Performance Evaluation Of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
Kalyan Kalepu Masters Thesis Defense May 6 2004
th
Committee Dr. Chansu Yu Dr. Dan Simon Dr. Yongjian Fu
Outline
Introduction Background on MANET Routing Protocols AODV Motivation Issues addressed in this Thesis Experimental Evaluation Simulation Conclusion
Introduction
Ad Hoc Networking
What is a MANET ?
MANET
Mobile nodes, Wireless links Infrastructure less: by the nodes MultiMulti-hop routing: for the nodes Minimal administration: no hassles
HQ
Background on MANET Routing Protocols
Routing protocols for MANETs is divided into two types
Proactive routing protocol Table driven Reactive routing protocol On demand
DSR, AODV ( DSR+DSDV ) DSDV
Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV)
Initial design of AODV was undertaken to improve upon the deficiencies in DSDV AODV reduces the need for systemsystem-wide broadcasts to counter the problems due to the characteristics of wireless medium AODV found it necessary to incorporate the onon-demand route discovery and route maintenance mechanisms from DSR
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector (DSDV)
DSDV is derived from
Ford (DBF) algorithm
Distributed BellmanBellman-
DBF was designed for wired networks, so when used in wireless networks routing loops are formed Enhancements are made in DSDV to counter looping problem
Contd
Formation of Loops when DBF is used
X-Y-Z are connected in a triangle X-Z link is highly unstable If Y-Z link fails for a short period, it causes a routing loop Y-X-Y-Z
Y X Z
Contd
DSDV uses the sequence numbers to remove stale routes from the routing table of each node
S(X) and S(Y) are the destination sequence numbers stored at node X and node Y respectively
If S(X) < S(Y), node X does not update routes If S(X) = S(Y), node X checks for lower metric If S(X) < S(Y), node X updates accordingly
Dynamic Source Routing (DSR)
OnOn-demand Route Discovery mechanism
S D
AODV
Uses two mechanisms for routing
Route Discovery This mechanism is invoked when a source
node has data to send
Route request (RREQ) Broadcasts in search for a destination Route reply (RREP) Unicast packet by the destination/intermediate node
Route Maintenance This mechanism responds to link
failures
Route error (RERR) Broadcast packet when a link fails
Contd
HELLO RREQ RREP DATA RERR
Motivation
In a
Mobile Ad Hoc Network
(MANET), the
surrounding physical environment is an important element to be considered for its deployment It is necessary to evaluate MANET in real world scenarios before actually using it in the commercial world
Issues Addressed in this Thesis
Comparing two MANET implementations Comparing the performance of MANET in an indoor/outdoor environment Key parameters in determining MANET performance Differences between simulations and the real world Analyzing the effects of interference in a small MANET using simulation
Experimental Evaluation
Survey of Existing AODV Implementations Experimental Environment Evaluation Tool Results & Discussion
Survey of Exiting AODV Implementations
User space implementation
MadMad-hoc, AODVAODV-UIUC, AODVAODV-UU, UU, AODVAODV-UCSB
Kernel space implementation
KernelKernel-AODV
Contd.
Kernel space implementations
Less portable Weakens memory management
AODVAODV-UU and AODVAODV-UCSB were chosen
Contd.
AODVAODV-UU and AODVAODV-UCSB are written in Linux and C Logical structure of both is the same AODVAODV-UU supports unidirectionalunidirectional-link
avoidance
Experimental Environment
Experiments were conducted for static and mobile scenarios in indoor and outdoor environment
Static scenario - varying packet sizes Mobile scenario - walking speed, fixed packet size
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Outdoor Environment
Indoor Environment
SH 309 SH 309 Electrical Engineering Dept. SH 309 SH 309 SH 309
Hallway
Men Restroom SH 309 ECR Lab Mobile Communicat ion Lab
Elevator
Ladies Restroom
Advanced Controls System
Communic ation Lab
IEEE Lounge
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Performance Metrics
Throughput It is defined as the amount of data successfully delivered from the source to the destination in a given period of time. Response Time This is defined as the time required for a packet to travel from source to destination. Block Size It is defined as the ratio of total size of each data packet transmitted
Evaluation Tool
The following four graphs helps in analyzing the MANET properties
Throughput Graph Network Signature Graph Saturation Graph Mobility Graph
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Network Connectivity Test
Hello Correct reception of neighboring HELLO messages
2-hop RREQ/RREP RERR
Correct installation of route to neighboring node Deletion of route when nodes are disconnected Node 1 issues a RREQ for node 3 Node 2 receives the RREQ, and replies with a RREP Node 1 receives the RREP, install the route, and pings are correctly received Node 2 issues a RERR for node 3 and removes its route to node 3 Node 1 receives this RERR, and removes its route to node 2 also
Results & Discussion
Comparison of AODVAODV-UU and AODVAODVUCSB
Implemented a static scenario in Indoor and Outdoor environment to study the effect of unidirectional links Implemented mobile scenario to compare route discovery time
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Throughput Graph (Outdoor)
Throughput Graph (Indoor)
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Network Signature Graph (Indoor)
Saturation Graph (Indoor)
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Mobility Graph (Indoor)
X Y
X, Y Laptop 1 and Laptop 3 are two hops away
1, 2 Laptop 1 and Laptop 3 are one hop away
2 1
Contd
Comparison of Indoor and Outdoor environment using AODVAODV-UU
Study the effect of external environment on the performance of AODVAODV-UU AODVAODV-UU was tested for static scenario in indoor and outdoor environment
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Throughput Graph (AODV-UU)
Signature Graph (AODV-UU)
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Saturation Graph (AODV-UU)
Simulation
Simulation Tool used is nsns-2 Assess the credibility of the simulator by comparing simulation results with experimental results for mobile scenario Study the effect of interference in small MANETs
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Simulation Parameters
Parameters Values
Radio Characteristics
Transmission range Wireless bandwidth 250 meters 1 Mbps Constant bit rate Varying 0 m/s 5 m/s (walking speed)
Communication Model
Traffic type Packet size
Mobility Pattern Simulation Parameters
Node speed
Simulation time Number of nodes and network area
300 seconds 5 nodes in an area 1000 x 1000m AODV IEEE 802.11
Routing and MAC Protocols
Routing protocol MAC protocol
Assess the credibility of the simulator
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Experimental Scenario
SH 309 SH 309 Electrical Engineering Dept. SH 309 SH 309 SH 309
Hallway
Men Restroom SH 309 ECR Lab Mobile Communicat ion Lab
Elevator
Ladies Restroom
Advanced Controls System
Communic ation Lab
IEEE Lounge
Throughput Graph
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Mobility Scenario with Interference Traffic Pattern 1
Study the effects of Interference on MANET
Contd
Mobility Scenario with Interference Traffic Pattern 2
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Throughput Graph
Delay Analysis Graph
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Conclusions
The effect of unidirectional links on MANETs performance is quite considerable and cannot be ignored. The performance of MANET can be improved in indoor/outdoor environment, by finding the critical zones Strong correlation between the parametric values obtained by simulation and experimental results As the Interference traffic increases the performance of the protocol degrades proportionally (linearly)
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