DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

VI SEMESTER
COMPUTER AIDED MODELLING AND ANALYSIS
ACADEMIC YEAR 2013-2014
LABORATORY RECORD
NAME OF THE STUDENT:
____________________________________________________________
__
BRANCH: ___________________________________________________
USN:

____________________________________________________

SEMESTER: _________________________________________________
BATCH: _____________________________________________________

______________________________
Head of the Department

25

______________________
Staff In-charge

INTRODUCTION

What is Finite Element Analysis?

Finite Element Analysis, commonly called FEA, is a method of numerical analysis.
FEA is used for solving problems in many engineering disciplines such as machine
design, acoustics, electromagnetism, soil mechanics, fluid dynamics, and many
others. In mathematical terms, FEA is a numerical technique used for solving field
problems described by a set of partial differential equations.
In mechanical engineering, FEA is widely used for solving structural, vibration, and
thermal problems. However, FEA is not the only available tool of numerical analysis.
Other numerical methods include the Finite Difference Method, the Boundary
Element Method, and the Finite Volumes Method to mention just a few. However, due
to its versatility and high numerical efficiency, FEA has come to dominate the
engineering analysis software market, while other methods have been relegated to
niche applications. You can use FEA to analyze any shape; FEA works with different
levels of geometry idealization and provides results with the desired accuracy. When
implemented into modern commercial software, both FEA theory and numerical
problem formulation become completely transparent to users.
Who should use Finite Element Analysis?
As a powerful tool for engineering analysis, FEA is used to solve problems ranging
from very simple to very complex. Design engineers use FEA during the product
development process to analyze the design-in-progress. Time constraints and limited
availability of product data call for many simplifications of the analysis models. At
the other end of scale, specialized analysts implement FEA to solve very advanced
problems, such as vehicle crash dynamics, hydro forming, or air bag deployment. This
book focuses on how design engineers use FEA as a design tool. Therefore, we first
need to explain what exactly distinguishes FEA performed by design engineers from
"regular" FEA. We will then highlight the most essential FEA characteristics for
design engineers as opposed to those for analysts.
FEA for Design Engineers: another design tool
For design engineers, FEA is one of many design tools among CAD, Prototypes,
spreadsheets, catalogs, data bases, hand calculations, text books, etc. that are all used
in the design process.
FEA for Design Engineers: based on CAD models
Modern design is conducted using CAD tools, so a CAD model is the starting point
for analysis. Since CAD models are used for describing geometric information for
FEA, it is essential to understand how to design in CAD in order to produce reliable
FEA results, and how a CAD model is different from FEA model. This will be
discussed in later chapters.
FEA for Design Engineers: concurrent with the design process

Since FEA is a design tool, it should be used concurrently with the design process. It
should keep up with, or better yet, drive the design process. Analysis iterations must
be performed fast, and since these results are used to make design decisions, the
results must be reliable even when limited input is available.
Limitations of FEA for Design Engineers
As you can see, FEA used in the design environment must meet high requirements.
An obvious question arises: would it be better to have dedicated specialist perform
FEA and let design engineers do what they do best - design new products? The
answer depends on the size of the business, type of products, company organization
and culture, and many other tangible and intangible factors. A general consensus is
that design engineers should handle relatively simple types of analysis, but do it
quickly and of course reliably. Analyses that are very complex and time consuming
cannot be executed concurrently with the design process, and are usually better
handled either by a dedicated analyst or contracted out to specialized consultants.
Objectives of FEA for Design Engineers
The ultimate objective of using the FEA as a design tool is to change the design
process from repetitive cycles of "design, prototype, test" into streamlined process
where prototypes are not used as design tools and are only needed for final design
verification. With the use of FEA, design iterations are moved from the physical space
of prototyping and testing into the virtual space of computer simulations (figure 1-1).

