IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Teachers:
Prof. Dr. Abdul Sattar Shakir (Incharge) Prof. Dr. Noor M Khan Engr. Muhammad Naeem Akhtar Engr. Usman Ali
Slides Courtesy of Dr. Mohsin Siddique
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Course Outline:
Irrigation, its limitations and Introduction advantages Water Resources Weirs and Barrages, Management components, functions, design Design of irrigation channels theories Crop Water Requirements Canal head regulators, Silt Control Measures in canals, Methods of Irrigation Cross Drainage Works, Tube Canal Falls, wells Canal Outlets. Canal lining and maintenance Water Logging & Salinity Drainage of excess water of irrigation canals
CE-431 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Introduction: Definition and types of irrigation. Merits and demerits of irrigation, Indus basin irrigation system. Water Resources: Planning and development of water resources projects. Water resources in Pakistan. Canal Irrigation: Elementary concept about canal head works, selection of their site and layout, weirs and barrages, various components and functions. Measures adopted to control silt entry into canals, silt ejectors and silt excluders. Design of weirs on permeable foundations, sheet piles and well foundations, cut off walls. Design of irrigation channels, Kennedys and Laceys theories. Rational methods for design of irrigation channels. Comparison of various methods. Computer Aided design of irrigation channels. Irrigation Works: Canal head regulators, falls, meter flumes, canal outlets. Cross drainage works: types and functions. Canal lining: advantages and types. Maintenance of irrigation canals. Irrigated Agriculture: Water requirements of crops, duty of irrigation water. Delta of crops, consumptive use, estimation of consumptive use, methods used for assessment of irrigation water. Irrigation methods and practices. Management of irrigation systems, various approaches, participatory irrigation management. Water logging and salinity: Definition, field capacity, wilting point, hygroscopic moisture etc. Causes and effects of water logging, reclamation of water logged soils. Drains and tube wells. Causes and effects of salinity and alkalinity of lands in Pakistan. Reclamation methods. Drainage network in irrigated areas.
Part II Design of Irrigation System Design of Barrage
Surface Consideration Subsurface Considerations Guide Bank
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Reference Books:
Irrigation and Hydraulic Structures: Theory, Design and Practice
By Dr. Iqbal Ali
Hydraulic Structures
By Novak, P., Moffat, I.B. and Nalluri
Irrigation Water management: Principles and Practice
By Majumdar, Dilip Kumar
IRRIGATION ENGINEERING
Reference Books Irrigation Engineering and Hydraulic Structures
By S.K. Garg
FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper No 56
By Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
It was only during the Holocene epoch (10,000 years ago) that the development of agriculture occurred, keeping in mind that the Earth and solar system are 4.6 billion years old Only in the past 9,000 to 10,000 years have humans discovered how to raise crops and tame animals The first successful efforts to control the flow of water were made in Mesopotamia and Egypt, where the remains of the prehistoric irrigation works still exist In ancient Egypt, the construction of canals was a major endeavor of the pharaohs and their servants
This frieze (c. 2000 B.C.E. ) depicts Egyptians using water from the Nile River for irrigation.
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
The Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia built city walls and temples and dug canals that were the world's first engineering works It is also of interest that these people, from the beginning of recorded history, fought over water rights The Assyrians also developed extensive public works. Sargon II, invading Armenia in 714 B.C.E. , discovered the qanat (Arabic name) or kariz (Persian name), which is a tunnel used to bring water from an underground source in the hills down to the foothills. Sargon destroyed the area in Armenia but brought the concept back to Assyria for irrigation Sophisticated irrigation and storage systems were also developed by the Indus Valley Civilization in present-day Pakistan and North India, including the reservoirs at Girnar in 3000 BCE and an early canal irrigation system from circa 2600 BCE
Mesopotamia, is Greek word which means for "the land between the rivers."
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION
An example of irrigation system common in Indian subcontinent. Artistic impression on the banks of Dal Lake, Kashmir, India.
Animal-powered irrigation, Upper Egypt, ca. 1840
WHAT IS IRRIGATION?
Irrigation is the Art & Science of applying water to the land by artificial means to fulfill the water requirement of crops in the areas where rainfall is insufficient. Irrigation system consists of
Storage or diversion Conveyance of irrigation water Distribution and application of irrigation water Drainage of excess water
WHY IRRIGATION IS REQUIRED?
Non-Uniform Rainfall
Sometimes rainfall is sufficient but non-uniform with time and place. Like Monsoon season etc. New high yielding varieties have higher water requirement. e.g sugarcane and rice need more water. High yielding varieties need exact amount of water. Excessive water lead to lesser yield Cash crops require higher and assured supply of water with frequent water for maturity Right amount of water at right time is a key to For successful farming. Fruit trees in orchards and gardens have higher requirement of water.
