ASME/ANSI and API flanges

difference between ASME/ANSI and API flanges is the fabrication material and the higher rated API operating pressure. ASME/ANSI flanges are common in industrial process systems handling water, steam, air and gas. API flanges are manufactured for high strength operating refinery systems with products such as oil and e plosi!e gases. "he flange standards API #A and ASME/ANSI $%#.& are similar dimensionally ' but the API #A flanges are rated for higher pressures as shown in the table below(
API !s. ASME/ANSI )langes Nominal Si.e +ange ,inchesASME/ANSI $%#.&

Pressure *lass +ating ,psi)lange ASME/ANSI $%#.& #11 /eld nec0 511 %&11 #11 $lind and "hreaded 511 %&11 %API #A

API #A%-

2111 4111 &111 %/2 ' 23 2111 4111 &111 %%4/%# ' 2%%/3 %%4/%# ' 214/3 %%4/%# ' %% %%4/%# ' %%

In the old API standard, flanges ranged from %%/2 to %1,21- inches.

)ittings, )langes, 6nions and *ast and )orged 7al!es

AS"M cross reference material specification of fittings, flanges, unions and cast and forged !al!es can be found in the table below(
Material )orgings *astings /rought )ittings A243'/P$ A321'/P8#

*arbon Steel *old "emperature Ser!ice *arbon'%/2 Molybdenum Alloy Steel 9igh "emperature Ser!ice

A%1& A4&1'8)2

A2%#'/*$

A%:2')%

A2%;'/*% A4&2'8*%

A243'/P%

4'%/2 Nic0el Alloy Steel 8ow "emperature Ser!ice %/2 *r'%/2 Mo Alloy Steel %/2 *r'%/2 Mo'% Ni Alloy 4/3 *r'% Mo'4/3 Ni Alloy Steel % *r'%/2 Mo Alloy Steel

A4&1'8)4 A%:2')2

A4&2'8*4

A321'/P84

A2%;'/*3 A2%;'/*& A%:2')%2 *82 A%:2')%% *82 A%:2')22 *84 A%:2')& A%:2')&a A%:2')5 A%:2')# A243'/P%2 *82 A2%;'/*# A243'/P%% A2%;'/*5 *82 A243'/P22 A2%;'*& *84 A2%;'*%2 A243'/P& A;34'*A%& A243'/P5

%'%/3 *r'%/2 Mo Alloy Steel 2'%/3 *r'% Mo Alloy Steel & *r'%/2 Mo Alloy Steel & *r'%/2 Mo Alloy Steel 5 *r'% Mo Alloy Steel %4 *r Alloy Steel

"ype 413 Stainless Steel ,%: *r': NiStandard 8ow *arbon 9igh "emperature Ser!ice

A%:2')413 A%:2')4138 A%:2')4139

A4&%'*)4 A4&%'*):

A314' /P413 A314' /P4138 A314' /P4139 A314' /P4%1 A314' /P4%#

"ype 4%1 Stainless Steel ,2& *r'21 Ni- A%:2')4%19 A4&%'*<21 "ype 4%# Stainless Steel ,%# *r'%2 Ni'2 MoA%:2')4%# Standard A%:2')4%#8 8ow *arbon A4&%'*)4M

9igh "emperature

A%:2')4%#9 A4&%'*):M

A314' /P4%#8 A314' /P4%#9 A314' /P4%; A314' /P42% A314' /P42%9

"ype 4%; Stainless Steel ,%: *r'%4 Ni'4 Mo"ype 42% Stainless Steel ,%: *r'%1 Ni' A%:2')42% "iA%:2')42%9 Standard 9igh "emperature Ser!ice

"ype 43; Stainless Steel ,%: *r'%1 Ni' *bA%:2')43; A4&%'*):* Standard A%:2')43;9 9igh "emperature Ser!ice

A314' /P43; A314' /P43;9

"ype 43: Stainless Steel ,%: *r'%1 Ni' *bA%:2')43: Standard A%:2')43:9 9igh "emperature Ser!ice

A314' /P43: A314' /P34:9

FLANGES

FLANGES
Introduction
Flanges are normally used to connect sections of pipe, valves, vessels or other fittings by forming a seal with either a ring or flat type gasket. They are assembled with stud bolts, which when tightened, force the two flange faces towards each other on the gasket to form a pressure tight seal. Flanges in the oil industry are classified according to their construction, pressure rating and diameter. The two classifications of flanges are: 1. ASA A!S"# American !ation Standards "nstitute. $. A%" American %etroleum "nstitute

