The City College of New York Department of Civil Engineering CE 345: Soil Mechanic !

n tr"ctor: Dr# $eorge Mylonaki

LAB EXPERIMENT #3B: HYDROMETER ANALYSIS

Introduction %y&rometer analy i i a wi&ely " e& metho& of o'taining an e timate of the &i tri'"tion of oil particle i(e from the No# )** +*#*,5 mm- ieve to aro"n& *#*. mm# The &ata are pre ente& on a emilog plot of percent finer v # particle &iameter an& may 'e com'ine& with the &ata from a ieve analy i of the material retaine& +/- on the No#)** ieve# The principal val"e of the hy&rometer analy i appear to 'e to o'tain the clay fraction +generally accepte& a the percent finer than *#**) mm-# The hy&rometer analy i may al o have val"e in i&entifying particle i(e 0 *#*) mm in fro t " cepti'ility check for pavement "'gra&e # Thi te t i &one when more than )*1 pa thro"gh No#)** ieve an& 2*1 or more pa e the No# 4 +4#,5 mm- ieve# The hy&rometer analy i i 'a e& on Stokes L!"3 which give the relation hip among the velocity of fall of phere in a fl"i&3 the &iameter of the phere3 the pecific weight of the phere an& of the fl"i&3 an& the fl"i& vi co ity# !n e4"ation form thi relation hip i # $%s & %' ( ++++ , ++++++++++++ , $D - #(# .

) *

where3 ) 5 velocity of fall of the phere +cm6 %s 5 pecific gravity of the phere %' 5 pecific gravity of fl"i& +varie with temperat"re 5 a' ol"te3 or &ynamic3 vi co ity of the fl"i& +g 6+cm 7 -D 5 &iameter of the phere +cmSolving the e4"ation for D an& " ing the pecific gravity of water %"3 we o'tain 8888888888888888 D * /0 ) - $ %s & %"( )*L-t 111111111111111 A * /0 - $ %s & %"( 1111111111111111 D * A L $c2( - t $2in(

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where *#**) mm 0 D 0 *#) mm E3ui42ent /5 #5 35 65 75 85 95 05 %y&rometer +.5)% mo&el prefera'le;"antity +a'o"t )#5< per te t- of &i tille& water Se&imentation cylin&er +.***m< cylin&er- al o terme& a hydrometer jar $ra&"ate& .*** m< cylin&er for control =ar Soil>&i per ion &evice +malt mi?er or air>=et &i per ionDi per ion agent +Na@A3 or Na) SiA3%y&rometer =ar 'ath +optional3 for temperat"re controlThermometer

:orrections to ;<dro2eter re!din=s >ero :orrection $?@(: !f the (ero rea&ing in the hy&rometer +in the control cylin&er- i 'elow the water meni c" 3 it i +/-3 if a'ove it i +B-3 if at the meni c" it i (ero# Meniscus :orrection $?2(: Difference 'etween "pper level of meni c" an& water level of control cylin&er# Te24er!ture correction $?t(: The temperat"re of the te t ho"l& 'e )* C '"t the act"al temperat"re may vary# The temperat"re correction i appro?imate& a ?t * +6507 A B5#7 T $'or T Cet"een /7 : to #0 :(

Procedure /5 @repare the control =ar 'y a&&ing .)5 ml of 41 o&i"m metapho phate +Na@A 3- ol"tion an& "fficient &i tille& water to pro&"ce .*** ml# +Thi ol"tion can 'e ma&e 'y mi?ing 4*g of &ry chemical with eno"gh water to make .*** ml-# @"t the hy&rometer into the control cylin&er an& recor& (ero an& meni c" correctionC then recor& the temperat"re 'y p"tting the thermometer in it Deigh o"t e?actly 5*g of oil pa ing the No# )** ieve# Mi? the oil with .)5 ml of 41 o&i"m metapho phate +Na@A3- ol"tion# Ellow the oil mi?t"re to tan& a'o"t .) ho"r # Et the en& of the oaking perio&3 tran fer the mi?t"re to a &i per ion +or malt mi?er- c"p an& a&& tap water "ntil the c"p i a'o"t two>thir& f"ll# Mi? for . min"te# Efter mi?ing3 caref"lly tran fer all the content of the &i per ion c"p to the e&imentation cylin&er# Fin e any oil in the &i per ion c"p 'y " ing a pla tic 4"ee(e 'ottle or a&&ing ta'ili(e& water an& po"r thi into the e&imentation cylin&er# Now a&& &i tille& water to fill the cylin&er to the .*** ml mark#

#5 35

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65

Cap the e&imentation cylin&er with a No# .) r"''er topper an& caref"lly agitate for a'o"t . min# Egitation i &efine& a t"rning the cylin&er "p i&e &own an& 'ack 9* t"rn for a perio& of . min# En "p i&e &own an& 'ack movement i ) t"rn # @"t the e&imentation cylin&er 'e i&e the control cylin&er an& tart the topwatch imme&iately# Thi i c"m"lative time t 5 *# !n ert the hy&rometer into the e&imentation cylin&er# Take hy&rometer rea&ing at c"m"lative time t 5 *#)5 min#3 *#5min#3 . min# an& ) min# Elway rea& the "pper level of meni c" # Femove an& place the hy&rometer in the control =ar# Contin"e taking hy&rometer an& temperat"re rea&ing at appro?imate elap e& time of :3 .53 3* an& 9* min# an& then )3 43 :3 )4 an& 4: hr# Gor each rea&ing3 in ert the hy&rometer into the e&imentation cylin&er a'o"t 3* ec 'efore rea&ing i &"e# Efter the rea&ing i taken3 remove the hy&rometer an& p"t it 'ack into the control cylin&er#