Augmentation of crop yield
Exacting water requirement
Cash Crop Cultivation
Assured Water Supply
Orchards and Gardens
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Storage or diversion
Dams Headworks/Barrages/Weirs
Headwork: Headwork is a combination of weir or barrage and canal head regulator. Barrage is a part of Headwork.
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Storage or diversion
Tarbela Dam: Earth and Rockfill Dam
Mangla Dam: Earthfill
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Storage or diversion
Munawar tawi
Jammu tawi
MR Link Canal UCC
Maralla headworks
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Storage or diversion
North West Canal Rice Canal Dadu Canal Nara Canal Khairpur East Canal Rohi Canal Khairpur West Canal
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Storage or diversion
JINNAH BARRAGE
TAUNSA BARRAGE
ISLAM BARRAGE
BALLOKI BARRAGE
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Conveyance of irrigation water
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Conveyance of irrigation water
Chashma Right Bank Canal
Watercourses
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Distribution and application of irrigation water
Warabandi is a rotational method for equitable distribution of the available water in an irrigation system by turns fixed according to predetermined schedule specifying the day, time and duration of supply to each irrigator in proportion to size of his land holding in the outlet command.(Singh 1981, Malhotra 1982)
Pakka Watercourse
Pakka Nakka
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Distribution and application of irrigation water
Surface Irrigation system
Furrow Irrigation system
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Distribution and application of irrigation water
Drip Irrigation system
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Distribution and application of irrigation water
Bubble Irrigation System
Sprinkler irrigation system
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Distribution and application of irrigation water
Central Pivotal Irrigation system
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Drainage of excess water
Tile Drain Ditching Channelized Stream Flooded crop land
COMPONENTS OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Drainage of excess water
Natural Riparian Buffer
Raise Stream Bank
Lower Water Table
Unchannelized Stream
Channelized Stream
WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
The water resources available for irrigated agriculture in Pakistan consist of: 1. Rainfall (falling directly on cultivated areas) 2. Surface Water 3. Ground Water
WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
1. Rainfall
Monsoon and westerly disturbances are two main weather systems that contribute to the rainfall in Pakistan. The average annual rainfall is approximately 291mm. Nearly twothird is received in the Kharif (summer), while the rest in Rabi (winter) season. Total annual average rainfall over Indus basin amounts to about 40 MAF, 60% of which approximately falls on the cultivable command areas. Rabi (Oct-Mar) Kharif (Apr-Sep) Moon soon (July- Sep)
WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
2. Surface Water
Pakistan receives surface water mainly through a network of Indus River System. The major contribution is from rain fall and snowmelt in the river catchments.
According to Indus Basin Treaty (1960)
Rights of water for Beas, Sutlej & Ravi Rivers lies with India Pakistan has the rights of water use in Indus, Chenab & Jehlum Rivers. The water for irrigation to canal commands off-taking from Ravi & Sutlej rivers is provided through inter-river link canals
SIGNING OF INDUS WATER TREATY ON 19 SEPT. 1960
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WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
Average Annual Inflows to the Indus Basin
Source Indus Jehlum Chenab Eastern Rivers (Ravi & Satluj) Total Inflows
Historic Post Tarbela Historic Post Tarbela Historic
Kharif(MAF) Rabi(MAF) Annual(MAF)
76.65 75.13 17.69 18.06 20.59 13.59 15.22 4.42 5.07 3.89 90.24 90.35 22.11 23.13 24.48
Post Tarbela
Historic Post Tarbela Historic
22.38
8.85 6.41 123.78
4.77
1.36 1.76 23.26
27.15
10.21 8.17 147.04
Post Tarbela
121.98
26.82
148.8
WATER RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN:
3. Ground Water
Important resource for
Irrigation Domestic & Industrial water supplies
In the Indus plain, about 25 millions acres (10 Mha) are underlain by usable groundwater (18.7 M. Acre =14.2+4.5 ref Iqbal Ali P/25 2010 ed.). The remaining area is underlain by highly saline unusable groundwater. Average annual recharge to the groundwater system of the Indus plain is about 45 MAF.
The ground water pumpage varies largely depending upon the canal water supplies.
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Irrigated agriculture in Pakistan is confined primarily to the Indus Plains. As a result of extensive developments, Pakistan now possesses the worlds largest contiguous irrigation system commonly called the Indus Basin Irrigation System (IBIS).
