Tutorial 4 Arch Bridge

C i vi l

TUTORIAL 4. ARCH BRIDGE

Summary
1

Analysis Model and Load Cases / 2

File Opening and Preferences Setting Enter Material and Section Properties

5 7 10

Structural Modeling Using Nodes and Elements

Generate the Arch Ribs / 10 Generate the Hangers / 11

Generate the Main Girder and Duplicate the Arch Frame / 13 Generate the Cross Beams / 15 Generate the Bracings / 16

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

Generate the Cross Beam Group / 24

21

Boundary Conditions for Beam End Connections / 22

Enter Moving Traffic Loads and Static Loads

Enter Load Cases / 26 Define Static Loads / 27 Define Moving Traffic Loads / 29

26

Perform Structural Analysis

35 35

Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Load Combinations / 35 Verify Deformed Shape / 37

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams / 37 View Influence Lines Results / 40

TUTORIAL 4. ARCH BRIDGE

Summary
This tutorial illustrates the modeling and interpretation of the analysis results of a single span arch bridge subjected to moving traffic loads. The explanations for the basic functions of MIDAS/Civil (Tutorial 1) are omitted. The Icon Menu is primarily used. Refer to Tutorials 1 and 2 and the Online Manual for understanding the basic functions in MIDAS/Civil and the structural analysis processes. The modeling and analysis processes presented in this example are as follows: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. File Opening and Preferences Setting Enter Material and Section Properties Structure Modeling Using Nodes and Elements Enter Structure Boundary conditions Enter Moving Traffic Loads and Static Loads Perform Structural Analysis Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Tutorial 4

Analysis Model and Load Cases

Figure 4.1 shows the arch bridge model. The specifications for the structure are as follows: Bridge Type: Bridge Class: Span Length: Design Traffic Lanes: Width: Arch bridge First Class 50 m 2 Lanes 14 m

Figure 4.1 Arch Bridge Model

Summary

The following list describes the structural plan layout: Spacing of cross beams is 5 m. Stringers are placed longitudinally along the axis of the bridge. Main girders and arch ribs are placed 7 m from the centerline on both sides.
B3

Stringer

B4

Brace
B1
X

Origin Point

Cross Beam

B2

(a) Framing Plan

Z

Arch Rib 10.0

Hanger

[email protected]=14.0
X

Strut

Main Girder

[email protected]=50.0

(b) Front View Elevation Figure 4.2 Framing Plan and Front View Elevation of the Arch Bridge [Unit: m]

Tutorial 4

For simplicity, only the following 3 load cases are considered: Load Case 1: 90 kN/m Dead Load (applied only on the main girders) Load Case 2: 6 kN/m Sidewalk Load (applied only on the main girders) Load Case 3: Vehicle Loads (HL93-TRK, HL93-TDM)

This example focuses on the explanation for the relevant functions in MIDAS/Civil. The assumptions made in this example may differ from those in practical applications.

File Opening and Preferences Setting

File Opening and Preferences Setting

Open a new file ( New Project) to model the bridge and save the file as Arch AASHTO LRFD ( Save). Click the unit system selection button in Status Bar at the bottom of the screen. Choose the unit system and select kN and mm. Change the unit system as frequently as necessary for the convenience of data entry. The structure is modeled using the Icon Menu instead of the Tree Menu or Main Menu to improve the modeling skills of the user. The following procedure describes the method for displaying the icons required for modeling on the screen. This will help the user in making an efficient use of the Icon Menu. 1. 2. 3. Select Tools>Customize>Customize>Toolbars tab in the Main Menu. Check () all the items in the Toolbars selection field (Figure 4.3). Click .

Figure 4.3 Toolbars Dialog Box

Tutorial 4

Grid & Snap

Element

View Point

Zoom/Pan

Dynamic Zoom

Figure 4.4 Model View Layout

Enter Material and Section Properties

Enter Material and Section Properties

Specify the following member material properties and section data. Material Properties 1: A36 cross beam, bracing 2: A572-50 main girder, arch rib, hanger Section Data 1: ST 210060010/10 Main Girder 2: I 154050014/27 Cross Beam 3: ST 60060016/14 Arch Rib 4: I 60040012/16 Hanger 5: ST 60050010/14 Strut 6: W16100 Bracing & Stringer Sections 1 to 5 are built-up sections. Use the User functions to enter the principal section dimensions. Use DB, the AISC standard sections, contained in the program for Section 6.

