or the "physical design."
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Circuit diagrams are used for the design (circuit design), construction (such as PCB layout), and maintenance of electrical and electronic equipment. In computer science, circuit diagrams are especially useful when visualizing different expressions using Boolean Algebra.
Three transistor audio amplifier
Circuit Symbols
Alternating current - (AC, also ac), the flow of electric charge periodically reverses direction. Direct current - (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only in one direction. Battery - is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Each battery consists of a negative electrode material, a positive electrode material, an electrolyte that allows ions to move between the electrodes, and terminals that allow current to flow out of the battery to perform work Wire - is a single, usually cylindrical, flexible strand or rod of metal. Wires are used to bear mechanical loads and to carry electricity andtelecommunications signals. Wire is commonly formed by drawing the metal through a hole in a die or draw plate. Standard sizes are determined by various wire gauges. The term wire is also used more loosely to refer to a bundle of such strands, as in 'multistranded wire', which is more correctly termed a wire rope in mechanics, or a cable in electricity. Switch - is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. Galvanometer - is a type of sensitive ammeter: an instrument for detecting electric current. It is an analog electromechanical actuator that produces a rotary deflection of some type of pointer in response to electric current flowing through its coil in a magnetic field. Amperemeter - which has the symbol A m or Am is the SI unit for pole strength in a magnet. Voltmeter - is an instrument used for measuring electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. Resistor - is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Capacitor - (originally known as a condenser) is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts ofelectrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Inductor - also called a coil or reactor, is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists changes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, usually wound into a coil. When a current flows through it, energy is stored temporarily in a magnetic fieldin the coil. When the current flowing through an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according toFaradays law of electromagnetic induction, which opposes the change in current that created it. Diode - is a two-terminal electronic component with asymmetric conductance, it has low (ideally zero) resistance to current flow in one direction, and high (ideally infinite) resistance in the other.
EXAMPLE OF ANALOG AND DIGITAL DEVICES Analog devices: Record players 8-track tape players Cassette tape players Tube amplifiers Old electric organs (like the Hammond B-3) Digital devices: Compact disc (CD) players Digital Video Disc (DVD) players Synthesizers Computers Blu-Ray players
