Muscular movements of the head (at the cervical spine/neck) and of the torso (thoracic and lumbar spine/upper,

middle, and lower back): flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation. Muscles of the Neck and Vertebral Column Sternocleidomastoid (anterior neck) Semispinalis capitis Semispinalis cervicis/thoracis Origin Insertion Action

Manubrium of sternum and medial clavicle Transverse process of cervical and thoracic vertebrae

Mastoid process of temporal bone Occipital bone. Spinous process of cervical & thoracic vertebrae Mastoid process and occipital bone

Splenius capitis

Spinous process of cervical and thoracic vertebrae Spinous process of thoracic vertebrae Spinous process of cervical and thoracic vertebrae Spinous process of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae Transverse process of vertebrae Transverse process of vertebrae, sacrum Ribs

Splenius cervicus

Spinalis capitis (erector spinae) Spinalis cervicis and thoracis (erector spinae) Longissimus capitis (erector spinae) Longissimus cervicis and thoracis (erector spinae) Iliocostalis cervicis (erector spinae)

Transverse process of cervical vertebrae Occipital bone

Flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the head at the neck Extension and rotation of the head at the neck. Extension of the neck and upper back (cervical and thoracic spine) Extension (both), lateral flexion and rotation (one side) of the head at the neck Extension of cervical spine/neck Extension of the head at the neck Extension of the upper spine/back Extension (both), lateral flexion and rotation (one) of head at the neck Extension and lateral flexion of the upper spine/back Extension of cervical spine/upper back

Superior (upper) spinous processes Mastoid process

Iliocostalis thoracis and lumborum (erector spinae) Quadratus lumborum

Iliac crest, sacrum, ribs

Iliac crest

Superior (upper) transverse processes Transverse process of cervical vertebrae and upper ribs Upper ribs, transverse process Transverse process of lumbar vertebrae & 12th rib

Extension of spine/back, lateral flexion of spine/back Lateral flexion of lumbar spine, stabilization of pelvis/lumbar spine

Muscles of the Abdominal Wall

Origin

Insertion

Action Flexion and lateral flexion of vertebral column, compression of abdomen, stabilization of pelvis (controls tilt of the pelvis) Flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of vertebral column Flexion, lateral flexion and rotation of vertebral column Compression of abdomen i.e. forced expiration

Rectus abdominis

Pubis: Pubic crest and symphysis

Xiphoid process (of sternum) and costal cartilage of ribs (#5-7) Linea alba, Iliac crest and pubic bone Costal cartilage of ribs #8-10, linea alba Linea alba and pubis (pubic crest)

External oblique Internal oblique Transverse abdominis

Lower eight ribs Iliac crest and inguinal ligament Costal cartilage of ribs and iliac crest

Other muscles of the Axial Skeleton:

Muscles of the thorax

Scalenes, Intercostals, Diaphram

Scapular movements: Protraction, Retration, Elevation, Depression, Rotation Muscles of the Anterior and Posterior Thorax (Scapular) Serratus anterior

Origin

Insertion

Action

Surface of upper 9 ribs Occipital bone and spinous processes of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae

Protraction (abduction) Vertebral (medial) border and rotation of the of scapula scapula Clavicle; acromion process and spine of scapula Elevation (upper), depression (lower), retraction(adduction), rotation and stabilization

Trapezius

Levator scapulae

Vertebral(medial) border Transverse process of cervical Elevation and retraction of scapula superior to the (C1-4) vertebrae (adduction) of scapula spine

Retraction, downward Rhomboids (major and Spinous processes of cervical Vertebral (medial) border rotation, stabilization of and thoracic vertebrae of scapula minor) the scapula Pectoralis minor Subclavius Ribs 3-5 Costal cartilage of rib #1 Coracoid process of scapula Clavicle Depression of scapula, also can elevate ribs when arms are raised Stabilization of shoulder girdle, depression

Humeral movements: Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial rotation, Lateral rotation, Circumduction Muscles Crossing the Shoulder Origin Joint (humeral) Clavicle, sternum and costal cartilage of ribs Iliac crest, posterior sacrum, spinous processes of lower thoracic, lumbar vertebrae

Insertion

Action

Pectoralis major

Flexion, horizontal Intertubercular groove of flexion, internal rotation, humerus and adduction of humerus Extension, adduction and Intertubercular groove of internal rotation of the humerus humerus Abduction; flexion and medial rotation; extension and lateral rotation of humerus

Latissimus dorsi

Deltoid

Clavicle, acromion, and spine Deltoid tuberosity of of scapula humerus

Teres major Teres minor Infraspinatus Supraspinatus Subscapularis Coracobrachialis

Posterior surface of scapula

Extension, adduction and Intertubercular groove of internal rotation of humerus humerus Lateral rotation of humerus (rotator cuff) Lateral rotation of humerus (rotator cuff) Assists in abduction (rotator cuff) Medial rotation of the humerus (rotator cuff)

Axillary (lateral) border of the Greater tubercle of scapula humerus Infraspinous fossa of scapula Supraspinous fossa of scapula Subscapular fossa of the scapula Coracoid process of the scapula Greater tubercle of humerus Greater tubercle of humerus Lesser tubercle of the humerus

Medial surface of humeral Flexion and adduction of shaft the humerus

Movements at the wrist: Flexion, Extension, Supination, Pronation Movements at the fingers: Flexion, Extension Muscles Crossing the Elbow Joint or Origin Wrist joint Triceps brachii