Figure 1-1: Traditional and. FEA- driven product development

Fundamental steps in an FEA project

The starting point for any Solid Works Simulation project is a Solid Works model,
which can be one part or an assembly. At this stage, material properties, loads and
restraints are defined. Next, as is always the case with using any FEA based analysis
tool, we split the geometry into relatively small and simply shaped entities, called
finite elements. The elements are called "finite" to emphasize the fact that they are not
infinitesimally small, but only reasonably small in comparison to the overall model
size. Creating finite elements is commonly called meshing. When working with finite
elements, the Solid Works Simulation solver approximates the solution being sought
(for example, deformations or stresses) by assembling the solutions for individual
elements.
From the perspective of FEA software, each application of FEA requires three steps:
Preprocessing of the FEA model, which involves defining the model and then
splitting it into finite elements
Solution for computing wanted results
Post-processing for results analysis
Errors in FEA
The process illustrated in figures 1-2 and 1-3 introduces unavoidable errors.
Formulation of a mathematical model introduces modeling errors (also called
idealization errors), discretization of the mathematical model introduces discretization
errors, and solving introduces numerical errors. Of these three types of errors, only
discretization errors are specific to FEA. Modeling errors affecting the mathematical
model are introduced before FEA is utilized and can only be controlled by using
correct modeling techniques. Solution errors caused by the accumulation of round-off
errors are difficult to control, but are usually very low.

Figure 1-2: Building the mathematical model

Figure 1-3: Building the finite element model

What is calculated in FEA?
Each degree of freedom of every node in a finite element mesh constitutes an
unknown. In structural analysis, where we look at deformations and stresses, nodal
displacements are the primary unknowns. If solid elements are used, there are three
displacement components (or 3 degrees of freedom) per node that must be calculated.
With shell elements, six displacement components (or6 degrees of freedom) must be
calculated.
Everything else, such as strains and stresses, are calculated based on the nodal
displacements. Consequently, rigid restraints applied to solid elements require only
three degrees of freedom to be constrained. Rigid restraints applied to shell elements
require that all six degrees of freedom be constrained. In a thermal analysis, which
finds temperatures and heat flow, the primary unknowns are nodal temperatures.
Since temperature is a scalar value (unlike the vector nature of displacements), then
regardless of what type of element is used, there is only one unknown (temperature)
to be found for each node. All other results available in the thermal analysis are
calculated based on temperature results. The fact that there is only one unknown to be
found for each node; rather than three or six, makes thermal analysis less
computationally intensive than structural analysis.
How to interpret FEA results
Results of structural FEA are provided in the form of displacements and stresses. But
how do we decide if a design "passes" or "fails" and what does it take for alarms to go
off? What exactly constitutes a failure?
To answer these questions, we need to establish some criteria to interpret FEA results,
which may include maximum acceptable deformation, maximum stress, or lowest
acceptable natural frequency.
While displacement and frequency criteria are quite obvious and easy to establish,
stress criteria are not. Let's assume that we need to conduct a stress analysis order to
ensure that stresses are within an acceptable range. To judge stress results, we need to
understand the mechanism of potential failure, if a part breaks, what stress measure
best describes that failure? Is it von Mises stress, maximum principal stress, shear

stress, or something else? COSMOS Works can present stress results in any form we
want. It is up to us to decide which stress measure to use for issuing a "pass" or "fail"
verdict.
Von Mises stress
Von Mises stress, also known as Huber stress, is a stress measure that accounts for all
six stress components of a general 3-D state of stress (figure 1-4).

Figure 1-4: General state of stress represented by three normal stresses: x, y, z and
six shear stresses xy = yx, yz = zy, zx = x

Note: Von-Mises stress is a non-negative, scalar value. Von Mises stress is commonly
used to present results because structural safety for many engineering materials
showing elasto-plastic properties (for example, steel) can be evaluated using von
Mises stress. The magnitude of von Mises stress can be compared to material yield or
to ultimate strength to calculate the yield strength or the ultimate strength safety
factor.
Getting Started with ANSYS 14

Performing a Typical ANSYS Analysis

The ANSYS program has many finite element analysis capabilities, ranging from a
simple, linear, static analysis to a complex, nonlinear, transient dynamic analysis. The
analysis guide manuals in the ANSYS documentation set describe specific procedures
for performing analyses for different engineering disciplines.
A typical ANSYS analysis has three distinct steps:
Build the model.
Apply loads and obtain the solution.
Review the results.
Building a Model
Building a finite element model requires more of an ANSYS user's time than any other
part of the analysis. First, you specify a job name and analysis title. Then, you use the
PREP7 preprocessor to define the element types, element real constants, material
properties, and the model geometry.
Specifying a Job name and Analysis Title
This task is not required for an analysis, but is recommended.
Defining the Job name
The job name is a name that identifies the ANSYS job. When you define a job
name for an analysis, the job name becomes the first part of the name of all files the
analysis creates. (The extension or suffix for these files' names is a file identifier such as
.DB.) By using a job name for each analysis, you insure that no files are overwritten.
If you do not specify a job name, all files receive the name FILE or file,
depending on the operating system.
Command(s): /FILNAME
GUI: Utility Menu>File>Change Job name
Defining Element Types
The ANSYS element library contains more than 100 different element types.Each
element type has a unique number and a prefix that identifies the element category:
BEAM4, PLANE77, SOLID96, etc. The following element categories are available:

