1

Handling, Installation
and Maintenance of
Steel Wire Ropes
2
3
Handling, Installation
and Maintenance of Steel Wire Ropes
by Dipl.-Ing. Roland Verreet
1. The handling of steel wire ropes .......................... Page 4
1.1 How steel wire ropes should be unloaded ............ Page 4
1.2 How steel wire ropes should be stored................. Page 6
2. The installation of steel wire ropes ...................... Page 8
2.1 Unwinding a steel wire rope from the coil ............ Page 8
2.2 Unwinding the steel wire rope from the reel ......... Page 8
2.3 The installation procedure .................................. Page 10
2.4 Winding the steel wire rope from the reel
onto the drum..................................................... Page 13
2.5 Installing the new rope with the help of the
old one or by a thinner rope ................................ Page 13
2.6 Installing under load........................................... Page 16
2.7 Breaking in the steel wire rope ........................ Page 17
2.8 Cutting steel wire ropes ...................................... Page 19
3. The maintenance of steel wire ropes .................... Page 21
3.1 Relubricating steel wire ropes ............................. Page 21
3.2 Cleaning steel wire ropes .................................... Page 23
3.3 Removing broken wires ....................................... Page 23
3.4 Cutting or shifting steel wire ropes ...................... Page 24
3.5 End- for- ending steel wire ropes......................... Page 24
4. Concluding remarks ........................................... Page 26
5. Additional CASAR literature ................................ Page 27
6. What is .....? ....................................................... Page 28
7. What is a compacted strand? .............................. Page 29
4
1.1. How steel wire ropes
should be unloaded
When handling a steel wire rope,
the first trouble often occurs im-
mediately upon receiving it: the
fork of the fork lift truck is either
placed under the reel or inside the
coil (Fig. 1).
In both cases it might damage the
surface of the rope. The damage
may not be discovered until much
later and it could happen that the
Fig. 1
manufacturer of the wire rope is
held responsible. If possible, the
rope, when received on coils or
reels, should not have any con-
tact with a metal hook or the fork
of a forklift truck. Instead, it
should be lifted by means of a wide
textile webbing sling (Fig. 2). It is
advisable to lift a reel by means of
a shaft which is put through its
axis bore (Fig. 3 + 4). If the fork of
the forklift truck is longer than the
width of the reel, the reel can also
be lifted at the flanges.
5
Fig. 4
Fig. 2 Fig. 3
6
1.2. How steel wire ropes
should be stored
Steel wire ropes should be stored
in a clean, cool, dry place indoors.
The ropes must not be allowed to
rest on the floor. They can be
placed on pallets (Fig.5).
If outdoor storage cannot be avoi-
ded the ropes must be covered in
a way that moisture cannot cre-
ate corrosion problems (Fig. 6).
Although plastic foil protects the
ropes from rain, condensation
from beneath might not be able
to escape and could damage the
ropes permanently. To avoid con-
densation problems, it is advis-
able to use breathable water-
proof fabric covers readily avail-
able from tarpaulin manufac-
turers.
When storing a number of spare
ropes, the following rule should
be applied: first in - first out. This
means, the ropes should be used
in the order of delivery. In this
way it can be avoided that cer-
tain ropes are only put into serv-
ice after being stored for many
years.
It is self-evident that the differ-
ent ropes in stock must be clearly
marked to avoid the possibility of
confusion (e.g. if similar ropes of
different tensile strength are
stored.) In addition proper re-
cords have to be kept which make
it possible to trace the history
of any rope back to the manufac-
turer on the basis of storing
number, specification, date of or-
der and date of delivery.
7
Fig. 6
Fig. 5
8
In the latter case ensure that the
surface is clean; sand or grit that
sticks to the lubricant might dam-
age the wires when the rope trav-
els over sheaves.
2.2. Unwinding the steel wire
rope from the reel
An unreeling stand (turntable)
should be used to unwind a wire
rope from its reel (Fig. 9).
Another accepted unreeling me-
thod is to mount the reel on a
shaft supported by two jacks (Fig.
10).