Tutorial 4

Figure 4.5 Sectional Attributes Dialog Box Figure 4.6 Material Properties Dialog Box

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Select Model>Properties>Material in the Main Menu. Click Material in the Properties dialog box (Figure 4.5). Click . Confirm 1 in the Material Number field of General (Figure 4.6). Select Steel in the Type selection field. Select ASTM(S) in the Standard selection field of Steel. Select A36 in the DB selection field. . Click Select 2 in the Material Number field of General. Select Steel in the Type selection field. Select ASTM(S) in the Standard selection field of Steel. Select A572-50 in the DB selection field. .

13. Click

Enter Material and Section Properties

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

Select the Section tab in the Properties dialog box (Figure 4.5) or select Section in the Property toolbar. . Click Confirm 1 in the Section ID field of the DB/User tab (Figure 4.7). Type Main Girder in the Name field. Select Box in the Section Shape selection field (Figure 4.7). Select User in User or DB. Enter 2100 in the H field. Enter 600 in the B field. Enter 10 in the tw field. Enter 10 in the tf1 field. . Click Repeat steps 3 to 11 for sections 2 to 5. Confirm 6 in the Section ID field. Type Bracing & Stringer in the Name field. Select I-Section in the Section Shape selection field (Figure 4.7). Select DB in DB or User and select AISC in the field to the right.

There are 2 methods to

specify the Section Name: button to the 1).Click right of the field and select the desired section name with Scroll Bar. 2) Type in directly the desired section name.

17. Click the Sect. Name field and type W 16 100 or use Scroll Bar to select the type. 18. Click . . 19. Click 20. Click the unit system selection button of the Status Bar and change mm to m.

Convert the unit system

from mm to m for structural modeling.

Figure 4.7 Section Data Dialog Box

9

Tutorial 4

Structural Modeling Using Nodes and Elements

Generate the Arch Ribs
Use Structure Wizard to generate the arch ribs (Figure4.8). 1. Select Geometry>Structure Wizard>Arch in the Menu tab of Tree Menu. 2. Select Parabola1 in the Type selection field of the Input & Edit tab.
The
arch shape (parabola/ellipse with equal/equal projected spacing) can be selected in the Type field of the Input & Edit tab. Considering the hangers at an equal spacing, select Parabola1 to set the nodes on the arch rib at an equal spacing projected on a horizontal line (Figure 4.8).

3. Enter 10 in the Number of Segments field. 4. Enter 50 in the L field. 5. Enter 10 in the H field. 6. Select None in the Boundary Condition selection field. 7. Check () Show Element No. 8. Select 2 : A572-50 in the Material selection field. 9. Select 3 : Arch Rib in the Section selection field. 10. Enter 0, 0, 0 in the Insert Point field of the Insert tab. 11. Click 12. Click 13. Click . Auto Fitting. Front View.

Figure 4.8 Concept of Parabola1 format and Arch Wizard Dialog Box
10

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

Generate the Hangers

Use Extrude Elements to generate the hangers. Extend the nodes generated on the arch rib by projecting them perpendicularly downward (Figure 4.9).

Extrude

Elements generates geometrically 1-dimensional higher elements by following the moving path of the nodes or elements (nodeline element, line surface element, surfacesolid element).

1. 2. 3.

Click Click

Extrude Elements in the Element toolbar (Figure 4.9). Node Number (Toggle on).

Base

Line Definition requires 2 nodes of the line onto which it is projected.

Select Window to select nodes 2 to 10 from which the Click hangers are generated. 4. Select NodeLine Elem. in the Extrude Type selection field. 5. Select Beam in Element Type of the Element Attribute selection field. 6. Select 2 : A572-50 in the Material selection field. 7. Select 4 : Hanger in the Section selection field. 8. Select Project in the Generation Type selection field. 9. Select Project on a line in the Projection Type selection field. 10. Click the P1 field of Base Line definition. Once the background color turns to pale green, assign nodes 1 to 11. 11. Select Normal in the Direction selection field. 12. Click 13. Click 14. Click . Change Element Parameters (Figure 4.9). Select Recent Entities (Figure 4.9).

The Direction choice in

the Project function represents the projection direction of the element.