Defining Element Real Constants

Element real constants are properties that depend on the element type, such as crosssectional properties of a beam element. For example, real constants for BEAM3, the 2Dbeamelement, are area (AREA), moment of inertia (IZZ), height (HEIGHT), shear
deflection constant (SHEARZ), initial strain (ISTRN), and added mass per unit length
(ADDMAS). Not all element types require real constants, and different elements of
the same type may have different real constant values. As with element types, each
set

of

real

constants

has

reference

number, and

the

table

of

reference number versus real constant set is called the real constant table. While
defining the elements, you point to the appropriate real constant reference number using
the REAL command (Main Menu> Preprocessor>Create>Elements>Elem Attributes).
Defining Material Properties
Most element types require material properties.

Depending on the application,

material properties may be:

Linear or nonlinear
Isotropic, orthotropic, or anisotropic
Constant temperature or temperature-dependent.
As with element types and real constants, each set of material properties has a material
reference number. The table of material reference numbers versus material
property sets is called the material table. Within one analysis, you may have multiple
material property sets (to correspond with multiple materials used in the model).
ANSYS identifies each set with a unique reference number.
Main Menu> Preprocessor> Material Props> Material Models
Creating the Model Geometry
Once you have defined material properties, the next step in an analysis is
generating a finite element model-nodes and elements-that adequately describes the
model geometry.
There are two methods to create the finite element model: solid modeling and direct
generation. With solid modeling, you describe the geometric shape of your model, then
instruct the ANSYS program to automatically mesh the geometry with nodes and
elements. You can control the size and shape of the elements that the program creates.

With direct generation, you "manually" define the location of each node and the
connectivity of each element.
Several convenience operations, such as copying patterns of existing nodes and
elements, symmetry reflection, etc. are available.
Apply Loads and Obtain the Solution
In this step, you use the SOLUTION processor to define the analysis type and analysis
options, apply loads, specify load step options, and initiate the finite element solution.
You also can apply loads using the PREP7 preprocessor.
Applying Loads
The word loads as used in this manual includes boundary conditions (constraints,
supports, or boundary field specifications) as well as other externally and internally
applied loads. Loads in the ANSYS program are divided into six categories:
DOF Constraints
Forces
Surface
Loads
Body
Loads
Inertia Loads
Coupled-field Loads
You can apply most of these loads either on the solid model (key points, lines, and
areas) or the finite element model (nodes and elements).
Two important load-related terms you need to know are load step and sub step. A load
step is simply a configuration of loads for which you obtain a solution. In a
structural analysis, for example, you may apply wind loads in one load step and
gravity in a second load step. Load steps are also useful in dividing a transient load
history curve into several segments.
Sub steps are incremental steps taken within a load step. You use them mainly for
accuracy and convergence purposes in transient and nonlinear analyses. Sub steps are
also known as time steps taken over a period of time.
Initiating the Solution
To initiate solution calculations, use either of the following:
Command(s): SOLVE
GUI:

Main Menu>Solution>Current LS

When you issue this command, the ANSYS program takes model and loading
information from the database and calculates the results. Results are written to the

results file (Jobname.RST, Jobname.RTH, Jobname.RMG, or Jobname.RFL) and also

to the database. The only difference is that only one set of results can reside in the
database at one time, while you can write all sets of results (for all sub steps) to the
results file.
Review the Results
Once the solution has been calculated, you can use the ANSYS postprocessors to
review the results.
General Steps
Step 1: Ansys Utility Menu
File - clear and start new - do not read file - ok
File - change job name - enter new job name - xxxx - ok File - change title - enter
new title - yyy - ok
Step 2: Ansys Main Menu - Preferences select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 3: Preprocessor
Element type - select type of element from the table and the required options
Real constants - give the details such as thickness, areas, moment of inertia, etc.
required depending on the nature of the problem.
Material Properties - give the details such as Youngs modulus, Poissons ratio etc.
depending on the nature of the problem.
Step 4: Modeling - create the required geometry such as nodes elements, area, and
volume by using the appropriate options.
Step 5: Generate - Elements/ nodes using Mesh Tool if necessary (in 2D and 3D
problems)
Step6: Apply boundary conditions/loads such as DOF constraints, Force/Momentum,
Pressure etc.
Step 7: Solution - Solve the problem
Step 8: General Post Processor - plot / list the required results.
Step 9: Plot ctrls - animate - deformed shape - def+undeformed-ok
Step 10: To save the solution ansys tool bar- save,,,,,,, model
PROBLEMS SOLVED BY USING THE ANSYS SOFTWARE
CANTILEVER BEAM WITH POINT LOADS