API Classification of Flanges

There are three common types of A%" flanges: A%" $&&&,'&&&,(&&& and there are two high pressure series, A%" 1&,&&& and 1(,&&&. The number of the series indicated corresponds to the ma)imum working pressure e)pressed in psi at a temperature of l&&*F. This ma)imum working pressure is affected by temperature The ma)imum working pressure of the flange will be reduced by a factor of 1.+, for each (&*F increase in temperature above 1&&*F to a ma)imum of -(&.F. The following table gives the ma)imum working pressure as a function of temperature.

Pressure Ratings
Test And Working Pressures
The hydrostatic test pressure is e/ual to twice the ma)imum working pressures for flanges of diameter below or e/ual to 1- inches. The test pressure is e/ual to 1.( times the ma)imum working pressure for flanges of diameter e/ual to or greater than 10 inches.

ASA Flanges
1ith the e)ception of the ASA 1(& series, the number corresponds to the ma)imum working pressure of the flange in psi at a temperature of +(2*F for carbon steel flanges. To obtain the working pressure of the flange at temperature from 3$& to 4 1&&*F, the number is multiplied by $.-. For e)ample: ASA '&& 5a) 1% 6 $.- ) '&& 6 7$&psi ASA 8&& 5a) 1% 6 $.$- ) 8&& 6$10&psi

The following table gives the working pressures of all flanges in this classification. The hydrostatic test pressure is e/ual to 1.( times the working pressure at 1&&*F.

Flange Physical Characteristics

To avoid any confusion when describing or ordering flanges, the following information should be given: 1. Type ASA or A%"9 $. :escription of connection: a# 1eld neck flange b# Slip on welding flange c# Threaded flange d# ;lind flange. '. !ominal diameter9 -. !umber in ASA or A%" classification9 (. Type of face and gasket9 0. ;ore if necessary9 7. Type of steel used for manufacture.

Flange

ake!"#

To ensure that the flange will form a good seal, care should be taken when making them up. The studs should first be made hand tight with the faces of the flanges parallel to each other. The studs should then be gradually tightened in the se/uence shown in the diagram below.

Line Pi#e

<ine pipe is re/uired by the oil and gas industry to convey oil, gas, water, chemicals, etc. in its operations. The A%" with cooperation of the American =as Association has developed specifications meeting the needs of the oil and gas industry for steel and wrought>iron line pipe and published these in A%" standards (< and (<?. These provide standard dimensions, strengths and performance properties and the re/uired thread gauging practice to ensure complete interchangeability

PIPE FLANGE $I ENSI%NS

AS E &'()* ! '++( CLASS '*, STEEL PIPE FLANGE $I ENSI%NS RAISE$ FACE
!ominal si@e in $ $.1D$ ' ( 0 + 1& 1$ 110 1+ $& $mm (& 0( +& 1&& 1$( 1(& $&& $(& '&& '(& -&& -(& (&& 0&& in 0.&& 7.&& 7.(& 8.&& 1&.&& 11.&& 1'.(& 10.&& 18.&& $1.&& $'.(& $(.&& $7.(& '$.&& AA mm 1($ 17+ 18& $$8 $($78 '-' -&0 -+' ('' (87 0'( 08+ +1' in -.70 (.(& 0.&& 7.(& +.(& 8.(& 11.7( 1-.$( 17.&& 1+.7( $1.$( $$.7( $(.&& $8.(& ;A mm 1$& 1'8 1($ 18& $10 $-1 $8+ '0$ -'$ -70 ('8 (7+ 0'( 7-8 in '.0$ -.1$ (.&& 0.18 7.'1 +.(& 1&.0$ 1$.7( 1(.&& 10.$( 1+.(& $1.&& $'.&& $7.$( BA mm 8$ 1&( 1$7 1(7 1+0 $10 $7& '$'+1 -1' -7& ('' (+08$ in &.7( &.0$# &.++ &.08# &.8- &.7(# &.8&.81.&& 1.1$ 1.18 1.$( 1.'+ 1.-1.(0 1.08 1.++ : mm 18.1 1(.8# $$.' 17.(# $'.8 18.1# $'.8 $'.8 $(.$+.0 '&.$ '1.+ '(.& '0.0 '8.7 -$.8 -7.7 in &.7( &.7( &.7( &.7( &.++ &.++ &.++ 1.&& 1.&& 1.1$ 1.1$ 1.$( 1.$( 1.'+ CA mm 18 18 18 18 $$ $$ $$ $( $( $8 $8 '$ '$ '( + + + + 1$ 1$ 1$ 10 10 $& $& ;olt !umber :ia (D+ (D+ (D+ (D+ 'D'D'D7D+ 7D+ 1 1 1.1D+ 1.1D+ 1.1D-