The

hanger web direction is modified to be perpendicular to the bridge longitudinal axis as shown in Figure 4.10 (also refer to the section on Beta Angle in the Online Manual).

15. Select Element Local Axis in Parameter Type selection field. 16. Select Assign and Beta Angle in the Mode selection field. 17. Enter 90 in the Beta Angle field. 18. Click .

Hidden (Figure 4.10) (Toggle on) to Click Shrink (Figure 4.10) and check the entered Beta Angle. Check the current data entries and click Hidden to toggle off. Shrink and

11

Tutorial 4

Figure 4.9 Hanger Generation

Beta Angle = 0

Beta Angle = 90

Y X

Z X

Z Y

Figure 4.10 Modification of the Beta Angle for Hangers

12

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

Generate the Main Girder and Duplicate the Arch Frame

Create the main girder by connecting both ends of the arch. Duplicate the completed part of the arch frame including the main girder at the opposite side.
In this example, Point
Grid is not used. To avoid confusion while assigning the nodes with the mouse, toggle Point Grid and off Point Grid Snap.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Click Click

Point Grid and Iso View.

Point Grid Snap (Toggle off).

Create Elements in the Element toolbar. Click Select General beam/Tapered beam in the Element Type selection field. Select 2 : A572-50 in the Material selection field. Select 1 : Main girder in the Section selection field. Select 0 in the Beta Angle field of Orientation. Check () in Node of the Intersect selection field. Click the Nodal Connectivity field. Once the background color turns to pale green, assign nodes 1 to 11. Select All. Translate Elements in the Element toolbar. Click Select Copy in the Mode selection field. Select Equal Distance in the Translation selection field. Enter 0, 14, 0 in the dx, dy, dz field. Enter 1 in the Number of Times field. (Figure 4.11).

10. Click 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

16. Click

13

Tutorial 4

Figure 4.11 Completed Main Girders and Arches

14

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

Generate the Cross Beams

Use Extrude Elements to create the cross beams by extending the nodes on one of the main girders to the nodes on the opposite main girder. 1. Click 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
The Direction represents
the Direction of Projection.

Extrude Elements in the Element toolbar.

Select Polygon (Figure 4.12) and select nodes 1 and 11 to 20. Click Select NodeLine Element. in the Extrude Type selection field. Select Beam in the Element Type selection field. Select 1 : A36 in the Material selection field. Select 2 : Cross beam in the Section selection field. Select Project in the Generation Type selection field. Select Project on a line in the Projection Type selection field. Click the P1 in the Base Line Definition field. Once the background color turns to pale green, assign the nodes 21 and 31 consecutively.

10. Select Normal in the Direction selection field. 11. Click .

Figure 4.12. Creation of Cross Beams

15

Tutorial 4

Generate the Bracings

Activate only the newly created cross beams. Use Element Snap in conjunction with Create Elements to create the stringers. 1. Click 2. Click 3. Click Select Recent Entities. Activate. Element Number (Toggle on).

Create Elements in the Element toolbar. 4. Click 5. Select General beam/Tapered beam in the Element Type field. 6. Select 1 : A36 in the Material field. 7. Select 6 : Bracing & Stringer in the Section field. 8. Enter 0 in the Beta Angle field of Orientation. 9. Check () in Elem in the Intersect field. 10. Confirm that the location of Element Snap in Status Bar is 1/2 (Figure 4.13). 11. Click the Nodal Connectivity field. Once the background color turns to pale green, assign the middle of elements 59 and 60 consecutively. 12. Click Element Number (Toggle off) (Figure 4.13).

Figure 4.13 Completed Stringers

16

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

Generate the diagonal bracings on the floor plane.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Click Create Elements in the Element toolbar. Select General beam/Tapered beam in the Element Type selection field. Select 1 : A36 in the Material selection field. Select 6 : Bracing & Stringer in the Section selection field. Click the Nodal Connectivity field. Once the background color turns to pale green, connect nodes 1 to 43 and nodes 43 to 21 to create two elements. Click Translate Elements. Select Single to select the two braces generated in step 4. Click Select Copy in the Mode selection field. Select Equal Distance in the Translation selection field. Enter 5, 0, 0 in the dx, dy, dz field. Enter 4 in the Number of Times field. . Mirror Elements.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

12. Click 13. Click

Select Previous and Select Recent Entities to select all the 14. Click diagonal bracings. 15. Select Copy in the Mode selection field. 16. Select y-z plane in Reflection and click the x field. Once the background color turns to pale green, assign node 16 or enter 25. 17. Click (Figure 4.14).

