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Project Management: A Managerial Approach 5th Ed.
PowerPoint Presentation for: J.R. Meredith and S.J. Mantel, Jr.
2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Ch 1.1 Project Definition
Definition used by PMI:
A temporary endeavor undertaken to create a unique product or service
Ch.1.0 Introduction:
Three Project Objectives
Ch. 5.0: Reasons for Project Planning
Performance Cost Time
Establish directions for project team Support objectives of parent organization Make allowance for risk Put controls on the planned work
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Ch. 5.1: Expected Outcome of Project Launch Meeting
Ch. 5.1: Project Plan Elements
Establish technical scope Participants accept performance responsibility Tentative overall schedules and budgets Creation of a Risk Management Group
Overview Objectives General approach Contractual aspects Schedules Resources Personnel Evaluation methods Potential problems
Ch. 5.3: Even Planning Process
a)
Ch. 5.4: Steps in Designing a WBS
b)
c)
Make list of activities of similar importance in sequential order Level 1 Break each level 1 process into subprocesses as under a) Level 2 Continue to lower process levels until no further breaking is possible
List task breakdown in succeedingly finer levels Construct a responsibility matrix Establish pricing control Schedule milestones Identify problems Generate Project Master Schedule
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Developing a Project Budget
Why Budgeting for Projects is Tougher
Three major elements
Forecast what will be needed
Labor and material
How much will it cost? When will it be needed?
By definition, projects are unique, nonrecurring efforts So theres often little history, little tradition to rely on Further, projects can last for years
Thus, the budget reflects the project plan, time-phased, in dollars
7-3
More uncertainty, more risk
7-5
Two Major Approaches to Budgeting
Scheduling
Top-Down Bottom-Up Each has advantages . . . And disadvantages as well
Scheduling Defined Gantt Charts Network Techniques: PERT and CPM Determining Task Durations
Probability and Simulation
Some Examples
7-7
8-1
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Scheduling Defined
Some Benefits of Successful Scheduling
The conversion of a project action plan into an operating timetable
Serves as the basis for monitoring and controlling the project A major tool for the management of projects
Illustrates interdependence of all tasks Identifies times when resources must be available Facilitates communication throughout the project Determines critical activities/critical path Affects client expectations through establishment of activities, milestones, and completion dates
8-3
8-2
JAN
FEB
MAR
A Process for Scheduling
Gantt Charts
8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 5 12 19 26
1. Think 2. List activities 3. Arrange activities considering precedence and relationships 4. Develop Gantt charts and PERT/CPM networks 5. Determine critical activities/critical path 6. Crash and adjust as necessary
8-4
Advantages
Easy to understand Easy to show progress and status Easy to maintain Most popular view to communicate project status to client and/or senior management Can be superficial Not always easy to see precedence, relationships
8-5
Disadvantages
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PERT/CPM Network Charts
Look at a Simple Network, for a Simple Project
Activity Duration (weeks)
14 3 3 7 4 10
Predecessor
Start Start A,B B C,D E
Advantages
A B C D E F
Allows visualization of task relationships Facilitates calculation of critical path Clarifies impact of decisions on downstream activities Complex, not easy to comprehend at a glance Charts dont readily depict durations, dates, progress 8-6
Disadvantages
8-7
A Simple Network (AON) (contd)
A Start B 3 D 7 14 C 3 E 4 F 10
The Critical Path
ES = 0 EF = 14 ES = 14 EF = 17
A Start B
14
ES = 17 EF = 21
ES = 21 EF = 31
E 3 D 7
10
Finish
Finish
Calculate: Critical Path
ES = 0 EF = 3
ES = 3 EF = 10
= Critical Path
Project Duration
8-8
8-9
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Determining Slack
How much slack is there Where is it? How do you know? Why might you care?
Determining Slack (contd)
ES = 0 EF = 14 LS = 0 LF = 14 ES = 14 EF = 17 LS = 14 LF = 17 ES = 17 EF = 21 LS = 17 LF = 21 ES = 21 EF = 31 LS = 21 LF = 31
A Start B
14
E 3 D 7
10
Finish
ES = 0 EF = 3 LS = 7 LF = 10
ES = 3 EF = 10 LS = 10 LF = 17
Work Back . . .
8-11
8-10
Determining Slack (contd)
ES = 0 EF = 14 LS = 0 LF = 14 ES = 14 EF = 17 LS = 14 LF = 17 ES = 17 EF = 21 LS = 17 LF = 21 ES = 21 EF = 31 LS = 21 LF = 31
Activity Network, AOA Format
A Start B
14
E 3 D 7
10
Finish
ES = 0 EF = 3 LS = 7 LF = 10
ES = 3 EF = 10 LS = 10 LF = 17
Slack = LS - ES CP = 0 Slack, where ES = LS
What does all this mean?
8-12
8-15
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MSP AON Network, Figure 8-12
MSP Gantt Chart, Figure 8-11
8-23
8-22
A CPM Example, Figure 9-1
Resource Loading
Resource loading: types and quantities of resources, spread by schedule across specific time periods
One project, or many Identifies and reduces excess demands on a firms resources
9-12 9-17
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AOA Network, Figure 9-4
Modified PERT/CPM AOA, Figure 9-5
9-19
9-20
Load Diagrams, Figure 9-6
Network Before and After Resource Loading, Figure 9-7
9-22
9-23
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Monitoring and Information Systems
Project Monitoring Defined
Project monitoring defined The plan-monitor-control cycle Designing the monitoring system Behavioral aspects of monitoring Earned value analysis Earned value examples
10-1
Collecting, recording, and reporting information concerning any and all aspects of project performance that the project manager or others wish to know
10-2
Another Earned Value Example
Case: Earned Value at Texas Instruments
% Complete 100 100 80 25 0 10-21
A 10-day project, today is day 7
Predecessor a a b c Duration (Days) 3 2 5 4 2 Budget ($) 600 300 800 400 400 Actual Cost(s) 680 270
Activity a b c d e
10-27
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Project Control Defined
Purpose of Control
CONTROL: The act of reducing the difference between plan and reality
To make the actual meet the plan The Process
The last element in the plan-implementmonitor-control cycle Uses the information from the monitoring process to get and keep a project on track
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Identify key performance areas Set standards Measure performance Compare Take corrective action
11-6
11-2
Critical Ratio
Critical Ratio Control Limits, Figure 11-8
budgeted cost actual cost
Critical ratio = actual progress X scheduled progress I.e., CSI = SPI X CPI, as in Chapter 10
Indices and ratios greater than 1.0 are favorable
11-16
11-17
10
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THE END Q&A?
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