2. The installation
of steel wire ropes
When installing steel wire ropes,
extra care must be taken that the
ropes are unwound from the ring
or reel without torsions and with-
out any outer damage. The same
applies to reeving the ropes into
the system.
2.1. Unwinding a steel wire
rope from the coil
If a rope is delivered on a coil, it is
either unwound on a turntable
(Fig. 7) or the coil is rolled along
the ground like a hoop (Fig. 8).
Fig. 7
9
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
10
wire rope; at the same time the
proportions of lengths of the rope
elements and finally the distribu-
tion of load within the rope are
changed. A rope that is unwound
at the sides of the coil or reel will
try to resist the enforced torsions
and form loops. When pulled taut
these loops will result in irrepa-
rable kinks (Fig. 14). Steel wire
ropes with kinks are not safe to
operate and must be discarded.
2.3. The installation
procedure
The most advantageous way of
installing a steel wire rope varies
from system to system. In any
Rolling the wire rope along the
floor (Fig. 11), as it is sometimes
recommended in the relevant lit-
erature, does not work very well
in practice because the reel always
unwinds less wire than the dis-
tance the reel travels, so that with
this method the rope has to be
dragged along by the worker.
Under no circumstances must the
rope be pulled off a coil while it is
lying on the ground or looped over
the head of the reel (Fig. 12 and
13), because this procedure will
inevitably induce one torsion per
wrap into the rope.
Every torsion will change the lay
lengths of the strands and of the
Fig. 10
11
Fig. 12
Fig. 11
12
Fig. 13
Fig.14
13
when being drawn from the wire
rope closer by means of a capstan.
When delivered to the customer
the rope is bent in that direction.
Make certain that it bends in the
same direction when it is wound
from the reel onto the drum (Fig.
15). If the rope is wound at the
bottom of the drum, it should
leave the reel at the bottom and
vice versa: i.e., always reel from
top to top or from bottom to bot-
tom.
If this procedure is not strictly fol-
lowed, the rope will either try to
twist between reel and drum or it
will later try to regain its preferred
position when in practical service.
In both cases structural changes
of the rope may occur (Fig. 16).
2.5. Installing the new rope
with the help of the old
one or by a thinner rope
If the new rope is pulled in by the
old one or by a thinner rope one
must make sure that the connec-
tion between these ropes is abso-
lutely safe. In addition, it must be
ensured that the thinner rope can-
not rotate. Rotation-resistant steel
wire ropes or three-strand fibre
ropes for instance, can be recom-
mended for this purpose.
When using conventional wire
ropes one must at least make sure
that they have the same direction
of lay as the rope to be installed.
case a procedure should be cho-
sen that (under justifiable ex-
penditure) guarantees the least
risk of torsions and avoids dam-
age to the rope by contact with
parts of the construction.
With some machines it may be
advisable to discard the old rope
first and to install the new one
afterwards. With other machines,
particularly with bigger ones, it
might be better to pull in the new
rope attached to the old one. An-
other possibility is to use a thin-
ner rope by which the wire rope
proper is pulled into the system.
This method is often used with
new equipment.
In every single case careful con-
sideration is necessary as to
whether the wire rope should be
pulled through the whole reeving
system or whether it should first
be wound from the coil or reel onto
the drum and afterwards be
reeved into the system.
If one end of the rope has a fitting
attached, there is no other possi-
bility than pulling the loose rope
end through the whole reeving
system.
2.4. Winding the steel wire
rope from the reel
onto the drum
During the manufacturing proc-
ess every steel wire rope receives
its preferred bending direction
14
Fig. 16
Fig. 15
15
If the new rope is pulled in with
the help of the used one, the two
rope ends are often buttwelded
together. A connection of that kind
can transfer the twist of the old
rope, built up in the reeving sys-
tem, into the new rope. By that
method of installation the new
rope may be extremely damaged.
There are even more reasons why
that procedure is highly problem-
atic:
It is true, that when using special
electrodes the welded connection
presents acceptable results in a
pull test with a straight rope; but
because of the great length of the
rigid connection zone the very
same connection could break due
to the enormous bending stresses
when running over sheaves.