17

Tutorial 4

Figure 4.14 Completed Floor Plane

18

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

Create the bracings on the arch ribs located symmetrically on each side of the mid span.

Inverse

Active

function deactivates the nodes and elements displayed in the current window, and activates the formerly inactivated nodes and elements.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Click

Inverse Activate (Figure 4.15).

Click Create Elements in the Element toolbar. Select 1 : A36 in the Material selection field. Select 5 : Strut in the Section selection field. Enter 0 in the Beta Angle field of Orientation. Click the Nodal Connectivity field. Once the background color turns to pale green, connect separately nodes 4 and 24, 5 and 25, 6 and 26, 7 and 27, and 8 and 28 (Figure 4.15).

Figure 4.15 Completed Struts

19

Tutorial 4

1.
When an undesirable
location is selected during the data entry of elements, click the Esc key. Alternatively rightclick the mouse and select Cancel at the bottom of the Context Menu to cancel the entry.

Click Click Click

Select Single to select 5 struts. Activate.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

Element Number (Toggle on).

To create the bracings

in the central portion of the arches, selectively activate the elements that are connected to the elements being generated.

Create Elements in the Element toolbar. Click Select General beam/Tapered beam in Element Type. Select 1 : A36 in the Material selection field. Select 6 : Bracing & Stringer in the Section selection field. Enter 0 in the Beta Angle field of Orientation. Check () in Elem of the Intersect selection field. Click the Nodal Connectivity field. Once the background color turns to pale green, connect successively the centers of elements 111 to 115 to create the bracings.

Element Number (Toggle off). 11. Click 12. Click the Nodal Connectivity field. Once the background color turns to pale green, connect separately nodes 4 and 53, 24 and 53, 5 and 54, 25 and 54, 54 and 7, 54 and 27, 55 and 8, and 55 and 28 (Figure 4.16).

Figure 4.16 Completed Arch Bracings

20

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

Once the structural configuration is created, specify the support conditions (Figure 4.2(a)). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click Activate All. Select Boundary tab as shown in Figure 4.17, and select Supports. Select Add in the Options selection field. Select Single. Click Select node 1 and check () D-ALL. . Click Select node 11 and check () Dy and Dz. . Click Select node 21 and check () Dx and Dz.

. 10. Click 11. Select node 31 and check () Dz. 12. Click .

Figure 4.17 Structural Boundary Conditions

21

Tutorial 4

Boundary Conditions for Beam End Connections

Use Beam End Release to specify the boundary conditions at both ends of the beam elements (Figure 4.18). Both ends of hangers: Pin joint conditions about the ECS z-axis Both ends of bracings: Pin joint conditions about the ECS y- and z-axes Both ends of cross beams connected to the main girders: Pin joint conditions about the ECS y- and z-axes Select Beam End Release in the Boundary tab. Select Add/Replace in the Options selection field. Click the Filter selection field (Figure 4.18) to select z.

Refer

to the Online Manual, Getting Started and Tutorials for detailed explanation on Filtering Selection.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Select All. Click Check () Mz of i-Node and j-Node in the General Types and Partial Fixity selection field. Click .

Click

Display and select Local Axis on the Element tab for checking the element coordinate axes.

Click the Filter selection field (Figure 4.18) to select none.

Select Identity-Elements (Figure 4.18). 8. Click 9. Select Section in the Select Type field. 10. Select 6 : Bracing & Stringer in the Section selection field. . 11. Click 12. Click the Pinned-Pinned button in the General Types and Partial Fixity selection field (or check () My and Mz of i-Node and j-Node). . 13. Click 14. Select 2 : Cross beam in the Section selection field of the Select Identity-Elements dialog box. 15. Click 16. Click 17. Click 18. Click
Select
Intersect selects the elements intersecting the specified lines drawn with the mouse.

. in the Select Identity-Elements dialog box. Activate. Element Number (Toggle on).

Select Intersect to select elements 59 to 69. 19. Click 20. Click the Pinned-Fixed button in the General Types and Partial Fixity field. 21. Click .