Compute a bending moment & shear force for the beam shown in the figure & find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2*0.3m, youngs
modulus of 210Gpa & poisons ratio of 0.27?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences
Select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - BEAM 2 node 188 - ok- close.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX
210e9 - PRXY - 0.27 -ok - close.
Step 3: Preprocessor
Sections beam common sections B=0.2m H=0.3m ok.
Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS - 1 (x value w.r.t first node) - ok (second node is created) - x, y, z location
in CS - 2 (x value w.r.t first node) - ok (third node is created) - x, y, z location in CS
3.5 (x value w.r.t first node) - ok (fourth node is created).
Create - Elements elements attributes ok - Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick
1 & 2 apply - pick 2 & 3 apply- pick 3 & 4 apply - ok (elements are created
through nodes).
Step 4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural Displacement- on Nodes- pick node 1 - apply
DOFs to be constrained - ALL DOF - ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 2 & 3 apply -direction of For/Mom - FY - Force/Moment value (-20e3) (-ve value) ok Nodes- pick node- 4 - apply - direction of For/Mom - FY - Force/Moment value (10e3) (-ve value) - Ok.
Step 5: Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step6: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot Results - Contour plot - Nodal solu - DOF solution Y component of displacement
- ok.
Element table - Define table - Add - Results data item By Sequence num SMISC - SMISC, 3 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 16 - apply,
By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 6 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC SMISC, 19 - ok - close.
NOTE: For Shear Force Diagram use the combination SMISC 6 & SMISC 19, for

Bending Moment Diagram use the combination SMISC 3 & SMISC 16.
Step7: General Post Processor
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I SMIS3
- Elem table item at node J SMIS16 - ok (Shear force diagram will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - SMIS6
- Elem table item at node J SMIS19 - ok (bending moment diagram will be displayed).
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step8: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed results - DOF solution - ok.
Results
1. Maximum deflection

2. Shear force

3. Bending moment

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM WITH UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

Compute a bending moment & shear force for the beam shown in the figure & find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2*0.3m, youngs
modulus of 210Gpa & poisons ratio of 0.27?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences select - structural - ok
Step2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - BEAM 2 node 188 - ok- close.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic -Isotropic - EX
2.1e11 - PRXY - 0.27 - ok - close.
Step3: Preprocessor
Sections beam common sections B=0.2m H=0.3m ok.
Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS - 4 (x value w.r.t first node) - apply (second node is created) x, y, z
location in CS - 6 (x value w.r.t first node) - apply (third node is created).
Create - Nodes - Fill between Nds - pick 1 & 2 - apply - number of nodes to fill 7 starting node no - 4 - ok.
Create - Elements elements attributes ok - Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick 1 &
4 apply- pick 4 & 5 apply- pick 5 & 6 apply- pick 6 & 7 apply- pick 7 & 8 apply- pick
8 & 9 apply - pick 9 & 10 apply- pick 10 & 2 apply - pick 2 & 3 pick 3& 4 - ok
(elements are created through nodes).
Step4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes- pick node 1 ok 5
DOFs to be constrained UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY apply select - node 3 ok DOFs to be constrained UY ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Pressure - on Beams pick - elements
between nodes 1 & 2 - apply - pressure value at node I 12000 - pressure value at
node J 12000 ok.
Step 5: Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Element table - Define table - Add - Results data item - By Sequence num -

SMISC
SMISC, 3 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC,16 - apply, By
Sequence
num
SMISC - SMISC, 6 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 19 - ok - close.
NOTE: For Shear Force Diagram use the combination SMISC 6 & SMISC 19, for
Bending Moment Diagram use the combination SMISC 3 & SMISC 16.
Step7: General Post Processor
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I SMIS6
- Elem table item at node J SMIS19 - ok (Shear force diagram will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I SMIS3
- Elem table item at node J - SMIS16 - ok (bending moment diagram will be displayed).
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step 8:
Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed results - DOF solution - USUM - ok.
Results
1. Maximum deflection

2. Bending moment

3. Shear force

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM WITH UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD

