1

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT: An environmental impact assessment (EIA) is an assessment o t!e possi"le impact#positive or ne$ative#t!at a propose% pro&ect ma' !ave on t!e environment( to$et!er consistin$ o t!e nat)ral( social an% economic aspects* T!e p)rpose o t!e assessment is to ens)re t!at %ecision ma+ers consi%er t!e ens)in$ environmental impacts to %eci%e ,!et!er to procee% ,it! t!e pro&ect* It %e ine% as -t!e process o i%enti 'in$( pre%ictin$( eval)atin$ an% miti$atin$ t!e "iop!'sical( social( an% ot!er relevant e ects o %evelopment proposals prior to ma&or %ecisions "ein$ ta+en an% commitments ma%e*-

P.RPOSE: / To 01enco)ra$e pro%)ctive an% en&o'a"le !armon' "et,een man an% !is environment2 to promote e orts ,!ic! ,ill prevent or eliminate %ama$e to t!e environment an% "iosp!ere an% stim)late t!e !ealt! an% ,el are o man2 to enric! t!e )n%erstan%in$ o t!e ecolo$ical s'stems an% nat)ral reso)rces important to t!e Nation****3 / 0To implement a strate$' o s)staina"le %evelopment( prevent a%verse impact on t!e environment a ter t!e implementation o plans an% constr)ction pro&ects( an% promote coor%inate% %evelopment o t!e econom'( societ'( an% environment*3 / To allo, $overnment o icials( ")siness lea%ers( an% all concerne% citi4ens to )n%erstan% t!e li+el' environmental conse5)ences o propose% actions( an% to cooperate in ma+in$ ,ise %ecisions t!at restore an% maintain t!e 5)alit' o o)r s!are% environment or )t)re $enerations*

Strate$ic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is a s'stem o incorporatin$ environmental consi%erations into policies( plans an% pro$rammes* It is sometimes re erre% to as Strate$ic Environmental Impact Assessment* An EIS t'picall' !as o)r sections: / An Intro%)ction incl)%in$ a statement o t!e P)rpose an% Nee% o t!e Propose% Action* / A %escription o t!e A ecte% Environment* / A Ran$e o Alternatives to t!e propose% action* Alternatives are consi%ere% t!e -!eart- o t!e EIS* / An anal'sis o t!e environmental impacts o eac! o t!e possi"le alternatives*

1 Amit A* Nai+* (6MS 7 Notes)*

9i erence 6et,een EIA : SEA:

8 Amit A* Nai+* (6MS 7 Notes)*

Process:

9isaster Mana$ement: (St)%' 9isaster mana$ement ,it! respect to Ca)se( E ects an% Preca)tions 6E<ORE an% A<TER ever' t'pe o 9isaster*) 09isaster mana$ement is a process or strate$' t!at is implemente% ,!en an' t'pe o catastrop!iceventta+esplace*Sometimesre erre%toas %isaster recover' mana$ement( t!e process ma' "e initiate% ,!en an't!in$ t!reatens to %isr)pt normal operations or p)ts t!e lives o !)man "ein$s at ris+* =overnments on all levels as ,ell as man' ")sinesses create some sort o %isaster plan t!at ma+e it possi"le to overcome t!e catastrop!e an% ret)rn to normal )nction as 5)ic+l' as possi"le*3 Vario)s %isasters li+e eart!5)a+e( lan%sli%es( volcanic er)ptions( ires( loo% an% c'clones are nat)ral !a4ar%s t!at +ill t!o)san%s o people an% %estro' "illions o %ollars o !a"itat an% propert' eac! 'ear* T!e rapi% $ro,t! o t!e ,orl%>s pop)lation an% its increase% concentration o ten in !a4ar%o)s environment !as escalate% "ot! t!e re5)enc' an% severit' o nat)ral %isasters* ?it! t!e tropical climate an% )nsta"le lan% orms( co)ple% ,it! %e orestation( )nplanne% $ro,t! proli eration non@en$ineere% constr)ctions ,!ic! ma+e t!e %isaster@prone areas mere v)lnera"le( tar%'