Eeight of raised face is &.&0F 1.0 mm# each. :imensions in # are for intergral valve flanges.

CLASS .,, STEEL PIPE FLANGE $I ENSI%NS - RAISE$ FACE

!ominal si@e in $ $.1D$ ' mm (& 0( +& 1&& in 0.(& 7.(& +.$( 1&.&& AA mm 10( 18& $1& $(in (.&& (.++ 0.0$ 7.++ ;A mm 1$7 1-8 10+ $&& in '.0$ -.1$ (.&& 0.18 BA mm 8$ 1&( 1$7 1(7 in &.++ 1.&& 1.1$ 1.$( : mm $$.' $(.$+.0 '1.+ in &.7( &.++ &.++ &.++ CA mm 18 $$ $$ $$ + + + + ;olt !umber :ia (D+ 'D'D'D-

( 0 + 1& 1$ 110 1+ $& $-

1$( 1(& $&& $(& '&& '(& -&& -(& (&& 0&&

11.&& 1$.(& 1(.&& 17.(& $&.(& $'.&& $(.(& $+.&& '&.(& '0.&&

$78 '1+ '+1 --($1 (+0-+ 711 77( 81-

8.$( 1&.0$ 1'.&& 1(.$( 17.7( $&.$( $$.(& $-.7( $7.&& '$.&&

$'( $7& ''& '+7 -(1 (1(71 0$+ 0+0 +1'

7.'1 +.(& 1&.0$ 1$.7( 1(.&& 10.$( 1+.(& $1.&& $'.&& $7.$(

1+0 $10 $7& '$'+1 -1' -7& ('' (+08$

1.'+ 1.-1.0$ 1.++ $.&& $.1$ $.$( $.'+ $.(& $.7(

'(.& '0.0 -1.' -7.7 (&.+ (-.& (7.$ 0&.0'.( 08.8

&.++ &.++ 1.&& 1.1$ 1.$( 1.$( 1.'+ 1.'+ 1.'+ 1.0$

$$ $$ $( $8 '$ '$ '( '( '( -1

+ 1$ 1$ 10 10 $& $& $$$-

'D'D7D+ 1 1.1D+ 1.1D+ 1.1D1.1D1.1D1.1D$

Eeight of raised face is &.&0F 1.0 mm# each.

LARGE SI/E PIPE FLANGE $RIILLING $I ENSI%NS AS PER ANSI &'()01 SERIES A
!ominal si@e in Blass 1(& Blass '&& '&F '0F '&F mm 7(& 8&& 7(& in '+.7( -0 -' AA mm 8+110+ 1&8$ in '0 -$.7( '8.$( ;A mm 811&+0 887 in ''.7( -&.$( ''.7( BA mm +(7 1&$$ +(7 in $.8'.(0 '.0$ : mm 7( 8& 8$ in 1.1$( 1.( 1.++ CA mm $8 '+ -+ $+ '$ $+ ;olt

Eeight of raised face is &.&0F 1.0mm# each.