If that connection is applied, its
safety should be increased by us-
ing a Chinese finger. Fewer prob-
lems are caused by connecting
wire ropes with welded-on pad
eyes or chain links (Fig. 17), which
are joined by either strands or thin
wire ropes. This connection pro-
vides satisfactory load capacity, it
is flexible and prevents the trans-
fer of twist from the old rope into
the new one. When using two
strands to pull the rope into place,
these will indicate the intensity of
twist in the old rope on the basis
of the number of turns they have
made during the installation pro-
cedure.
Fig. 17
16
Another possibility is connecting the
rope ends with Chinese fingers. These
are tubes made out of braided strands,
which are pulled over the rope ends and
then secured at their ends with tape
(Fig. 18). Under load the Chinese fin-
gers will contract and hold the rope
ends by friction.
When installing a lang lay rope one
must take care that the Chinese finger
cannot unwind from the rope like the
nut from a screw. It is helpful to wrap a
tape around the whole rope length to
be held by the Chinese finger to increase
the friction.
2.6 Installing
under load
To achieve perfect multiple layer spool-
ing of the rope on the drum it is very
important - particularly with the so-
called Lebus spooling-to apply a
tensioning load to the wire ropes dur-
ing the installation.
If the first layers are not under tension,
they might be too loose, so that the top
layers might be wedged into the bot-
tom layers under load. This could seri-
ously damage the rope. The unwinding
rope might even be clamped, so that the
direction of spooling could suddenly be
reversed during the course of unwin-
ding. The result could be the abrupt lift-
ing of the load that was actually travel-
ling downwards.
The tensioning load should range from
1% to 2% of the minimum breaking load
of the wire ropes. In many cases it might
Fig. 18
17
generate the tensioning load by
jamming the rope, for instance
between two boards (Fig. 21).
Structural changes would deform
the rope beyond repair.
2.7. Breaking in
the steel wire rope
After the rope has been installed
and before it is going to do its
proper job, several run-throughs
of the normal operational circle
should be carried out under light
load (Fig. 22). The new rope
should be broken in, so that the
component parts can settle and
adjust themselves to the actual
operating conditions. It is most
unfortunate that in practice only
suffice to wind the rope quite nor-
mally in order to unwind it and
then rewind it with the help of an
outer load. In other cases, how-
ever, e.g. when erecting a tower
crane that has not yet reached its
maximum height, the procedure
mentioned above is not possible.
In these cases the tensioning load
must already be applied when in-
stalling the rope.
Ample rope tension can be pro-
vided by a simple plank bearing
against the reel flanges (Fig. 19)
or by a braking disk attached to
the reel (Fig. 20). The braking
cords (hemp ropes with a steel
core) will be provided by the rope
manufacturer. Under no circum-
stances should one attempt to
Fig. 19
18
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
19
too often the exact opposite of this
recommendation is performed:
quite frequently after installing
the rope overload tests are carried
out with loads beyond the safe
working load of the system.
2.8 Cutting steel
wire ropes
In many cases the user must cut
steel wire ropes. Hand cutters are
sufficient for rope diameters up to
8 mm. Mechanical or hydraulic
cutters will be required for larger
sizes.
The best method is to use a high
speed disc cutter. Unless the rope
is being scrapped the use of flame
cutting equipment is not recom-
mended.
Careless cutting can result in the
balance of tension in the rope be-
ing destroyed. This is particularly
important when cutting rotation
resistant ropes where the strands
may have been deliberately non-
preformed as part of the manu-
facturing specification.
In every case, each side of the cut
must be properly seized to prevent
strand disturbance. Insulating
tape cannot prevent strand move-
ment and annealed (iron) wire
should always be used.
After marking the position of the
cut the end of the seizing wire is
laid along the rope axis leaving
Fig. 22
20
a
b
c
d
Fig. 23
21
3. The maintenance
of steel wire ropes
Steel wire ropes must be serviced
regularly, the kind of maintenance
depending on the lifting device, its
use and the selected rope. Regu-
lar maintenance may considerably
increase the service life of a steel
wire rope.