Compute a bending moment & shear force for the beam shown in the figure & find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2*0.3m, youngs
modulus of 210Gpa & poisons ratio of 0.27?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences
select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - BEAM 2 node 188 - ok - close.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX 210e9 - PRXY - 0.27 -ok - close.
Step 3: Preprocessor
Sections beam common sections B=0.2; H=0.3- ok.
Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS - 3 (x value w.r.t first node) - apply (second node is created) - 4.5 (x
value w.r.t first node) -apply (third node is created) - 6 (x value w.r.t first node) - ok
(fourth node is created). Create - Elements - Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick 1 &
2 - apply - pick 2 & 3 apply -pick 3 & 4 - ok (elements are created through nodes).
Step 4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes- pick node 1 - apply 5
DOFs to be constrained - pick node 4 - DOFs to be constrained - UY -ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Pressure - on Beams - pick element between nodes
1 & 2 - apply - pressure value at node I - 0 (value) - pressure value at node J - 40000 ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 3 - apply
-direction of for/Mom - FY - Force/Moment value - -80000 (-ve value) - ok.
Step5: Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot Results - Contour plot - Nodal solu - DOF solution - displacement vector sum - ok.
Element table - Define table - Add - Results data item - By Sequence num SMISC -SMISC, 3 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 16 - apply, By
Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 6 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC,

19 - ok - close.
NOTE: For Shear Force Diagram use the combination SMISC 3 & SMISC 16, for
Bending Moment Diagram use the combination SMISC 6 & SMISC 19.
Step 7: General Post Processor
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - SMIS2
- Elem table item at node J - SMIS8 - ok (Shear force diagram will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - SMIS6
- Elem table item at node J - SMIS12 - ok (bending moment diagram will be displayed).
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step 8: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed shape - ok.
Results
1. Maximum deflection

1.
bending moment

2. shear force

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM WITH UVL & UDL & POINT LOAD
Compute a bending moment & shear force for the beam shown in the figure & find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2*0.3m, youngs
modulus of 210Gpa & poisons ratio of 0.27?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - BEAM 2 node 188 - ok - close.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX 210e9 - PRXY - 0.27 -ok -close.
Step 3: Preprocessor
Sections beam common sections - B=0.2; H=0.3 = ok.
Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS - 1 (x value w.r.t first node) - apply (second node is created) - 2 (x

value w.r.t first node) -apply (third node is created) -3 (x value w.r.t first node) - ok
(fourth node is created) - x, y, z location in CS - 4 (x value w.r.t first node) - apply
(fifth node is created) - 5 (x value w.r.t first node) -apply (sixth node is created).
Create - Elements - Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick nodes 1 to 5 - apply - ok
(elements are created through nodes).
Step 4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes- pick node 2 - apply 5
DOFs to be constrained ok pick node 5 - 5 DOFs to be constrained UY ok
close.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Pressure - on Beams - pick element between nodes
2 & 3 - apply - pressure value at node I - 0 (value) - pressure value at node J - 5000 ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 4 - apply
-direction of for/Mom - FY - Force/Moment value - -10000 (-ve value) - ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Pressure - on Beams - pick element between nodes
2 & 3 - apply - pressure value at node I -5000 (value) - pressure value at node J - 5000
ok.
Step5:Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot Results - Contour plot - Nodal solu - DOF solution - displacement vector sum - ok.
Element table - Define table - Add - Results data item - By Sequence num SMISC - SMISC, 3 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 16 - apply,
By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 6 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC SMISC, 19 - ok - close.
NOTE: For Shear Force Diagram use the combination SMISC 3 & SMISC 16, for
Bending Moment Diagram use the combination SMISC 6 & SMISC 19.
Step 7: General Post Processor
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - SMIS2
- Elem table item at node J - SMIS8 - ok (Shear force diagram will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - SMIS6
- Elem table item at node J - SMIS12 - ok (bending moment diagram will be displayed).
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).