CLASS (,, STEEL PIPE FLANGE $I ENSI%NS RAISE$ FACE

!ominal si@e in $ $.1D$ ' ( 0 + 1& 1$ 1mm (& 0( +& 1&& 1$( 1(& $&& $(& '&& '(& in 0.(& 7.(& +.$( 1&.7( 1'.&& 1-.&& 10.(& $&.&& $$.&& $'.7( AA mm 10( 18& $1& $7' ''& '(0 -18 (&+ ((8 0&' in (.&& (.++ 0.0$ +.(& 1&.(& 11.(& 1'.7( 17.&& 18.$( $&.7( ;A mm 1$7 1-8 10+ $10 $00 $8$ '-8 -'$ -+8 ($7 in '.0$ -.1$ (.&& 0.18 7.'1 +.(& 1&.0$ 1$.7( 1(.&& 10.$( BA mm 8$ 1&( 1$7 1(7 1+0 $10 $7& '$'+1 -1' in 1.&& 1.1$ 1.$( 1.(& 1.7( 1.++ $.18 $.(& $.0$ $.7( : mm $(.$+.0 '1.+ '+.1 --.( -7.7 ((.0 0'.( 00.7 08.8 in &.7( &.++ &.++ 1.&& 1.1$ 1.1$ 1.$( 1.'+ 1.'+ 1.(& CA mm 18 $$ $$ $( $8 $8 '$ '( '( '+ + + + + + 1$ 1$ 10 $& $& ;olt !umber :ia (D+ 'D'D7D+ 1 1 1.1D+ 1.1D1.1D1.'D+

10 1+ $& $-

-&& -(& (&& 0&&

$7.&& $8.$( '$.&& '7.&&

0+0 7-' +1' 8-&

$'.7( $(.7( $+.(& ''.&&

0&' 0(7$+'+

1+.(& $1.&& $'.&& $7.$(

-7& ('' (+08$

'.&& '.$( '.(& -.&&

70.$ +$.0 ++.8 1&$.&

1.0$ 1.7( 1.7( $.&&

-1 -( -( (1

$& $& $$-

1.1D$ 1.(D+ 1.(D+ 1.7D+

Eeight of raised face is &.$(F 0.- mm# each.

CLASS (,, PIPE FLANGE $I ENSI%NS - RING T2PE

Galve Si@e $ $.( ' ( 0 + 1& 1$ 110 1+ $& $AA 0.(& 7.(& +.$( 1&.7( 1'.&& 1-.&& 10.(& $&.&& $$.&& $'.7( $7.&& $8.$( '$.&& '7.&& ;A (.&& (.++ 0.0$ +.(& 1&.(& 11.(& 1'.7( 17.&& 18.$( $&.7( $'.7( $(.7( $+.(& ''.&& BA -.$( (.&& (.7( 0.7( +.$( 8.(& 11.++ 1-.&& 10.$( 1+.&& $&.&& $$.0$ $(.&& $8.(& : 1.&& 1.1$ 1.$( 1.(& 1.7( 1.++ $.18 $.(& $.0$ $.7( '.&& '.$( '.(& -.&& groove number H$' H$0 H'1 H'7 H-1 H-( H-8 H(' H(7 H01 H0( H08 H7' H77 pitch dia >% '.$(& -.&&& -.+7( (.+7( 7.1$( +.'1$ 1&.0$( 1$.7(& 1(.&&& 10.(&& 1+.(&& $1.&&& $'.&&& $7.$(& depth C &.'1$ &.'1$ &.'1$ &.$( &.'1$ &.'1$ &.'1$ &.'1$ &.'1$ &.'1$ &.'1$ &.'1$ &.'7( &.-'+ width F &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.-08 &.('1 &.0(0 radius at bottom H &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&' &.&0 &.&0

I !o. of bolts and bolt dia are same as in B1 0&& Haised face.

Gasket Characteristics
Gaskets are used to make a fluid or gas resistant seal bet een t o surfaces
*hoice of gas0et is decided by

"emperature, pressure and the corrosi!e nature of the fluid or gas Maintenance operations En!ironment re=uirements ,asbestos is banned in many countries*ost of the material

"he table below can be used as an indication of some common gas0et materials and their limitations. Ma imu Ma imum Ma imu Ma imum Ma imum Ma imum 6sed for m "emperatur m "emperature "emperatur "emperatur Products Pressure e ? Pressure Pressure ? Pressure o o e , )e , *,psi,o) ? psi,bar,o* ? bar-

>as0et Material

Synthetic rubbers 7egetable fiber

water, air

2&1

#1

%& 111

%2%

35#

oil

2&1

%#1

31 111

%2%

%%

% 422

Synthetic rubbers with water, air inserted cloth chemical s

2&1

&11

%2& 111

%2%

43

3 %41

Solid "eflon

&11

411

%&1 111

2#1

21

& 421

*ompressed Asbestos %-

most

;&1

444

2&1 111

455

24

5 1#:

*arbon Steel

high pressure fluids

;&1

2 %44

% #11 111

455

%3&

&: 14#

Stainless Steel

high pressure or corrosi!e fluids

%211

2 &11

4 111 111

#35

%;%

%%1 #4#

Spiral wound chemical s

SS/"eflon

&11

&11

2&1 111

2#1

43

: :##

*S/Asbestos
%-

most

;&1

444

2&1 111

455

24

5 1#:

SS/Asbestos
%-

corrosi!e

%211

21:

2&1 111

#35

%3

5 221

SS/*eramic hot gases %-

%511

%42

2&1 111

%14:

5 4%4

Note@ Asbestos is not legal in many countries

!h" Gaskets Are #sed

>as0et are used to create a static seal between two stationary members of a mechanical assembly and to maintain that seal under operating conditions which may !ary dependent upon changes in pressures and temperatures. If it were possible to ha!e perfectly mated flanges and if it were possible to maintain an intimate contact of these perfectly mated flanges throughout the e tremes of operating conditionsA a gas0et would not be re=uired. "his is !irtually an impossibility either because of(

"he si.e of the !essel and/or flanges "he difficulty in maintaining such e tremely smooth flange finishes during handling and assembly *orrosion and erosion of the flange surfaces during operations

As a conse=uence, relati!ely ine pensi!e gas0ets are used to pro!ide the sealing element in these mechanical assemblies. In most cases, the gas0et pro!ides a seal by e ternal forces flowing the gas0et material into the imperfections between the mating surfaces. It follows then that in a properly designed gas0et closure, three maBor considerations must be ta0en into account in order for a satisfactory seal to be achie!ed.

%. Sufficient force must be a!ailable to initially seat the gas0et. Stating this another way, ade=uate means must be pro!ided to flow the gas0et into imperfections in the gas0et seating surfaces. 2. Sufficient forces must be a!ailable to maintain a residual stress on the gas0et under operating conditions to ensure that the gas0et will be in intimate contact with the gas0et seating surfaces to pre!ent blow'by or lea0age. 4. "he selection of the gas0et material must be such that it will withstand the pressures e erted against the gas0et, satisfactorily resist the entire temperature range to which the closure will be e posed and withstand corrosi!e attac0 of the confined medium. Effecting a Seal A seal is affected by compressing the gas0et material and causing it to flow into the imperfections on the gas0et seating surfaces so that intimate contact is made between the gas0et and the gas0et seating surfaces pre!enting the escape of the confined fluid. $asically there are four different methods that may be used either singly or in combination to achie!e this unbro0en barrier. %. *ompression ,)igure % -. "his is by far the most common method of effecting a seal on a flange Boint and the compression force is normally applied by bolting. 2. Attrition ,)igure 2-. Attrition is a combination of a dragging action combined with compression such as in a spar0 plug gas0et where the spar0 plug is turned down on a gas0et that is both compressed and screwed into the flange. 4. $y heat, such as in the case of sealing a bell and spigot Boint on cast iron pipe by means of molten lead. Note, howe!er, that after the molten lead is poured, it is tampered into place using a tamping tool and a hammer. 3. >as0et lip e pansion. "his is a phenomenon that would occur due to edge swelling when the gas0et would be affected by confined fluid, as in the case of elastomeric compounds affected by the confined fluids, such as sol!ents, causing the gas0et material to swell and increase the interaction of the gas0et against the flange faces.

>enerally, gas0ets are called upon to effect a seal across the faces of contact with the flanges. Permeation of the media through the body of the gas0et is also a possibility depending on material, confined media, and acceptable lea0age rate .

+ing Coints $ General Information

D+"CD ,ring type Boint- gas0ets are manufactured in accordance with API'#A and ANSI $%#.2 specifications. API ring Boints come in two basic types, o!al and an octagonal shape. "hese basic shapes are used in pressures up to %1,111 psi. "he dimensions are standardi.ed and re=uire specially groo!ed flanges. "he octagonal cross section has a higher sealing efficiency than the o!al and would be the preferred gas0et. +"CEs ha!e D+D numbers assigned to them for pipe si.e and pressure class identification. Stoc0 materials include soft iron, low carbon steel, 3'# chrome ,f&-, 413, 4138, 4%#, 4%#8, 43;, Monel, Inconel and Incoloy.