75 85 95

:!DcuD!tion )# 3# Calc"late correcte& hy&rometer rea&ing for percent finer3 R:P 5 R / ?t / ?@ Calc"late percent finer 5 +A 7 R:P 7 .**- 6 Es

where3 Es 5 &ry weight of oil " e& for hy&rometer analy i A 5 correction for pecific gravity +a hy&rometer i cali'rate& for %s 5 )#95 therefore3 A 5 .#95 7 %s 6 ++%s B . - 7 )#95 4# 4# 5# 9# Calc"late correcte& hy&rometer rea&ing for &etermination of effective length3 R:L 5 R / ?2 Determine L +effective length- corre pon&ing to R:L given in Ta'le .# Determine A from Ta'le ) 888888888888888 Determine D +mm- 5 A L +cm#- 6 t +min#T!CDe /5 F!ri!tion o' L "it; H<dro2eter Re!din=
%y&rometer Fea&ing

L +cm-

%y&rometer Fea&ing

L +cm-

%y&rometer Fea&ing

L +cm-

%y&rometer Fea&ing

L +cm-

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* . ) 3 4 5 9 , : 2 .* .. .)

.9#3 .9#. .9#* .5#: .5#9 .5#5 .5#3 .5#) .5 .4#: .4#, .4#5 .4#3

.3 .4 .5 .9 ., .: .2 )* ). )) )3 )4 )5

.4#) .4 .3#: .3#, .3#5 .3#9 .3#) .3 .)#2 .)#, .)#5 .)#4 .)#)

)9 ), ): )2 3* 3. 3) 33 34 35 39 3, 3:

.) ..#2 ..#, ..#5 ..#4 ..#) ..#. .*#2 .*#, .*#9 .*#4 .*#) .*#.

32 4* 4. 4) 43 44 45 49 4, 4: 42 5* 5.

2#2 2#, 2#9 2#4 2#) 2#. :#2 :#: :#9 :#4 :#3 :#. ,#2

T!CDe+# F!ri!tion o' A "it; %s Temperat"re +C.2 )* *#*.45 *#*.43 *#*.43 *#*.4. *#*.4* *#*.32 *#*.3: *#*.3, *#*.39 *#*.34 *#*.39 *#*.33 *#*.34 *#*.3. Temperat"re +C)9 ), *#*.33 *#*.3) *#*.3. *#*.3* *#*.)2 *#*.): *#*.), *#*.)9 *#*.)5 *#*.)4 *#*.)4 *#*.)) *#*.)) *#*.)*

%s )#5 )#55 )#9 )#95 )#, )#,5 )#: %s )#5 )#55 )#9 )#95 )#, )#,5 )#:

., *#*.42 *#*.49 *#*.44 *#*.4) *#*.4* *#*.3: *#*.39 )4 *#*.3, *#*.34 *#*.3) *#*.3* *#*.): *#*.)9 *#*.)5

.: *#*.4, *#*.44 *#*.4) *#*.4* *#*.3: *#*.39 *#*.34 )5 *#*.35 *#*.33 *#*.3. *#*.)2 *#*.), *#*.)5 *#*.)3

). *#*.4. *#*.32 *#*.3, *#*.35 *#*.33 *#*.3. *#*.)2 ): *#*.3* *#*.): *#*.)9 *#*.)4 *#*.)3 *#*.). *#*..2

)) *#*.4* *#*.3, *#*.35 *#*.33 *#*.3. *#*.)2 *#*.): )2 *#*.)2 *#*.), *#*.)5 *#*.)3 *#*.). *#*.)* *#*..:

)3 *#*.3: *#*.39 *#*.34 *#*.3) *#*.3* *#*.): *#*.)9 3* *#*.): *#*.)9 *#*.)4 *#*.)) *#*.)* *#*..: *#*..,

:o2Cined An!D<sis .# )# 3# Calc"late the percent pa ing the No# )** ieve# +Thi retaine& on No# )** ieve from the Sieve Enaly i ho"l& 'e e4"al to the percent finer for the oil

The mo&ifie& percent finer 5 percent finer for hy&rometer metho& ? percent pa ing No# )** ieve from Step .# The total mo&ifie& percent finer for ample retaine& on No# )** ieve an& a'ove wo"l& 'e the ame a calc"late& in ieve analy i C for ample pa ing No# )** ieve3 the ame a calc"late& in Step )#

Note: @lot the percent finer ver " grain i(e for 'oth %y&rometer Metho& an& Com'ine& Metho&# H e arithmetic cale an& vertical a?i for percent finer an& log cale an& hori(ontal a?i for grain i(e# Thi c"rve i calle& grain i(e &i tri'"tion c"rve# Comment on re "lt #

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DATA SHEET: H<dro2eter An!D<sis De cription of oil: Sample No#: <ocation: Te te& 'y: $ro"p No#: Date: 88888888888888888888888888888888

888888888888888888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888888888888888 888888888888888888888888888888888888888

8888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888

Time +t3 min#*#)5 *#5 . ) 4 : .5 3* 9* .)* )4* 4:* .44* )::*

%y&rometer Fea&ing +R-

R:P

@ercent finer A7R:P7.** 6 5*

R:L

L +cm-

D +mm-

.,

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