Indus basin
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN
Controlled year round irrigation began in 1859 with the completion of the Upper Bari Doab Canal (UBDC) from Madhopur Headworks (now in India) on Ravi River. UBDC was followed by Sirhind Canal from Rupar Headworks on Sutlej in 1872 (also in India) and Sidhnai Canal from Sidhnai Barrage on Ravi in 1886. The Lower Chenab (LCC) from Khanki on Chenab in 1892, and Lower Jhelum (L.J.C) from Rasul on Jhelum in 1901 was constructed Lower and Upper Swat, Kabul River and Paharpur Canals in NWFP were completed between 1885 to 1914.
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN
Ravi River, serving a large area of Bari Doab, was deficient in supply while Jhelum had a surplus.
An innovative solution was developed in the form of the Triple Canal Project, constructed during 1907 -1915.
The project linked the Jhelum, Chenab, and Ravi rivers, allowing a transfer of surplus Jhelum and Chenab water to the Ravi. The Triple Canal Project as a land-mark in integrated interbasin water resources management and also provided the key concept for the resolution of the Indus Waters Dispute between India and Pakistan in 1960.
HISTORY OF IRRIGATION IN PAKISTAN
The Sutlej Valley Project, comprising of 4 barrages and 2 canals, was completed in 1933, resulting in the development of the unregulated flow resources of the Sutlej River and motivated planning for the Bhakra reservoir (now in India). During the same period, the Sukkur Barrage and its system of 7 canals serving 2.95 million hectares of land in Lower Indus were completed. Haveli and Rangpur from Trimmu Headworks on Chenab in 1939 and Thal Canal from Kalabagh Headworks on Indus were completed in 1947. This comprised the system inherited by Pakistan at the time of its creation in 1947.
INDUS BASIN TREATY (1960)
At independence (1947) the irrigation system, conceived originally as a whole, was divided between India and Pakistan without regard to irrigated boundaries This resulted in the creation of an international water dispute in 1948, which was finally resolved by the enforcement of Indus Waters Treaty in 1960 with the help of the World Bank
The treaty assigned three eastern rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India, and the three western rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991)
An agreement to share waters of the Indus River was reached among the four provinces of Pakistan in the form of the Water Apportionment Accord (WAA). This accord is based on both, the existing and future water needs of the four provinces.
It has the following Purposes:
It protected the existing uses of canal water in each
province.
It apportions the balance of river supplies, including
flood surpluses and future storages among the provinces
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991)
Key features:
Province
Punjab Sindh * NWFP (a) (b) Civil Canals ** Balochistan Total
Kharif (MAF)
37.07 33.94 3.48 1.80 2.85 77.34
Rabi (MAF)
18.87 14.82 2.3 1.2 1.02 37.01
Total (MAF)
55.94 48.76 5.78 3.00 3.87 114.35
**
1.8
1.2
* Including already sanctioned Urban and Industrial uses for Metropolitan Karachi.
** Ungauged Civil Canals above the rim stations
WATER APPORTIONMENT ACCORD (1991)
The NWFP/ Balochistan projects, under execution, were provided their authorized quota of water as existing uses. Balance river supplies (including flood supplies and future storages) was to be distributed as below:
Punjab 37 Sindh 37 Balochistan 12 NWFP 14 Total 100 %
The need for storages, wherever feasible on the Indus and other rivers was admitted and recognized by the participants for planned future agricultural development.
INDUS BASIN PROJECTS (IBP)
DAMS i) ii) Terbela on River Indus Mangla on River Jhehlum
NEW BARRAGES
i)
Chashma Barrage on River Indus
ii) New Rasul Barrage on River Jhehlum iii) New Marala Barrage on River Chenab iv) Qadirabab Barrage on River Chenab v) New Sidhnai Barrage on River Ravi
vi) Mailsi Syphon on River Sutlej
INDUS BASIN PROJECTS
NEW LINK CANALS i) Chashma Jhelum Link (C-J Link)
ii)
Taunsa Panjnad Link
(T-P Link)
(R-Q Link) (Q-B Link)
iii) Rasul Qadirabad Link iv) Qadirabad Balloki Lin
v)
Balloki Sulemanki Link II
(B-S Link II)
(T-S Link) (S-M-B Link)
vi) Trimmu Sidhnai Link vii) Sidhnai Milsi Bahawal Link
OLD BARRAGES REMODELLED
i) ii) Trimmu Barrage Balloki Barrage
INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM
S.No 1. 2. Item Quantity
Storage Reservoirs: Number Live Capacity (Designed)
Barrages/Headworks/Syphons Main Irrigation Canals: Numbers Commands Areas Length Including Distribution system Watercourses: Number (Approximate) Length (Approximate)
3
19.3 BCM (15.7 MAF) 16 + 7 = 23 45 14.2 Mha (35Ma) 60,800 km (38.000 miles)
3.
4.
107,000 1.6 million km (1 million miles)
Schematic Diagram of the Pakistani Indus Basin System
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Schematic Diagram of the Pakistani Indus Basin System
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