Soft >as0et ' Materials

A D Soft >as0etD material is a term used when referring to a gas0et material that is easily compressed under a low bolt load. "his term has been used to distinguish the difference from a metallic gas0et. A soft gas0et material can be selected from a large !ariety of rubbers ,neoprene, !iton, S$+, EPFM, etc.-, ")E, graphite, and compressed non'asbestos sheet products. Soft gas0ets are used in a wide range of applications from pipe flange, heat e changer, compressor and bonnet !al!e gas0ets to name Bust a few. Soft gas0eting material

can be purchased in a !ariety of cut shapes or be pro!ided in sheet or rolls. Non$Asbestos Sheeting As part of 8amons strategy to offer customers a wider range of products, we are pleased to announce the launch of our non' asbestos sheet materials. "hese high =uality non'asbestos sheets are branded with the G8amonsH name, one of the leading manufacturers and distributors of gas0ets I studbolts in North America. "he initial grade a!ailable is 8'33%, a synthetic fiber based sheet with a nitrile binder. "he blue sheet has e cellent sealability I chemical resistance and is ideal for general'purpose applications. Please see attached data sheet and sample for further technical e!aluation. A!ailable in stoc0 the %/%#H I %/:H sheets are #1H?#1H, although we can also offer other thic0nesses and larger sheets upon re=uest. 8amons will also soon be offering other grades of non'asbestos sheet. "he full range will include(

8'323 An economically priced fle ible compressed sheet with a nitrile binder. >ood for low'pressure steam, water I gas. 8'341 A synthetic fiber sheet with a nitrile binder, which has e cellent sealability I good chemical resistance. 8'33% A synthetic fiber sheet with a nitrile binder, with e cellent sealability I chemical resistance. 8'334 A fiberglass I aramid sheet with a nitrile binder. E cellent for steam and has e cellent chemical resistance. 8'3&1 *arbon fiber sheet with a nitrile binder, which is e cellent for high temperature or high'pressure applications. 8'#31/ A synthetic fiber sheet with S$+ binder. >ood for steam I has good anti'stic0 properties.

Natural %ubber Natural rubber has good resistance to mild acids and al0alies, salts and chlorine solutions. It has poor resistance to oils and sol!ents and is not recommended for use with o.one. Its temperature range

is !ery limited and is suitable only for use from ';1J to 211J ). S&% 'St"rene$&utadiene( S$+ is a synthetic rubber that has e cellent abrasion resistance and has good resistance to wea0 organic acids, alcoholEs, moderate chemicals and 0etones, It is not good in o.one, strong acids, fats, oils, greases and most hydrocarbons. Its temperature limitations are appro imately '#&J to 2&1J ). C% 'Chloro)rene('Neo)rene( *hloroprene is a synthetic rubber that is suitable for use against moderate acids, al0alies and salt solutions. It has good resistance to commercial oils and fuels. It is !ery poor against strong o idi.ing acids, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, Its temperature range would be from appro imately '#1J to 2&1J ). &una$N %ubber 'Nitrile* N&%( $una'N is a synthetic rubber that has good resistance to oils and sol!ents, aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, petroleum oils and gasolineEs o!er a wide range of temperature. It also has good resistance to caustics and salts but only fair acid resistance. It is poor in strong o idi.ing agents, chlorinated hydrocarbons, 0etones and esters. It is suitable o!er a temperature range of appro imately '#1J to 2&1J ). Fluorocarbon '+iton ( )luorocarbon elastomer has good resistance to oils, fuel, chlorinated sol!ents, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons and strong acids. it is not suitable for use against amines, esters, 0etones or steam. Its normal temperature range would be between '%&J and 3&1J ). ,")alon 'Chlorosulfonated Pol"eth"lene( "his material has good acid, al0ali and salt resistance. It resists weathering, sunlight, o.one, oils and commercial fuels such as diesel and 0erosene. It is not good in aromatics or chlorinated hydrocarbons and has poor resistance against chromic acid and nitric acid, Its normal temperature range would be between '&1J

