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Predisposing Factors

Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is usually spread through airborne droplets. Common symptoms include a productive cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves testing sputum smears and cultures for acid-fast bacilli, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment consists of a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over several months to kill the bacteria and prevent drug resistance.

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87 views2 pages

Predisposing Factors

Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is usually spread through airborne droplets. Common symptoms include a productive cough, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Diagnosis involves testing sputum smears and cultures for acid-fast bacilli, chest x-rays, and tuberculin skin tests. Treatment consists of a combination of antibiotics like isoniazid, rifampin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol over several months to kill the bacteria and prevent drug resistance.

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-Lauяeиs© Tolosa
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PREDISPOSING FACTORS 1. Malnutrition 2. Overcrowding 3. Alcoholism 4. Ingestion of infected cattle 5. Virulence 6. Over fatigue SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS 1.

Productive Cough yellowish in color 2. Low fever 3. Night sweats 4. Dyspnea 5. Anorexia, general body malaise, weight loss 6. Chest/back pain 7. Hemoptysis PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION

Sputum smear detection of the acid fast bacilli in stained smears is the first bacteriologic clue of TB. Obtain first morning sputum on 3 consecutive days. Sputum culture a positive culture for M. tuberculosis confirms a diagnosis of TB. Chest X-ray to determine presence and extent of disease. Tuberculin skin test (purified protein derivative or Mantoux test) inoculation of tubercle bacillus extract (tuberculin) into the intradermal layer of the inner aspect of the forearm. Nonspecific screening test such as multiple puncture tests (tine test), should not be used to determine if a person is infected.

MEDICATION A combination of drugs to which the organisms are susceptible is given to destroy viable bacilli as rapidly as possible and to protect against the emergence of drug resistant organism. Current recommended regimen of uncomplicated, previously untreated pulmonary tuberculosis is an initial phase of 2 months of bacterial drugs, including isoniazid (INH), rifampin ( Rifadin), pyrazinamide (PZA), and ethambutol (EMB). This regimen should be followed until the results of drug susceptibility studies are available, unless there is little possibilityn of drug resistance. a. If drug susceptibility results are known and organism is fully susceptible, ethambutol does not need to be included. b. For children whose visual acuity cannot be monitored, ethambutol is not normally recommended except with increased likelihood of isoniazid resistance or if the child has upper lobe infiltration and or cavity formation of TB. c. Due to increasing frequency of global streptomycin reistance, streptomycin is not considered interchangeable with ethambutol unless organism is known to be susceptible to streptomycin. Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by slow- growing bacteria that resembles a fungus, Myobacterium tuberculosis, which is usually spread from person to person by droplet nuclei through the air. The lung is the usual infection site but the disease can occur elsewhere in the body. Typically, the bacteria from lesion (tubercle) in the alveoli. The lesion may heal, leaving scar tissue; may continue as an active granuloma, heal, then reactivate or may progress to necrosis, liquefaction, sloughing, and cavitation of lung tissue. The initial lesion may disseminate bacteria directly to adjacent tissue, through the blood stream, the lymphatic system, or the bronchi. Most people who become infected do not develop clinical illness because the bodys immune system brings the infection under control. However, the incidence of tuberculosis (especially drug resistant varieties) is rising. Alcoholics, the homeless and patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are especially at risk. Complications of tuberculosis include pneumonia, pleural effusion, and extrapulmonary disease.

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