Show questions one by one
1. Regarding body water .all are true except
A. ? in a healthy 65 Kg male it is about 40 Liters in amount
B. ? 70 % of total body water is intracellular
C. ? 70 % of extra cellular water is in the interstitium
D. ? water moves between different body compartments by an
active process
E. ? whole body extra cellular water is about 12 liters
2. All of the followings are true except
A. ? the tonicity of plasma and interstitial fluids is determined by
the concentration of sodium and chloride
B. ? the tonicity of intracellular fluid is determined by the
concentration of potassium, magnesium, phosphate and
sulphate
C. ? the amount of hydrogen ion in the extra cellular fluid is tiny
(about 40nmol/liter)
D. ? Much of the extra cellular hydrogen ions can be buffered by
anionic proteins like albumin and hemoglobin
E. ? the difference in the ionic composition of cells and
interstitial fluid is important for the normal cell function
3. Factors increasing potassium excretion all are true except
A. ? avid sodium re-absorption
B. ? high urinary flow rate
C. ? excess poorly absorbed anions...like ketons and
phosphates
D. ? a rise in intra tubular potassium e.g. alkalosis
E. ? a fall in intracellular potassium e.g. acidosis
4. In the proximal convoluted tubules..all are true except
A. ? 90% of the filtered sodium is reabsorbed
B. ? 80-90% of the filtered potassium is reabsorbed
C. ? 90% of the filtered bicarbonate is reabsorbed
D. ? 99% of the filtered glucose is reabsorbed
E. ? 99% of the filtered amino acids are reabsorbed
5. Regulation of water excretion ..All are true except
A. ? in the presence of ADH, the collecting duct becomes
permeable to water
B. ? in the absence of ADH, the distal nephron is almost
impermeable to water
C. ? about 90% of the filtered water is reabsorbed with an
equivalent amount of sodium in the proximal tubule
D. ? ADH binds to V2 receptors in the distal nephron to enhance
the passive movement of water.
E. ? in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, sodium and
chloride are preferably absorbed without water and hence called
the Diluting segment.
6. Drugs which cause sodium retention
A. ? corticosteroids
B. ? liquorice
C. ? carbenoxolone
D. ? Estrogens
E. ? ethacrynic acid
7. Causes of diuretic resistance all are true except
A. ? profound hypoproteinemia
B. ? volume contraction
C. ? reduced renal function
D. ? secondary aldoseronism
E. ? when given in low doses
8. Etiology of hyponatraemia associated with LOW extra cellular fluid
volume ..All are true except
A. ? salt losing renal disease
B. ? adrenal failure
C. ? liver cirrhosis
D. ? extensive burns
E. ? cardiac failure
9. Causes of SIADH .all are trueexcept
A. ? morphin
B. ? smoking
C. ? alcohol
D. ? amitryptilin
E. ? clofibrate
10. The following lab findings are consistent with SIADH...Except
A. ? palsma osmolality 260 mosm / Kg
B. ? serum sodium 115 mmol / L
C. ? urine osmolality 200 mosm / Kg
D. ? blood urea 2.5 mmo l/ L
E. ? plasma potassium 4 mmol / L
11. Drug induced hyperkalemnia
A. ? digoxin toxicity
B. ? ciclosporin
C. ? heparin
D. ? beta agonists
E. ? ACE inhibitors
12. The followings are true regarding the treatment of
hyperkalemia...Except
A. ? bicarbonate infusion reduces serum potassium by 1-1.5
meq/L
B. ? glucose and insulin infusion policy reduces serum
potassium by 0.6-1.2 meq / L
C. ? calicium gluconate infusion does not reduce serum
potassium
D. ? calcium resonium is not used in acute hyperkalemia
treatment
E. ? beta agonists' infusion may be additive or alternative to
glucose and insulin policy
13. Complications of severe hypophosphatemia all are true except
A. ? increased CPK
B. ? respiratiry muscle weakness
C. ? intrasvascular hemolysis
D. ? hypocalciuria
E. ? cardiac dysrrhythmias
14. Causes of hypophsphatemia .all are true except
A. ? chronic alcoholism
B. ? alcohol withdrawal
C. ? peritoineal dialysis
D. ? hemodialysis
E. ? extra cellular fluid contraction
15. Causes of hypomagnesemia ..All are true except
A. ? Gitelman syndrome
B. ? post obstructive diuresis
C. ? acute pancreatitis
D. ? protracted vomiting
E. ? treatment with spironolactone
16. Causes of normal anion gap metabolic acidosis all are true except
A. ? treatment of glaucoma
B. ? after radical surgery of urinary bladder cancer
C. ? ingestion of arginin hydrochloride
D. ? renal tubular acidosis type IV
E. ? diabetic ketoacidosis
17. Causes of High anion Gap metabolic acidosis with their accumulating
compounds ...all are true...Except
A. ? methanol poisoning- formic acid
B. ? lactic acidosis- lactic acid
C. ? ketoacidosis- acetoacetic acid and beta hydroxybutyrate
D. ? ethylene glycol poisoning formic acid
E. ? chronic renal failure phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid
18. Causes of lactic acidosis type A all are true except
A. ? septic shock
B. ? severe anemia
C. ? metformin
D. ? cyanide poisoning
E. ? respiratory failure
19. About causes of respiratory alkalosis ; all are true except
A. ? assited ventilation
B. ? salysylate poisoning
C. ? hysterical over breathing
D. ? lobar pneumonia
E. ? protracted vomiting