and 2;&J ). Silicones Silicone rubbers ha!e good resistance to hot air, "hey are unaffected by sunlight and o.one. "hey are not, howe!er, suitable for use against steam, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. "he temperature range would be between '#&J to &11J ). EP-M 'Eth"lene Pro)"lene$-iene Monomer( "his synthetic material has good resistance to strong acids, al0alies, salts and chlorine solutions. It is not suitable for use in oils, sol!ents or aromatic hydrocarbons. Its temperature range would be between ';1J and 4&1J ). Grafoil. "his is an all graphite material containing no resins or inorganic fillers. It is a!ailable with or without a metal insertion, and in adhesi!e'bac0 tape form for pipe gas0ets o!er 23 inches in diameter. >rafoil has outstanding resistance to corrosion against a wide !ariety of acids, al0alies and salt solutions, organic compounds, and heat transfer fluids, e!en at high temperatures. Its use against strong o idi.ing agents at ele!ated temperatures should be in!estigated !ery carefully. In addition to being used as a gas0et, >rafoil ma0es an e cellent pac0ing material and is also used as a filler material in spiral'wound gas0ets. welded. Ceramic Fiber *eramic fiber is a!ailable in sheet or blan0et form and ma0es an e cellent gas0et material for hot air duct wor0 with low pressures and light flanges. It is satisfactory for ser!ice up to appro imately 2111J ). *eramic material is also used as a filler material in spiral' wound gas0ets. Plastics Kf all plastics, P")E ,polytetrafluoroethylene- has emerged as the most common plastic gas0et material. P")EEs outstanding properties include resistance to temperature e tremes from '%31J degrees to 3&1J ) ,for !irgin material-. P")E is highly resistant to chemicals, sol!ents, caustics and acids e cept free fluorine and

al0ali metals. It has a !ery low surface energy and does not adhere to the flanges. P")E gas0ets can be supplied in a !ariety of forms either as !irgin material or reprocessed material and also with a !ariety of filler material such as glass, carbon, molybdenum disulfite, etc. "he principal ad!antage in adding fillers to P")E is to inhibit cold flow or creep rela ation. P/FE En0elo)e Gaskets En!elope gas0ets utili.ing P")E Bac0et ha!e become popular for use in se!erely corrosi!e ser!ices because of their low minimum seating stresses, e cellent creep resistance, high deformability and choice of a !ariety of filler materials to assure optimum performance on any specific application. )illers such as corrugated metal and rubber sheets are a!ailable. "here are three basic designs of en!elopes( Slit "ype Slit en!elopes are sliced from cylinders and split from the outside diameter to within appro imately %/%#D of the inside diameter. "he bearing surface is determined by the filler dimensions. *learance is re=uired between the I.F. of the filler and the en!elope I.F. "he gas0et K.F. normally rests within the bolt hole circle and the I.F. is appro imately e=ual to the nominal I.F. of pipe. A!ailable in si.es up to a ma imum K.F. of 23D. Milled en!elopes are more e pensi!e that slit type since considerably more material is lost in machining. )ormed "ape "ypeL 8arge diameter ,o!er %2D N.P.S.- and irregularly shaped en!elopes are formed from tape and heat sealed to produce a continuous Bac0et construction. )iller Materials

+ubber Sheet *ompressed non'asbestos *orrugated metal inserts Com)ressed Non$Asbestos Sheeting Early efforts to replace asbestos resulted in the introduction and testing of compressed non'asbestos products in the %5;1Es. Many of these products ha!e seen e tensi!e use since that period howe!er there ha!e been enough problems to warrant careful consideration in choosing a replacement material for compressed asbestos. Most manufactures of non'asbestos sheet materials use synthetic fibers, li0e <e!larM is a registered trademar0 of E.I. FuPont *o. +egetable Fiber Sheet 7egetable fiber sheet is a tough pliable gas0et material manufactures by paper ma0ing techni=ues utili.ing plant fibers and a glue'glycerine impregnation, It is widely used for sealing petroleum products, gasses and a wide !ariety of sol!ents. Its ma imum temperature limit is 2&1J ). If a more compressible material is re=uired, a combination cor0' fiber sheet is a!ailable. "he cor0'fiber sheet has the same ma imum temperature limitation as the !egetable fiber sheet.