22

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

22. Type 80 to 90 in the element selection window (Figure 4.18) and press [Enter]. 23. Click the Fixed-Pinned button in the General Types and Partial Fixity selection field. 24. Click 25. Click 26. Click 27. Click . Element Number (Toggle off). Activate All. Node Number (Toggle off)

Figure 4.18 Beam End Release

23

Tutorial 4

Generate the Cross Beam Group

Generate the Cross Beam Group, which will be used to enter the moving loads. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click Select Identity-Elements. Select Section in the Select Type field. Select 2 : Cross Beam in the Section field. Click Click Click Click . in the Select Identity-Elements dialog box. Group of Tree Menu. Activate.

Element Number (Toggle on). Click Right-click the mouse in the Structure Group and then select New to enter Cross Beam 1. 10. Follow the same procedure to enter Cross Beam 2.

Select Intersect to select elements 59 to 69. 11. Click 12. From the Structure Group drag Cross Beam 1 with the mouse and drop to the model window. 13. Type 80 to 90 in the element selection window (Figure 4.19) and press [Enter]. 14. Follow the same procedure to assign Cross Beam 2. 15. Click 16. Click Element Number (Toggle off). Activate All and Iso View.

24

Enter Structure Boundary Conditions

Figure 4.19 Cross Beam Group

25

Tutorial 4

Enter Moving Traffic Loads and Static Loads

Enter Load Cases
Set up the Load Cases prior to specifying the loads. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select Load>Static Load Cases in the Main Menu. Enter Dead Load in the Name field of the Static Load Cases dialog box (Figure 4.20). Select Dead Load in the Type selection field. . Click Enter Sidewalk Load in the Name field. Select Dead Load in the Type selection field. Click Click . .

Figure 4.20 Static Load Cases Window

26

Enter Moving Traffic Loads and Static Loads

Define Static Loads

Specify the static load cases (Load Cases 1 and 2). The dead and sidewalk loadings are assumed to be applied only on the main girders for simplicity (Figure 4.21). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Click Select Identity-Elements. Select Section in the Select Type field. Select 1 : Main Girder in the Section selection field. Click . Click in the Select Identity-Elements dialog box. Select Load>Element Beam Loads in the Main Menu. Select Dead Load in the Load Case Name selection field. Select Add in the Options selection field. Select Uniform Loads in the Load Type selection field. Select Global Z in the Direction selection field. Select No in the Projection selection field. Select Relative in the Value selection field. Enter 0, 1 and -90 in the x1, x2 and w fields, respectively. . Select Previous. Click Select Sidewalk Load in the Load Case Name field. Select Add in the Options selection field. Select Uniform Loads in the Load Type selection field. Select Global Z in the Direction selection field. Select No in the Projection selection field. Select Relative in the Value selection field. Enter 0, 1 and -6 in the x1, x2 and w fields, respectively. . .

14. Click

23. Click 24. Click

27

Tutorial 4

Figure 4.21 Current Loading Condition

28

Enter Moving Traffic Loads and Static Loads

Define Moving Traffic Loads

First, define the traffic line lanes (Figure 4.22). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Select Moving Load Analysis>Moving Load Code in the Menu tab of the Tree Menu. Select AASHTO LRFD in Select Moving Load Code dialog box. Click . Select Moving Load Analysis>Traffic Line Lanes in the Menu tab of the Tree Menu. in the Traffic Line Lanes dialog box. Click Enter Lane 1 in the Lane Name field. Enter -3.5 in the Eccentricity field. Select Cross Beam in the Vehicle Load Distribution field. Select Cross Beam 1 in the Cross Beam Group field.

10. Select Both in the Moving Direction field.

When a traffic lane is curved or
when the lane data entry with 2 Points becomes awkward due to discontinuity, select Number and directly type in the element numbers. (In this case, even if you select Number and input 20 to 29, the same traffic lanes are selected)

11. Select 2 Points among 2 Points, Picking and Element Number in Selection by and click the field to the right. Once the background color turns to pale green, assign nodes 1 and 11. . 12. Click 13. Click in the Traffic Line Lanes dialog box. 14. Enter Lane 2 in the Lane Name field. 15. Enter -10.5 in the Eccentricity field. 16. Select Cross Beam in the Vehicle Load Distribution field. 17. Select Cross Beam 2 in the Cross Beam Group field. 18. Select Both in the Moving Direction field. 19. Select 2 Points among 2 Points, Picking and Element Number in Selection by and click the field to the right. Once the background color turns to pale green, assign nodes 1 and 11. 20. Click 21. Click

29

Tutorial 4

Figure 4.22 Traffic Line Lanes Dialog Box Click the unit system selection button in Status Bar at the bottom of the screen. Choose the unit system and select kips and ft.