3.1. Relubricating
steel wire ropes
During production the rope re-
ceives intensive lubrication. This
in-process treatment will provide
the rope with ample protection
against corrosion and is meant to
reduce the friction between the
elements which make up the rope
as well as the friction between
rope and sheaves or drums. This
lubrication, however, only lasts for
a limited time and should be re-
applied periodically.
German Standard DIN 15 020
specifies: Steel wire ropes must
be relubricated at regular inter-
vals, depending on their use, par-
ticularly along the zones subjected
to bending. If for operational rea-
sons relubrication cannot be car-
ried out, shorter service life of the
rope is to be expected and the in-
spection intervals have to be ar-
ranged accordingly. The influ-
ence of lubrication and relubrica-
tion on the service life of the rope
is illustrated in Fig. 24.
sufficient length to secure both
ends by twisting when the seizing
is complete.
The rope and this wire end are
now wrapped moving away from
the location of the intended cut
(Fig. 23a). The rope is tightly
wrapped for a distance of approx.
three rope diameters (Fig. 23b).
Both ends of the seizing wire are
then pulled tight and twisted to-
gether for a length of one rope di-
ameter (Fig. 23c). The twisted con-
nection is then hammered into a
strand valley.
After preparing the other side of
the intended cut accordingly the
rope can now be cut (Fig. 23d).
Instead of using one long seizing
it is also possible to apply at least
three seizings the size of one rope
diameter each on both sides of the
intended cut.
22
When choosing the relubricant, it
must be ensured that it is in ac-
cordance with the recommenda-
tions of the rope manufacturer.
Further details can be obtained
from CASAR Drahtseilwerk Saar.
There are several techniques of
lubricant application: The most
common ones at present are
painting or swabbing (Fig. 25a).
Quite often the lubricant is ap-
plied at a sheave (Fig. 25b), some-
times a continuous drip method
is used. If only a little lubricant is
required, pressure spray nozzles
can be applied.
Various other systems allow the
application of a continuous bath
(Fig. 25c). Maximum penetration
of the lubricant into the gaps of
the rope can only be guaranteed
if high pressure lubrication is ap-
plied with the help of a pressure
lubricator (Fig. 25d).
With this method the two halfs of
a sleeve, which is equipped with
rubber sealings, are clamped
round the rope and screwed to-
gether. While the rope runs
through the lubricator the lubri-
cant is pressed into the sleeve at
a pressure up to about 30 bars.
It is important with all different
methods of relubrication of steel
wire ropes that they are carried
out regularly right from the begin-
ning of the service life of the rope
Fig. 24
23
Effective cleaning without proper
tools is quite a laborious job. For
cleaning steel wire ropes the Ca-
nadian Rigging Manual recom-
mends an appliance with three
rotating wire brushes and an air
blast drying system to follow. An
American manufacturer offers a
rope porcupine, a sleeve equip-
ped with brushes, which is drawn
along the steel wire rope.
3.3. Removing
broken wires
If during an inspection ends of
and not only after the first dam-
age has been ascertained.
3.2. Cleaning
steel wire ropes
DIN 15 020 recommends: From
time to time very dirty steel wire
ropes should be cleaned exter-
nally.
This applies particularly to ropes
operating in extremely abrasive
conditions and to those that take
up chemicals.
Fig. 25
a
b
c
d
24
Another typical local damage oc-
curs on the drum at those sections
where the rope rubs against the
adjacent winding (crossover point)
and must be deflected to the side.
If the damage caused in these sec-
tions is the main reason for dis-
carding the rope, several cuttings
or shiftings will move the stresses
to different rope zones and possi-
bly multiply the service life of the
rope.
3.5. End- for- ending
steel wire ropes
On some machines, various rope
sections are subjected to very dif-
ferent stresses. The drag rope of
a dragline, for instance, is mainly
subjected to bending fatigue at the
drum end, whereas the section at
the bucket end is subjected to se-
vere abrasion by being dragged
through the rubble.
Particularly in the USA and in the
UK it is common practice to re-
verse the rope after a certain time
of service (end for ending) so that
now the drum end of the rope,
which then usually is in better
condition, can be subjected to the
wear at the bucket end.
The effect of such measures is
rather controversial. In any case
the expenditure will only pay off,
if the value of the rope exceeds the
costs of the rope installation.
broken wires are detected which
might cross adjacent wires and
destroy them when running over
sheaves, these broken wire ends
must be removed.