Spiral /ound >as0ets

General Information Spiralwound gas0ets ha!e become e tremely popular due to a wide !ariety of a!ailable styles and si.es. Spiralwound gas0ets can be fabricated of any metal which is a!ailable in thin strip and which can be weldedA therefore they can be used against !irtually any corrosi!e medium dependent upon the choice of the metal and filler. "hey can be used o!er the complete temperature range from cryogenic

to appro imately 2111J degrees )ahrenheit. "his type gas0et can be used in all pressures from !acuum to the standard 2&11 psi flange ratings. "hey are more resilient than any other type of metallic gas0et with the e ception of pressure sealing metal gas0ets and, as a conse=uence, can compensate for flange mo!ement that may occur due to temperature gradients, !ariations of pressure and !ibration. Spiralwound gas0ets can also be manufactured with !ariable densities, i.e. relati!ely low density gas0ets for !acuum ser!ice up to e tremely high density gas0ets ha!ing a seating stress of appro imately 41,111 psi. "he softer gas0ets would re=uire a seating stress in the range of &,111 psi. Si1ing S)iral ound Gaskets Spiralwound gas0ets must be si.ed to ensure the Spiralwound component is seated between flange surfaces. If it protrudes beyond a raised face or into a flange bore, mechanical damage and lea0age may occur. +ariable -ensit" Spiralwound gas0ets are manufactures by alternately winding strips of metal and soft fillers on the outer edge of winding mandrels that determine the inside dimensions of the wound component. In the winding process, the alternating plies are maintained under pressure. 7arying the pressure during the winding operation and/or the thic0ness of the soft filler, the density of the gas0et can be controlled o!er a wide range. As a general rule, low winding pressure and thic0 soft fillers are used low pressure applications. "hin fillers and high pressure loads are used for high pressure

applications. "his of course would account for the higher bolt loads that ha!e to be applied to the gas0et in high pressure applications. In addition to all these ad!antages of the Spiralwound gas0et, they are a relati!ely low cost. /hen special si.es are re=uired, tooling costs are !ery nominal. Gasket Confined on I2-2 and 32-2 Gasket I2-2 4 Groo0e I2-2 5 6/678 Gasket 32-2 4 Groo0e 32-2 5 6/678 Gasket Confined on 32-2 3NL9 Gasket I2-2 4 &ore 5 Minimum 6/:8 Gasket 32-2 4 %ecess 32-2 $ 6/678 Gasket #nconfined I2-2 and 32-2 Gasket I2-2 4 Seating Surface I2-2 5 Minimum 6/:8 Gasket 32-2 4 Seating Surface 32-2 $ Minimum 6/:8 Centering Guide 4 &olt Circle -iameter $ -iameter of &olt8 Gasket #nconfined I2-2 and 32-2 Gasket -iameter 6p to %D %D to 23D 23D to 4#D 4#D to #1D #1D and abo!e I2-2 N4/#3 ' 1 N%/42D ' 1 N4/#3D ' 1 N%'%# ' 1 N4/42 ' 1 32-2 N1 ' %/42D N1 ' %/42D N1 ' %/%#D N1 ' %/%#D N1 ' 4/42

/hickness 5 2;6< $ 2;;; on s)ecial gaskets ith= A. 8ess than %D I.F. greater than 2#D I.F. $. "eflon fillers *. %D or larger flange width. "hic0ness N .1%1 ' .111 for most other si.ed and materials.

A0ailable Si1es And /hicknesses 8amons Spiralwound gas0ets are a!ailable in thic0nesses of .1#2&D, . %11D, .%2&D, .%;&D, .2&1, and .2:&D. "he following chart indicates the si.e range that can normally be fabricated in the !arious thic0nesses along with the recommended compresses thic0ness of each and the ma imum flange width. 8IMI"A"IKN K) SIOE ANF "9I*<NESS Gasket /hickness .1#23D .%2&D .%;&D .2&1D .2:&D Ma> I2-2? 5D 31D ;&D %#1D %#1D %ecommended Com)ressed /hickness .1&1D/.1&&D .151D/.%11D .%2&D/.%4&D .%:1D/.211D .211D/.221D

?Ma imum si.es are intended as a general guide. In certain cases they may be e ceeded, howe!er, as a gas0et approaches ,or e ceeds- I.F. limits, it becomes increasingly unstable. "he width of the winding and the materials specified for construction also affect the I.F. limits. Flange Surface Finish 6se of Spiralwound gas0ets gi!e the designer and the user a wider tolerance for flange surface finishes than other metallic gas0ets. /hile they can be used against most commercially a!ailable flange surface finishes, e perience has indicated that the appropriate flange surface finishes used with Spiralwound gas0ets are as follows( 6@< to @<; AA%, 3)timum <;; AA%, Ma>imum 6@< to @<; AA%, 3)timum <;; AA%, Ma>imum 8amons Spiralwound gas0ets are a!ailable in a !ariety of styles to suit the particular flange facing being utili.ed on the flanges.