Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
Treatment Algorithm
1
Adult patient with suspected or confirmed CKD presenting to primary care (See Screening Algorithm)
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline
Dosing Recommendations for ACEIs and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
DRUG USUAL DOSE RANGE
VA/Dod Clinical Practice Guideline
ARBs in Patients with CKD a-c
COMMENTS/CAUTIONS
Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
Screening Algorithm
1 2 Is eGFR< 60? N 4 Urinalysis of random urine sample using dipstick
TABLE 2
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEIs) Benazepril Captoprild Enalapril
4
Is patient in any acute, emergent or urgent condition? [C]
10 40 mg divided once or twice daily 25 150 mg divided two to three times daily 5 40 mg divided once or twice daily 10 40 mg once daily 10 40 mg once daily
2 Obtain appropriate clinical assessment: medical history,
physical examination and laboratory tests [B]
Start with lower or less frequent doses in patients with renal insufficiency (except fosinopril as partial compensation by hepatobiliary elimination) or in patients currently being treated with a diuretic. Use with caution in patients with renal artery stenosis. Monitor potassium and renal function after initiation. Concomitant therapy with potassium-sparing diuretics and/or potassium supplements may result in hyperkalemia. Due to the potential risk for fetal morbidity and mortality in patients taking ACEIs during pregnancy, it is recommended that therapy be discontinued as soon as a woman becomes pregnant; alternate therapy should be considered. ACEIs should only be prescribed in pregnant women when the benefit clearly outweighs the potential risk for fetal abnormalities. Contraindicated in patients with a history of angioedema on an ACEI
Patient high risk for CKD (see TABLE A)
Fosinopril
Refer to Emergency Department or manage to stabilize
TABLE A: High Risk Patient
1. Diabetes mellitus 2. Hypertension 3. Cardiovascular disease 4. Family History 5. Frequent urinary tract infection/obstruction 6. Systematic illness affecting the kidney
Lisinopril Moexipril
d
see TABLE 5
7.5 30 mg divided once or twice daily 4 8 mg divided once or twice daily 10 80 mg divided once or twice daily 2.5 20 mg divided once or twice daily 1 4 mg once daily
5 Complete clinical assessment Assess kidney function:
determine eGFR and severity of proteinuria [D]
see TABLE 4
Perindopril Quinapril Ramipril Trandolapril
5 Positive (> 1+ protein) N 9 Does patient have DM? Y Y
Analysis of random urine sample for protein-to-creatinine ratio
Is proteinuria confirmed (>200 mg of protein/g of creatinine)? N
6 Obtain further investigation to rule-out reversible acute
renal failure or other diagnoses. Establish and treat the primary etiology of CKD [E]
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs)
8 Y
Consult/confer with nephrologist. Discuss future need for KRT [G]
10
Is there indication to consult/refer to nephrology? [F]
Candesartan Eprosartan Irbesartan
8 32 mg once daily 400 800 mg divided once or twice daily 150 300 mg once daily 50 100 mg divided once or twice daily 20 40 mg once daily 40 80 mg once daily 80 320 mg once daily
Alternative to ACEIs in patients unable to tolerate an ACEI. Consider lower doses in patients with intravascular volume depletion (e.g., patients currently being treated with a diuretic). Use with caution in patients with renal artery stenosis. Monitor potassium and renal function after initiation. Concomitant therapy with potassium-sparing diuretics and/or potassium supplements may result in hyperkalemia. Contraindicated in 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy due to potential neonatal/fetal morbidity and death. Use with caution in patients with a history of angioedema on an ACEI.
16
Microalbuminuria-specific dipstick or analysis or random urine sample for microalbumin-to-creatinine ratio
TABLE 3
Repeat screening annually
N 9
see TABLE 6
11
Establish treatment plan to address treatment of primary etiology [H] Initiate strategies to slow the progression of the disease [I]
see TABLE 7
> 300 mcg of microalbumin/mg of creatinine?
Losartan Olmesartan Telmisartan
12
N 12 > 30mcg of microalbumin/mg of creatinine? N 14 Repeat screening annually
TABLE 1
13 Y
10
Manage comorbid conditions. Prevent and treat cardiovascular disease [J]
see TABLE 8
Treat for microalbuminuria
11
Are there any complications? [K]
Valsartan
Treat symptoms and complications [K]
see TABLE 9
N 13
Provide patient education [L]
Refer to www.pbm.va.gov or http://vaww.pbm.va.gov for a current list of medications on the One VA National Formulary
a A dapted from KDOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines on Hypertension and Antihypertensive Agents in Chronic Kidney Disease. Guideline 11: Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in CKD at http://www.kidney.org/professionals/kdoqi/guidelines_bp/guide_11.htm b Adapted from McEvoy GK, ed. American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information, Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, Inc., 2006. c Adapted from Hebel SK ed. Drug Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis, Missouri: Facts and Comparisons Inc., May 2006. d One hour before meals, on an empty stomach
Exit algorithm
15
Continue management of DM Use DM Guideline
Suspected CKD Use CKD Guideline
14
Follow-up [M]
VA access to full guideline: http://www.healthquality.va.gov January 2008 DoD access to full guideline: https://www.QMO.amedd.army.mil Sponsored & produced by the VA Employee Education System in cooperation with the Offices of Quality & Performance and Patient Care Services and the Department of Defense.