Insertion

Action

Long head: infraglenoid tubercle; Medial and Lateral Olecranon process of ulna heads: posterior shaft of the humerus Short head: coracoid process of scapula; Long head: supra Radial tuberosity of radius glenoid tubercle of scapula Humerus Coronoid process of Ulna Lateral supracondylar ridge Styloid process of the of the humerus radius Lateral epicondyle of the humerus Medial epicondyle of humerus; ulna Ulna (distal, anterior) Lateral epicondyle of the humerus; ulna Medial epicondyle of humerus Medial epicondyle of humerus; ulna Medial epicondyle of humerus Olecranon process of ulna Lateral surface of radius Radius (distal, anterior) Radius (proximal) Metacarpals (base, 2-3rd) 5th metacarpal, pisiform, hamate (carpals) Palmar aponeurosis

Extension at the elbow Flexion at the elbow and supination at the elbow and wrist Flexion at the elbow Flexion at the elbow Extension at the elbow, stabilization Pronation at the elbow and wrist Pronation at the wrist Supination at the elbow Flexion and abduction at the wrist Flexion and adduction at the wrist Flexion at the wrist

Biceps brachii Brachialis Brachioradialis Anconeus Pronator teres Pronator quadratus Supinator Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris Palmaris longus

Flexor digitorum profundus and superficialis

Humerus, ulna, radius

Middle (FDS) and distal (FDP) phlanges #2-5 Distal phalanx #1

Flexion at the wrist and fingers Flexion at the wrist and thumb Extension and abduction at the wrist Extension and abduction at the wrist Extension and adduction at the wrist Extension at the wrist and fingers Extension at the wrist and thumb

Flexor Pollicus Longus Radius and ulna

Extensor carpi radialis Lateral supracondylar ridge Base of 2nd metacarpal of humerus longus Extensor carpi radialis Lateral epicondyle of the Base of 3rd metacarpal humerus brevis Extensor carpi Ulnaris Extensor digitorum Extensor Pollicis Longus Lateral epicondyle of the humerus; ulna Lateral epicondyle of the humerus Ulna Base of 5th metacarpal Phalanges #2-5 Phalanx #1

Muscles Crossing the Hip and Knee Joint

Origin

Insertion
Lesser trochanter of femur Lesser trochanter of the femur

Action

Lumbar vertebrae Iliac Fossa Anterior superior iliac spine Ischium and pubis Pubis (Anterior) Pubis (Inferior) Pubis Pubis (Inferior) Anterior inferior iliac spine Greater trochanter , Linea aspera,and intertrochanteric line of femur Linea aspera, intertrochanteric line Anterior surface of femur Iliac crest, and anterior superior iliac spine Ilium, sacrum, and coccyx Lateral surface of the ilium Lateral surface of the ilium Two heads: Long head, Ischial tuberosity / Short head, linea aspera Ischial tuberosity Ischial tuberosity Posterolateral Femur

Flexes the hip Flexes the hip

Flexes, adducts and Medial aspect of proximal externally rotates the tibia (pes anserine) hip, also flexes the knee Linea aspera and adductor tubercle Linea aspera Linea aspera above adductor longus Adducts the thigh Adducts the thigh Adducts the thigh

Lesser trochanter to linea Adducts, flexes and aspera of femur medial rotates the thigh Medial surface of tibia (pes anserine) Patella and tibial tuberosity Patella and tibial tuberosity Patella and tibial tuberosity Patella and tibial tuberosity Iliotibial tract (IT band) Femur and iliotibial tract Greater trochanter of femur Greater trochanter of femur Adducts the thigh, flexes the knee Extends the knee and flexes the hip Extension of the knee

Vastus lateralis

Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius Tensor fasciae latae Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Biceps femoris Semitendinosis Semimembranosus Popliteus

Extension of the knee Extension of the knee Flexes and abducts the hip Extends and externally rotates the hip Abducts and internally rotates the hip Abducts and internally rotates the hip

Head of fibula and lateral Extends the hip and side of tibia flexes the knee Medial Tibia (pes anserine) Medial side of the tibia Posteromedial Tibia Extends the hip and flexes the knee Extends the hip and flexes the knee Flexes the knee

Muscles of The Origin Lower Leg

Insertion
Achilles tendon to calcaneus

Action
Plantarflexion of the ankle and flexion of the knee Plantarflexion of the ankle Dorsiflexion and inversion of the ankle

Proximal posterior tibia and Achilles tendon to head of fibula calcaneus Lateral condyle and shaft of tibia Tibia and Fibula (Posterior) medial cuneiform and first metatarsal

Bases of 2-5 metatarsals Plantarflexion and and cuneiforms inversion of the ankle Distal phalanges 2-5 middle and distal phalanges 2-5 Distal phalanx #1 Distal phalanx of big toe 5th metatarsal Base of the 1st metatarsal Base of the 5th metatarsal Achilles tendon to calcaneus Flexion of the toes and plantarflexion and inversion the ankle Toe extension and Dorsiflexion of the ankle Flexion of the great toe and plantarflexion and inversion of the ankle Extension of the big toe, dorsiflexion of the ankle Dorsiflexion and eversion of the ankle Plantarflexion and eversion of the ankle Plantarflexion and eversion of the ankle Plantarflexion of the ankle and flexion of the knee

Flexor digitorum longus Tibia (Posterior) Extensor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus Extensor hallucis longus Peroneus (fibularis) tertius Peroneus (fibularis) longus Peroneus (fibularis) brevis Plantaris Lateral condyle of tibia, anterior fibula Fibula (Posterior) Fibula (Anterior) Fibula (Anterior distal) Head of Fibula Fibula (Lateral) Lateral condyle of femur