List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step 8: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed shape ok.
Results
1. Maximum deflection

2. Bending moment

3. Shear force

BEAM WITH ANGULAR LOADS, ONE END HINGED AND AT THE OTHER
END ROLLER SUPPORT
Compute a bending moment & shear force for the beam shown in the figure & find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2*0.3m, youngs
modulus of 210Gpa & poisons ratio of 0.27?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences
Select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - BEAM 2 node 188 - ok - close.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX 2e5 - PRXY - 0.27 -ok - close.
Step3: Preprocessor
Section beam common sections B=0.2 H=0.3 ok.
Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z

location in CS - 1 (x value w.r.t first node) - apply (second node is created) - 2 (x

value w.r.t first node) - apply (third node is created) - 3 (x value w.r.t first node) apply (forth node is created) - 4 (x value w.r.t first node) - ok (fifth node is created).
Create - Elements - Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick 1 & 2 - apply - pick 2 & 3 apply - pick 3 & 4 - apply - pick 4 & 5 - ok (elements are created through nodes).
Create - Nodes - Rotate nodes CS - by angles - pick node 2 - apply - about nodal zaxis - 60 - apply - pick node 3 - apply about nodal z- axis - 45 - apply - pick node 4
- apply - about nodal z - axis - 30 - ok.
Step 4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes- pick node 1 - apply -5
DOFs to be constrained - apply - pick node 5 - apply - DOFs to be constrained UY ok.
Loads - Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 2
- apply - direction of For/Mom - FX - Force/Moment value (-100) (-ve value) apply - pick node 3 - apply - direction of For/Mom - FX - Force/Moment value
(-200) (-ve value) - apply - pick node 4 - apply - direction of For/Mom - FX Force/Moment value (-300) (-ve value) - ok.
Step 5: Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot Results - Contour plot - Nodal solu - DOF solution - displacement vector sum - ok.
Element table - Define table - Add - Results data item - By Sequence num SMISC - SMISC, 3 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 16 - apply,
By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 6 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC SMISC, 19 - ok - close.
NOTE: For Shear Force Diagram use the combination SMISC 6 & SMISC 19, for
Bending Moment Diagram use the combination SMISC 3 & SMISC 16.
Step7: General Post Processor
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I SMIS6
- Elem table item at node J SMIS19 - ok (Shear force diagram will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I SMIS3
- Elem table item at node J - SMIS16 - ok (bending moment diagram will be displayed).

List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step 8: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed results - DOF solution - USUM ok.
Results
1. Maximum deflection

2.

Bending moment

3. shear force

BEAM WITH MOMENT AND OVERHANG

Compute a bending moment & shear force for the beam shown in the figure & find
the maximum deflection. Assume rectangular c/s area of 0.2*0.3m, youngs
modulus of 210Gpa & poisons ratio of 0.27?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences
Select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - BEAM 2 node 188 - ok - close.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX
2e5 - PRXY - 0.3 -ok - close.
Step 3: Preprocessor
Sections common section B=0.2; H= 0.3 ok.

Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z

location in CS - 2 (x value w.r.t first node) - apply (second node is created) - 4 (x
value w.r.t first node) -apply (third node is created) - 6 (x value w.r.t first node) apply (forth node is created) - 7 (x value w.r.t first node) - ok (fifth node is created).
Create - Elements - Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick 1 & 2 - apply - pick 2 & 3 apply -pick 3 & 4 - apply - pick 4 & 5 - ok (elements are created through nodes).
Step4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes- pick node 1 - apply -5
DOFs to be constrained pick node 4 - DOFs to be constrained UY - ok.
Loads - Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 2 apply -direction of For/Mom - MZ - Force/Moment value - 12000 (anticlockwise, +ve
value) - apply - pick node 3 - apply - direction of For/Mom - FY - Force/Moment
value - -6000 (-ve value) -apply - pick node 5 - apply - direction of For/Mom - FY
- Force/Moment value - -6000 (-ve value) - ok.
Step 5: Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot Results - Contour plot - Nodal solu - DOF solution - displacement vector sum - ok.
Element table - Define table - Add - Results data item - By Sequence num SMISC - SMISC, 6 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 19 - apply,
By Sequence num - SMISC - SMISC, 3 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC SMISC, 16 - ok - close.
NOTE: For Shear Force Diagram use the combination SMISC 6 & SMISC 19, for
Bending Moment Diagram use the combination SMISC 3 & SMISC 16.
Step 7: General Post Processor
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - SMIS2
- Elem table item at node J - SMIS8 - ok (Shear force diagram will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - SMIS6
- Elem table item at node J - SMIS12 - ok (bending moment diagram will be displayed).
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be

displayed with the node numbers).