; Amit A* Nai+* (6MS 7 Notes)*

comm)nication( poor or no ")%$etar' allocation or %isaster prevention( %evelopin$ co)ntries s) er more or less c!ronicall' "' nat)ral %isasters* One o t!e essential elements o %isaster mana$ement involves %e inin$ t!e t'pes o catastrop!es t!at co)l% possi"l' %isr)pt t!e %a' to %a' operation o a cit'( to,n( ")siness( or co)ntr'* I%enti 'in$ t!ose potential %isasters ma+es it possi"le to create contin$enc' plans( assem"le s)pplies( an% create proce%)res t!at can "e initiate% ,!en an% i a $iven %isaster %oes come to pass* A tr)l' compre!ensive %isaster mana$ement plan ,ill encompass a ,i%e ran$e o possi"ilities t!at can easil' "e a%apte% in t!e event one %isaster sets o a c!ain reaction o ot!er t'pes o %isasters in its ,a+e* Eart!5)a+e Eart!5)a+e is an )ne/pecte% an% rapi% s!a+in$ o eart! %)e to t!e "rea+a$e an% s!i tin$ o )n%erneat! la'ers o Eart!* Eart!5)a+e stri+es all o a s)%%en at an' time o %a' or ni$!t an% 5)ite violentl'* It $ives no prior ,arnin$* I it !appens in a pop)late% area( t!e eart!5)a+e can ca)se $reat loss to !)man li e an% propert'* Volcano Volcano is a mo)ntain t!at !as an openin$ %o,n,ar%s to t!e reservoir o molten roc+ to,ar%s t!e s)r ace o eart!* Volcanoes are ca)se% "' t!e accr)al o i$neo)s pro%)cts* As t!e press)re ca)se% "' $ases in t!e molte% roc+ "ecomes intense( t!e er)ption ta+es place* T!e volcanic er)ption can "e o t,o +in%s( 5)iet or volatile* T!e a termat!s o a volcano incl)%e lo,in$ lava( lat lan%scapes( poisono)s $ases an% leein$ as!es an% roc+s* Ts)nami A ts)nami (prono)nce% s)@na!@me) is a ,ave train( or series o ,aves( $enerate% in a "o%' o ,ater "' an imp)lsive %ist)r"ance t!at verticall' %isplaces t!e ,ater col)mn* Eart!5)a+es( lan%sli%es( volcanic er)ptions( e/plosions( an% even t!e impact o cosmic "o%ies( s)c! as meteorites( can $enerate ts)namis* Ts)namis can sava$el' attac+ coastlines( ca)sin$ %evastatin$ propert' %ama$e an% loss o li e* <loo% A loo% is an over lo, or acc)m)lation o an e/panse o ,ater t!at s)"mer$es lan%* In t!e sense o - lo,in$ ,ater-( t!e ,or% ma' also "e applie% to t!e in lo, o t!e ti%e* <loo%in$ ma' res)lt rom t!e vol)me o ,ater ,it!in a "o%' o ,ater( s)c! as a river or la+e( ,!ic! over lo,s or "rea+s levees( ,it! t!e res)lt t!at some o t!e ,ater escapes its )s)al "o)n%aries* ?!ile t!e si4e o a la+e or ot!er "o%' o ,ater ,ill var' ,it! seasonal c!an$es in precipitation an% sno, melt( it is not a si$ni icant loo% )nless s)c! escapes o ,ater en%an$er lan% areas )se% "' man li+e a villa$e( cit' or ot!er in!a"ite% area*