30

Enter Moving Traffic Loads and Static Loads

MIDAS/Civil

contains the standard vehicle loads such as AASHTO LRFD, AASHTO Standard, Caltrans, BS 5400, BS BD 37/01, etc.

The method for defining the moving traffic loads, HL93-TRK and HL93-TDM (Figure 4.23), is explained below. 1. Select Moving Load Analysis>Vehicles in the Menu tab of the Tree Menu. 2. Click in the Vehicles Load Type dialog box. 3. Select AASHTO LRFD Load in the Standard Name field. 4. Confirm HL-93 TRK in Vehicle Load Name & Vehicle Load Type fields. 5. Enter 33 in the Dynamic Load Allowance field. 6. Click . 7. Click in the Vehicles Load Type dialog box. 8. Select AASHTO LRFD Load in the Standard Name field. 9. Confirm HL-93 TDM in Vehicle Load Name & Vehicle Load Type fields. 10. Enter 33 in the Dynamic Load Allowance field. 11. Click 12. Click . .

Use

the Moving Load Cases function to define the vehicle loading cases such as the maximum / minimum number of lanes simultaneously subjected to the vehicle load, the type of vehicle and the lane onto which the load is applied, etc. (Refer to the Online Manual for details)

Figure 4.23 Definition of Standard Vehicle Loads

31

Tutorial 4

Use the Moving Load Cases

Function to define the vehicle loading conditions, i.e. which vehicle loads are applied on which traffic lanes. Also define the maximum and minimum numbers of traffic lanes that can be loaded with vehicle loads simultaneously.

Define the moving traffic load cases (Figure 4.24).

1. Select Moving Load Analysis>Moving Load Cases in the Tree Menu. 2. Click in the Moving Load Cases dialog box. 3. Enter MVL in the Load Case Name field of the Moving Load Case dialog box. 4. Keep default values of Scale Factor in Multiple Presence Factor. 5. Click in the Sub-Load Cases field. 6. Select VL:HL93-TDM in the Vehicle Class field. 7. Enter 1 in the Scale Factor field. 8. Enter 1 in the Min. Number of Loaded Lanes field. 9. Enter 2 in the Max. Number of Loaded Lanes field. 10. Select Lane 1 and Lane 4 in List of Lanes of Assignment Lanes and click 11. Click to move to Selected Lanes. in the Sub-Load Cases dialog box.

in the Sub-Load Cases field. 12. Click 13. Select VL:HL93-TRK in the Vehicle Class field. 14. Enter 1 in the Scale Factor field. 15. Enter 1 in the Min. Number of Loaded Lanes field. 16. Enter 2 in the Max. Number of Loaded Lanes field. 17. Select Lane 1 and Lane 4 in List of Lanes of Assignment Lanes and click 18. Click 19. Click 20. Click to move to Selected Lanes. in the Sub-Load Cases dialog box. in the Define Moving Load Case dialog box. in the Moving Load Cases dialog box.

32

Enter Moving Traffic Loads and Static Loads

Figure 4.24 Definition of Moving Vehicle Load

33

Tutorial 4

Define the method of analysis for the moving vehicle load (Figure 4.25). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select Analysis>Moving Load Analysis Control from the Main Menu. Select Exact in the Analysis Method field. Select All Points in the Analysis Method field. Enter 5 in the Influence Generating Point No./Line Element field.

Use

Moving Load Analysis Control to input the number of points on each line element where influence lines should be generated. For example, if 5 is inputted in Influence Generating Point No./Line Element field, it means that the concentrated axle load is applied successively at 5 equally spaced points on each line element, along the direction of the traffic lane. (Also refer to the Structural Analysis functions in the Online Manual for details)

Select Normal in Frame in the Analysis Results field. Select All in Reactions, Displacements and Forces/Moments under Calculation Filters. Click Click . Node Number (Toggle off).

Calculation Filter in Moving

Load Analysis Control Data groups only the desired part of the results for review. The grouping reduces the computation time and the size of Results file for large structures.