Step 8: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed results - DOF solution - USUM - ok.
Results
1. Maximum deflection

2. Shear force

3. Bending moment

STEPPED BARS
A stepped bar is subjected to loading as shown in figure. Taking it as bar element,
a. Nodal displacement
b. Stresses in each element
c. Reaction at the fixed support. Assume E=2e5 N/mm2?
PROCEDURE
Step 1:
Preferences select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2:
Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - Link - 3D finit stn 180 - ok - close.
Real constants - Add - ok - real constant set no - 1 - c/s area - 250 - apply - real
constant set no - 2 - c/s area - 400 - ok - close.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX
- 2e5 PRXY 0.3 - ok,
Step 3: Preprocessor
Modeling - Create key points - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z

location in CS - 150 (x value w.r.t first node) - apply (second node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS -270 (y value w.r.t first node) - ok (third node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS -470 (y value w.r.t first node) - ok (fourth node is created).
Create - Elements - Elem Attributes - Material number - 1 - Real constant set
number - 1 - ok Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick 1 & 2 - pick 2 & 3 - ok (elements
are created through nodes).
Create - Elements - Elem Attributes - Material number - 2 - Real constant set
number - 2 - ok Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick 2 & 3 - Ok (elements are created
through nodes).
Step 4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes- pick node 4 - apply
- DOFs to be constrained - All DOF - ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes pick node 2 apply- direction of for/Mom - FX - Force/Moment value 200e3 (+ve value) - ok.
Step5: Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Element table - Define table - Add -Results data item - By Sequence num - LS - LS1
- By Sequence num - SMISC SMISC 1 - ok.
Step7: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - LS1 Elem table item at node J - LS1 - ok (Line Stress diagram will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - SMIS 1
- Elem table item at node J - SMIS 1 - ok (Line Stress diagram will be displayed)
Plot Results - contour plot nodal solu DOF solu Y component of displacement
ok.
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step 8:

Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed shape - def+undeformed-ok.

Results
1. Nodal displacement

2. Line stress

BARS OF TAPERED CROSS SECTION AREA

Determine the displacement at the node & the reaction at the fixed support.
Evaluate stresses in each element?
PROCEDURE
Step 1 Preferences
Select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - BEAM 3D finit stn 180 - ok- close.
Real constants - Add - ok - real constant set no - 1 - cross-sectional AREA 1 -52.5 apply - cross-sectional AREA 2 37.5 - ok. Material Properties - material models Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX - 2e5 - ok - close.
Step3: Preprocessor
Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS (-120) (y value w.r.t first node) - ok (second node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS (-240) (y value w.r.t first node) - ok (third node is created).
Create - Elements element attributes real constant set no. 1- Auto numbered
- Thru Nodes - pick 1 & 2 - real constant set no. 2- Auto numbered - Thru

Nodes - pick 2 & 3 - ok (elements are created through nodes).

Step 4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes- pick node 1 - apply
-DOFs to be constrained - ALL DOF - ok.
Loads - Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 2
- apply - direction of For/Mom - FY - Force/Moment value - 100 (-ve value) - ok.
Step 5: Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step6: General Post Processor
Element table - Define table - Add - Results data item - By Sequence num LS LS 1 - apply, By Sequence num - SMISC SMISC 1 - apply, ok - close.
Step 7: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I SMIS
1 - Elem table item at node J SMIS 1 - ok (Shear force diagram will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - NMIS1
- Elem table item at node J - NMIS3- ok (the maximum stress value will be displayed).
Plot Results - contour plot nodal solu DOF solu Y component of displacement
ok.
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step8:
Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed shape - def+undeformed-ok.
Results
1. Nodal displacement

2. Line stress

BARS OF CONSTANT CROSS-SECTION AREA (2)

For the simple bar shown in figure. Determine the displacements, stress & the
reaction. The c/s of the bar is 500mm2, length is 1000mm & the youngs modulus
E=2e5 n/mm2. Take load P=1000N?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences
Select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - Link 3D finit stn 180 - ok - close.
Real constants - Add - ok - real constant set no - 1 - c/s area - 500 - ok.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX 2.1e5 - ok - close.
Step 3: Preprocessor
Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS - 1000 (x value w.r.t first node) - ok (second node is created).
Create - Elements - Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick 1 & 2 - ok (elements are

created through nodes).

Step 4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes- pick node 2 - apply
-DOFs to be constrained - All DOF - ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 1 - apply direction of For/Mom - FX - Force/Moment value - 1000 (+ve value) - ok.
Step 5: Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Element table - Define table - Add -Results data item - By Sequence num - LS - LS1
- By Sequence num SMISC SMISC 1- ok.
Step 7: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - LS1 Elem table item at node J - LS1 - ok (Line Stress diagram will be displayed) Elem table
item at node I - SMISC 1- Elem table item at node J - SMISC 1 - ok (Line Stress
diagram will be displayed).
Plot Results - reaction solution nodal solution DOF solu ok close.
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step 8: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed shape - def+undeformed-ok.