A Amit A* Nai+* (6MS 7 Notes)*

Environmental A)%itin$: / / / Environmental Acco)ntin$ (EA) can "e consi%ere% eit!er a s)"set or s)perset o acco)ntin$ proper* It aims to incorporate "ot! economic an% environmental in ormation* It can operate at t!e compan' level or at t!e level o t!e national econom'*

A s'stematic( %oc)mente% veri ication process o o"&ectivel' o"tainin$ an% eval)atin$ evi%ence to %etermine ,!et!er speci ie% environmental activities( events( con%itions( mana$ement s'stems( or in ormation a"o)t t!ese matters( con orm ,it! a)%it criteria( an% comm)nicatin$ t!e res)lts o t!is process to t!e client ($eneral %e inition( ISO 1AC1C)*

T!e inancial "ene its an% improve% e iciencies rom a%optin$ cleaner pro%)ction an% eco@e icienc' enco)ra$e irms to )n%erta+e a)%its* 6)t EA can also "e an e ective ris+ mana$ement tool* 6' compliance ,it! environmental le$islation companies avoi% t!e ris+ o prosec)tion an% ines arisin$ rom potential environmental "reac!es*

Components o EA / 9ata Collection: to i%enti ' an% meas)re all inp)ts an% o)tp)ts rom t!e pro%)ction process an% provi%e a "aseline or comparison a$ainst tar$ets an% a "ac+$ro)n% or improvement* To revie, an% compare a compan'>s activities an% ")siness tar$ets a$ainst all relevant re$)lations( co%es o con%)ct an% $overnment policies to assess compliance* To %oc)ment all aspects o a)%it to assess pro$ress at a )rt!er %ate an% to veri ' environmental per ormance to sta ( re$)lators an% t!e $eneral comm)nit'* To assess t!e impacts o ne, or c!an$e% le$islation on operations an% to assess ,!et!er internal tar$ets or environmental e icienc' are "ein$ met*

/ /

?!' EA e/ists (P)rpose) / / / / 6ene it It can $ive a compan' a m)c! clearer )n%erstan%in$ o its operations an% impacts( an% )ltimatel'( provi%es a startin$ point or ot!er environmental initiatives*
B Amit A* Nai+* (6MS 7 Notes)*

to in% o)t t!e con ormance o an EMS to a stan%ar% to ins)re t!at environmental polic' ,or+s as e/pecte% to estimate t!e opera"ilit' an% e icienc' o an EMS( in% o)t improvement possi"ilities to increase t!e a,areness an% +no,le%$e o personnel

Car"on Cre%it: (Rea% Car"on Cre%it ,it! re erence to =lo"al ?armin$ an% =reen Eo)se E ect) Car"on tra%in$ is "asicall' a commerciali4e% activit' t!at ori$inates rom protectin$ t!e eart! rom !arm )l emission o $ases rom in%)stries* T!e concept o car"on cre%it is t!at o incentivisin$ t!e )nits ,!ic! poll)te less an% %is@incentivisin$ t!e )nits t!at poll)te more* T!e most %an$ero)s $ases t!ro,n o)t "' t!e in%)strial )nits are si/ in n)m"er @ car"on %io/i%e( met!ane( nitro)s o/i%e( !'%ro lo)rocar"ons( per l)rocar"ons an% s)lp!)r !e/a l)ori%e* T!e F'oto protocol aims to tac+le $lo"al ,armin$ "' settin$ tar$et levels or nations to re%)ce $reen!o)se $as emission ,orl%,i%e* T!e F'oto protocol is an a$reement "' ,!ic! t!e rati 'in$ co)ntries !ave a$ree% to re%)ce t!eir emission o $reen!o)se $ases* Emission 5)otas ,ere a$ree% "' eac! participatin$ co)ntr'( ,it! t!e intention o re%)cin$ t!eir overall emissions "' B*8G o t!eir 1HHC levels "' t!e en% o 8C18* .n%er t!e treat'( or t!e B@'ear compliance perio% rom 8CCI )ntil 8C18* Nations t!at emit less t!an t!eir 5)ota ,ill "e a"le to sell emissions cre%its to nations t!at e/cee% t!eir 5)ota* T!e F'oto Protocol intro%)ces t!ree mar+et "ase% le/i"le mec!anisms or t!e emissions re%)ction: @ Joint Implementation (JI)( @ E)ropean .nionKs Emission Tra%in$ Sc!eme( @ Clean 9evelopment Mec!anism (C9M)*