Figure 4.25 Moving Load Analysis Control Dialog Box

34

Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Perform Structural Analysis

Perform the structural analysis of the structure attributed with boundary conditions and load cases. Click Analysis.

Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Load Combinations
We will now examine the Linear Load Combination method of the 3 load cases (dead load, sidewalk load and moving load) for which structural analyses have been completed. In this example, we specify only one load combination as noted below, and check its results. The load combination case has been arbitrarily chosen and, as such, it may be irrelevant for any practical design application. Load Combinations (LCB): 1.05 Dead Load + 1.05 Sidewalk Load + 1.00 Moving Load.

Figure 4.26 Load Combinations Dialog Box

35

Tutorial 4

Use Results>Combinations in the Main Menu to open the Load Combinations dialog box (Figure 4.26) and enter the following load combination: 1.
Selecting Active under Active
in the Load Combinations dialog box prompts the load combination used by the design function of the program. (Refer to the Online Manual for details)

Select Results>Combinations in the Main Menu. Select Active under Active in Load Combination List. Enter LCB1 in the Name field. Select Add in the Type selection field. to select Dead Load Click the LoadCase selection field and use (ST) in the field. Enter 1.0 in Factor field for Dead Load (ST). to select Sidewalk Load Click the second selection field and use (ST) in the field. Enter 1.0 in Factor field for Sidewalk Load (ST).

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

to select MVL(MV) in the Click the third selection field and use field. 10. Enter 1.0 in Factor field for MVL(MV). 11. Click

36

Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Verify Deformed Shape

Use the following procedure to check the deformed shape (Figure 4.27): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click Deformed Shape on the Result tab in toolbar (Figure 4.27). Select CBmin:LCB1 in the Load Cases/Combinations selection field. Select DXYZ in the Components selection field. Check () Undeformed and Legend in the Type of Display selection field. to the right of Deform in the Type of Display Click the button selection field. Select Real Deform in the Deformation selection field. Check () in Apply upon OK. Click Click

. Hidden (Toggle on).

Figure 4.27 Deformed Shape

37

Tutorial 4

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

The method for reviewing the shear force and bending moment diagrams are quite similar. Therefore, only the method for displaying the bending moment diagram is reviewed in this case. This method is not intended to capture the bending moment diagram of the entire structure. The purpose is to display only the results related to a specific part of the structure. For instance, the following steps illustrate the procedure to display the bending moment diagram in the X-Z plane (Figure 4.28).

Quite often, analysis results

for the structural behavior of specific parts are required in practice. Use the Select Plane to separately extract the results at the desired planar section.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13.

Hidden (Toggle off). Click Select by Plane. Click Select XZ Plane in the Plane tab. Click in the Z Position field and select a point with the mouse, which defines the desired X-Z plane (the color of the selected plane changes). Click Click Click Select . Activate. Front View. Beam Diagram on the Result tab in toolbar (Figure 4.28).

MVmin:

The minimum member force resulting from the vehicle load applied to the structure. MVmax: The maximum member force resulting from the vehicle load applied to the structure.

Select MVall: MVL in Load Cases/Combinations selection field.

Select My in the Components selection field. Select 5 Points and Line Fill in Display Options selection field. Enter 1.0 in the Scale field. Check ()Contour and Legend in the Type of Display selection field. .

14. Click

38

Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Figure 4.28 My diagrams (XZ Plane) for the Beam

39

Tutorial 4

Refer to the Online

Manual for more details on Influence Lines.

View Influence Lines Results

First we will examine the influence lines for a support reaction. Figure 4.29 shows the results for support B1 (node 1). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click Activate All Click Reactions on the Influence Lines/Surface tab in the toolbar (Figure 4.29). Select Lane 1 in the Line/Surface Lanes field. Enter 1 in the Key Node field. Enter 1.0 in the Scale Factor field. Select FZ in the Components field. Check () Legend in the Type of Display field. Click Click

. Front View.

Figure 4.29 Reaction Influence Line

40

Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Use animation to investigate the results of the support reaction influence line (Figure 4.30). 1. 2. 3. 4. Iso View. Click Check () Legend and Animate in the Type of Display field. Click Click . Record (Figure 4.30).

After

reviewing the animation, click Close Into restore the original screen (Figure 4.30).