Under no circumstances should
the broken wire ends be pinched
off with a pair of nippers (Fig. 26).
The best method is to move the
wire ends backwards and for-
wards until they break deep in the
valley between two outer strands
(Fig. 27). With thicker wires a tool
should be moved backwards and
forwards on the surface of the
rope, thus bending the wires un-
til they break.
3.4. Cutting
or shifting steel wire ropes
Very often wire ropes must be dis-
carded although only short rope
sections, e.g. the one that climbs
to the second layer on the drum,
are seriously damaged, while the
rest of the rope is still in perfect
condition.
In cases such as this the service
life of wire ropes can be enor-
mously increased by shortening,
shifting them at the fixing point
by a span that removes the sec-
tion of the rope which has had
most abuse out of the critical
zone.
After this procedure an adjacent
section will be subjected to the
abuse.
25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
26
4. Concluding remarks
For reasons of space this brochure
can only deal with general ques-
tions of handling, installation and
maintenance of steel wire ropes.
However, the publisher, CASAR
Drahtseilwerk Saar GmbH, and
the author, Dipl.- Ing. Roland
Verreet, would always be pleased
to give their opinion on any spe-
cial problems.
For further editions of this bro-
chure the author will appreciate
suggestions for improvements or
any comments, if these are ad-
dressed to:
Ing.-Bro fr Frdertechnik
Dipl.-Ing. Roland Verreet
Grnenthaler Strae 40 a
D-52072 Aachen
Tel 02 41 / 17 31 47
Fax 02 41 / 1 29 82
e-Mail: [email protected]
Cartoons: Rolf Bunse, PR GmbH Werbeagentur und Verlag, Aachen, Germany
Setting, Layout and Production: PR GmbH Werbeagentur und Verlag,
Grnenthaler Strae 40a, 52072 Aachen, Germany
PR GmbH Werbeagentur und Verlag 1987/2004
27
Additional Casar Literature
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Fax No. ++ 49 6841 8091 359
Please send me free of charge the following brochures:
....... copies of the brochure Casar General Catalogue
....... copies of the brochure Steel wire ropes for cranes: Problems and solutions
....... copies of the brochure New wire rope designs for multi-layer drums
....... copies of the brochure Technical documentation
........copies of the brochure Which rope for my crane?
........copies of the brochure Handling, installation and maintenance
....... copies of the brochure Wire rope end connections
....... copies of the brochure Wire rope inspection
....... copies of the brochure Calculating the service life of running steel wire ropes
....... copies of the brochure A short history of steel wire ropes
....... copies of the brochure The rotation characteristics of steel wire ropes
....... copies of the brochure Analysis of the bending cycle distribution
....... copies of the CD Casar CD (Macintosh + Windows)
Address:
28
WHAT IS ?
Wire
Strand
Rope
Left Hand Lay
Right Hand Lay
Ordinary Lay
Langs Lay
Conventional Strand
Compacted Strand
29
compacted strand conventional strand
In order to produce a compacted strand, a conventional strand made
out of round wires is drawn through a compacting tool. During this
procedure, the wires are plastically deformed, the strand diameter is
reduced and the surface is made smooth. The contact conditions
between the individual wires and the strand-to-strand contacts
improve.
Ropes made out of compacted strands have a higher breaking load, a
greater flexibility and better rope-to-sheave contact conditions than
comparable ropes made out of conventional strands. Because of the
larger outer wires and the smaller exposed area they are more resistant
to abrasion and corrosion.
Some of the Casar Special Wire Ropes
are made out of compacted strands.
WHAT IS A COMPACTED STRAND?
30
CASAR DRAHTSEI LWERK SAAR GMBH
Casarstrasse 1 D-66459 Ki rkel Germany
P.O. Box 187 D-66454 Kirkel Germany
Phone: ++ 49-6841 / 8091-0
Phone Sales Dept.: ++ 49-6841 / 8091-350
Fax Sales Dept.: ++ 49-6841 / 8091-359
E-mail: [email protected]
http://www.casar.de
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