D Amit A* Nai+* (6MS 7 Notes)*

C9M C9M is a mar+et "ase% instr)ment )n%er t!e F'oto Protocol o .N<CCC: / Assists %evelopin$ co)ntries in s)staina"le %evelopment o ?!ile at t!e same time contri")tin$ to t!e )ltimate o"&ective o t!e Convention* / 9evelope% co)ntries to s)pport pro&ect activities t!at re%)ce o =E= emissions in t!e %evelopin$ co)ntries in ret)rn or o Certi ie% Emission Re%)ctions (CERs)M Car"on Cre%its* / T!e CERs $enerate% "' s)c! pro&ect activities can "e )se% "' %evelope% co)ntries as cre%its to meet t!eir emissions tar$ets )n%er t!e Protocol*

L Amit A* Nai+* (6MS 7 Notes)*

Plastic: (Rea% more on plastic ,aste( its Ea4ar%s an% Mana$ement o Plastic Pro"lem) N N N N N N One o t!e C!emical ,!ic! ca)se pro"lem* Pol'et!'lene( PVC( pol'st'rene is lar$el' )se% in t!e man) act)re o plastics* S'nt!etic pol'mers are easil' mol%e% into comple/ s!apes( !ave !i$! c!emical resistance( an% are more or less elastic* Some can "e orme% into i"ers or t!in transparent ilms* Eas'( c!eap an% lon$ last* Plastic material is "iolo$icall' 5)ite inert* : re5)ire% !i$! ener$' .V Ra%iations*

Pro"lem N N N N N N Careless %isposal o plastic "a$s c!o+es %rains( "loc+s t!e porosit' o t!e soil( an% ca)ses pro"lems or $ro)n% ,ater rec!ar$e* 9)e to its non@"io%e$ra%a"le nat)re( litterin$ o plastics ca)ses irreversi"le %ama$e to t!e environment* Littere% plastics spoils "ea)t' o t!e cit' an% c!o+e %rains an% ma+e important p)"lic places ilt!' =ar"a$e containin$ plastics( ,!en ")rnt ma' ca)se air poll)tion "' emittin$ poll)tin$ $ases =ar"a$e mi/e% ,it! plastics inter eres in ,aste processin$ acilities an% ma' also ca)se pro"lems in lan% ill operations Rec'clin$ in%)stries operatin$ in non@ con ormin$ areas are posin$ )n!'$ienic pro"lems to t!e environment*

Preca)tions or Mana$ement N Sa' NO to plastic c!ec+@o)t "a$s ,!ilst s!oppin$ an% ")' re)sa"le "a$s or "rin$ 'o)r o,n or 'o)r s!oppin$ instea%* N .se o =lassMCeramic instea% o plastic in Micro,ave* N Replace plastic travel m)$s ,it! stainless steel or !ot "evera$es* N ?!en 'o) canKt avoi% plastic( c!ec+ container "ottoms or rec'clin$ co%es (in trian$le ,it! c!asin$ arro,s)* C!oose t!ose easil' rec'cle%*

An% E@,aste (Prepare 'o)r o,n notes) OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO PPPALL TEE 6ESTPPP

T!ese notes are not s) icient an% it is "een e/pecte% rom 'o) to rea% more on a ore mentione% an% not mentione% topics* All topics are $iven to clear 'o)r concepts an% %o)"ts( an% not prepare% rom an' e/am point o vie,*
I Amit A* Nai+* (6MS 7 Notes)*