Figure 4.30 Animation of Support Reaction Influence Line

41

Tutorial 4

Figure 4.31 shows the deflection influence line. 1. 2. 3. 4.

Mouse Editor may be
used for the Key Node field to select the nodes directly.

Click

Front View.

Displacements on the Influence Lines/Surfaces tab in the Click toolbar (Figure 4.31). Confirm Lane 1 in the Line/Surface Lanes selection field. Enter 15 in the Key Node field.

5. 6. 7. 8.

Enter 2.0 in the Scale Factor field. Select DZ in the Components selection field. Check () Legend in the Type of Display selection field. Click

.

Figure 4.31 Deflection Influence Line

42

Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Figure 4.32 shows the moment influence line. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Click Beam Forces/Moments on the Influence Lines/Surfaces tab in the toolbar (Figure 4.32). Confirm Lane 1 in the Line/Surface Lanes selection field. Enter 23 in the Key Element field. Enter 2.0 in the Scale Factor field. Select i in the Parts selection field. Select My in the Components selection field. Check () Legend in the Type of Display selection field. Click

.

Figure 4.32 Moment Influence Line

43

Tutorial 4

Moving Load Tracer can be

applied to the results obtained from the structural analysis related to Moving Vehicle Load. It displays the results similar to an influence line or influence surface diagram by tracking the location of the vehicle loading.

Use Moving Load Tracer to check the reactions on the structure resulting from the movement of vehicular traffic (Figure 4.33). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Select Iso View.

Select Plane. Click Select XY Plane in the Plane tab, click in the Z Position field, and select node 1 with the mouse. Click . Activate. Click Select Results>Moving Load Tracer>Reactions in the Main Menu. Select MVmax : MVL in the Moving Load Cases selection field. Enter 1 in the Key Node field. Enter 1.0 in the Scale Factor field. Select FZ in the Components field selection. Check () Contour, Legend and Applied Loads in the Type of Display selection field. .

12. Click

Figure 4.33 Checking the Loading points of a Vehicle using Moving Load Tracer
44

Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Moving

Load Tracer generates a particular loading condition, which produces specific results due to a vehicle moving load. The traced moving load condition is expressed in terms of an influence line or surface.

Using Moving Load Tracer, we can now check the moving load location, which causes the movement at the ith end of element 28. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Select Results>Moving Load Tracer>Beam Forces/Moment in the Main Menu. Select MVmax : MVL in the Moving Load Cases selection field. Enter 28 in the Key Element field. Enter 1.0 in the Scale Factor field. Select i in the Parts selection field. Select MY in the Components selection field. Check () Contour, Legend and Applied Loads in the Type of Display selection field. Click .

Figure 4.34 Checking the Loading points of a Vehicle using Moving Load Tracer

45

Tutorial 4

Having determined the moving load location by the Moving Load Tracer, we will now examine the method of converting the live load into a static load. If we click the button of the Moving Load Tracer Function, the converted static load is saved in an MCT file. When we execute the MCT file using the MCT Command Shell in the model file already generated, the static load will be entered in the model. (For details on MCT Command Shell, refer to the Online Manual). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Click .

in Moving Load Converted to Static Load dialog box. Click Select File>Exit in the MIDAS/Text Editor. In the Main Menu, select Tools>MCT Command Shell>Open >File Name (MVmaxMVLMy28.mct)>Open. Click in the MCT Command Shell dialog box.

when prompted for Analysis/design results will be Click deleted; Continue? in the CVLw dialog box. Click in the MCT Command Shell dialog box. Select Load>Static Load Cases in the Main Menu. Confirm that MVmaxMVL1My28.mct is generated under the Name column in the Static Load Cases dialog box. in the Static Load Cases dialog box. Analysis.

10. Click 11. Click

46

Verify and Interpret Analysis Results

Figure 4.35 Live load automatically converted into static load

47

Tutorial 4

We can now check the bending moment due to the static load that was generated from the live load which caused the movement at the ith end of element 28. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Select Beam Diagram on the Result tab in toolbar (Figure 4.36). Select ST:MVmaxMVLMy28 in the Load Cases/Combinations selection field. Select My in the Components selection field. Select 5 Points and Solid Fill in Display Options selection field. Enter 1.0 in the Scale field. Check () Contour and Legend in the Type of Display selection field. Click .

Figure 4.36 My beam diagrams for the live load converted into static load
48