ACEI Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor, ARB Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers, DM Diabetes Mellitus, eGFR Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate, KRT Kidney Replacement Therapy
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Table 1 | Definitions of Chronic Kidney Disease
P ersistent decreased eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 on two tests at least three months apart or P roteinuria (> 1+) on dipstick or urine protein-to-creatinine ratio > 0.2, confirmed on two tests at least three months apart or M icroalbuminuria defined as albumin-to-creatinine ratio > 30, confirmed on two out of three urine tests in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) or K nown structural kidney disease defined by imaging or pathologic examination (e.g., polycystic kidney disease [PCKD]) Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is the preferred method to assess kidney function.
TABLE 4 | Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease
Stage
1
TABLE 7 | Recommended Intake of Protein, Energy, and Minerals in CKD
Chronic Kidney Disease Mild to Moderate (eGFR 25 60 ml/ min/1.73m2) Advanced (eGFR < 25 ml/ min/1.73m2) Protein g/kg/day No restriction 0.60 0.75b Energy kcal/kg/day No restriction 35c Phosphorus mg/day 600 800 Sodium gr/day < 2a
Management of Chronic Kidney Disease
Urine Results
Protein < 1 gr/day without hematuria Protein 1-3 gr/day without hematuria Protein > 1 gr/day with hematuria Protein > 3 gr/day with or without hematuria
VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guideline
e GFR (ml/min/1.73m2)
90
Description
Kidney damage with normal or increased eGFR Kidney damage with mildly decreased eGFR Moderately decreased eGFR Severely decreased eGFR Kidney failure
Action
Diagnosis and treatment of comorbid conditions, slow progression, CVD risk reduction Estimating progression Evaluating and treating complications Preparation for kidney replacement therapy Replacement (if uremia present)
2 3 4 5
60-89 30-59 15-29 < 15 or dialysis
600 800 8 gr/kgd
<2
a If hypertensive edema or history of heart failure b With close supervision and frequent dietary counseling
TABLE 2 | Urine Dipstick: Interpretation
Protein Negative Blood Negative Consider Rule-out false negative, microalbuminuria, multiple myeloma and other paraproteinuria, heart failure, volume depletion or obstruction, ischemic nephropathy Rule-out false positive, benign, or orthostatic proteinuria, diabetes, HTN, tubulo-interstitial diseases, nephrotic syndrome. Quantitate proteinuria UTI, pyelonephritis, RPGN, GN, HIV, vasculitis, pulmonary-kidney syndrome, HUS, TTP, malignant HTN, nephrotic syndrome, nephrolithiasis with obstruction, atypical DM, PCKD Look for urologic cause of hematuria
TABLE 5 | Urgent/Emergent Conditions
a. Acute renal failure b. Fluid overload, especially pulmonary edema c. Hyperkalemia (potassium 6.0 mEq/L) d. Metabolic acidosis (bicarbonate 16 mEq/L) e. Pericarditis f. Encephalopathy g. Signs symptoms of uremia (nausea, vomiting, and anorexia)
TABLE 8 | Strategies to Slow Progression
1. Control hypertension 2. Use ACEI or ARB Manage according to recommendations for non-diabetic renal disease according to stage of disease. Consider one-time referral to a renal specialist
eGFR > 60
c 30 kcal/kg/day for individuals 60 years or older d Along with phosphate binders, as needed, if serum phosphorus >5.5 mg/dL
Reassess patient annually with eGFR and urine protein determination
Blood Results
Positive
Negative
4. Avoid nephrotoxic drugs and adjust medication dosage as indicated 5. Smoking cessation 6. Control dyslipidemia
Positive
Positive
Negative
Positive
TABLE 6 | Indications for Nephrology Referral/Consultation
1. eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.73m2 2. Rapid decline of eGFR 3. Severe complications of CKD (e.g., recalcitrant anemia, calcium or phosphorus abnormalities) 4. Nephrotic range proteinuria ( > 3.5 grams/24 hours) 5. Underlying cause of CKD is unclear after basic work-up 6. Kidney biopsy is indicated 7. Patients level of disease exceeds the level of comfort of the primary care provider
Key: D M: Diabetes Mellitus; GN: Glomerulonephritis; HTN: Hypertension; HUS: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome; PCKD: Polycystic Kidney Disease; RPGN: Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis; TTP: Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura; UTI: Urinary Tract Infection
TABLE 9 | Prevent and Treat Complications
1. Risk for Cardiovascular Disease 2. Disorders of potassium balance 3. Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism (bone mineral) 4. Acid based abnormalities 5. Hematologic abnormalities (anemia) 6. Volume overload eGFR < 30 7. Disorders of nutrition 8. Adjustment of medication doses 9. Immunization
TABLE 3 | Definitions Of Abnormalities In Albumin Excretion
Condition Normal Microalbuminuria Macroalbuminuria Random Urine for ALB-to-Cr Ratio (mg/g creatinine) < 30 30-300 > 300
eGFR 30-59
3. Control hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes
Consider diabetic nephropathy. If confirmed: Offer ACE inhibitor (or ARB if intolerant) unless contraindications Treat HbA1c to target Continue to monitor eGFR and urine protein excretion at least annually If diabetic nephropathy is unlikely, consider referral to a renal specialist.
Refer to renal specialist
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