Results

1. Nodal displacement

2. Line stress

TRUSSES

A four bar truss element is shown in figure. Determine the following

a. Nodal displacement
b. Stress in each element
c. Reaction at the support.
Assume youngs modulus is 2e5 N/mm2, area of each element is 100mm2?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences
Select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - Link 3D finit stn 180 - ok close.
Real constants - Add - ok - real constant set no - 1 - c/s area 100 - apply - real
constant set no - 2 - c/s area 100 apply - real constant set no 3 - c/s area 100
apply - real constant set no - 4 - c/s area 100 - ok - close.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX
2e5 - ok - close.
Step 3: Preprocessor
Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) x2, y2,
location in CS 40, 0 (x2 & y2 value w.r.t first node) - apply (second node is created)
x3, y3, location in CS 40, 30 (x3, y3 value w.r.t first node) - apply (third node is
created) x4, y4, location in CS 0,30 (x4, y4 value w.r.t first node) - ok (forth node is
created).
Create - Elements - Elem Attributes - Material number - 1 - Real constant set number
- 1 ok - Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick 1 & 2 - apply - Real constant set
number - 2 - pick 2 & 3 - apply - Real constant set number 3 - pick 3 & 1 - apply
- Real constant set number 4 - pick 3 & 4 - ok (elements are created through nodes).
Step4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes - pick node 1 & 4 apply - DOFs to be constrained - All DOF - ok - on Nodes - pick node 2 apply - DOFs to be constrained - UY - ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 2 - apply
- direction of For/Mom - FX - Force/Moment value - 20000 (+ve value) - ok Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 3 - apply - direction of For/Mom
- FY - Force/Moment value (-25000 ) (-ve value) - ok.
Step 5: Solution -Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor

Element table - Define table - Add - Results data item - By Sequence num - LS - LS1
- By Sequence num SMISC SMISC 1 - ok.
Step 7: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - LS1 Elem table item at node J LS 1 (Line Stress diagram will be displayed). - Elem table
item at node I - SMISC 1 - Elem table item at node J SMISC 1 (Line Stress diagram
will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Nodal solution - DOF solution - displacement vector sum ok.
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step 8: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed shape - def+undeformed-ok.
Results
1. Nodal deflection

2. Line stress

3. Stress values

PRINT ELEMENT TABLE ITEMS PER ELEMENT

***** POST1 ELEMENT TABLE LISTING *****
STAT CURRENT CURRENT
ELEM LS1
SMIS1
1 200.00
20000.
2 -218.75 -21875.
3 -52.083 -5208.3
4 41.667
4166.7
MINIMUM VALUES
ELEM
2
2
VALUE -218.75 -21875.
MAXIMUM VALUES
ELEM
1
1
VALUE 200.00
20000.
TRUSSES

A four bar truss element is shown in figure. Determine the following

d. Nodal displacement
e. Stress in each element
f. Reaction at the support.
Assume youngs modulus is 2e5 N/mm2?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences
Select - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - Link 3D finit stn 180 - ok close.
Real constants - Add - ok - real constant set no - 1 - c/s area 1200- apply - real
constant set no -2 - c/s area 1000 -ok - close.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX
2e5 - ok - close.
Step 3: Preprocessor
Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created) x2, y2,
location in CS 750, 500 (x2 & y2 value w.r.t first node) - apply (second node is
created) x3, y3, location in CS 0, 500 (x3, y3 value w.r.t first node) - apply (third
node is created).
Create - Elements - Elem Attributes - Material number - 1 - Real constant set number
- 1 ok - Auto numbered - Thru Nodes - pick 1 & 2 - apply - Real constant set
number - 2 - pick 2 & 3 - ok (elements are created through nodes).
Step4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on Nodes - pick node 1 & 3 apply - DOFs to be constrained - All DOF - ok.
Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on Nodes- pick node 2 - apply
- direction of For/Mom - FY - Force/Moment value - 20000 (+ve value) - ok.
Step 5: Solution -Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Element table - Define table - Add - Results data item - By Sequence num - LS - LS1
- By Sequence num SMISC SMISC 1 - ok.

Step 7: General Post Processor

Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.

Plot results - contour plot - Line Element Results - Elem table item at node I - LS1 Elem table item at node J LS 1 (Line Stress diagram will be displayed) - Elem table
item at node I - SMISC 1 - Elem table item at node J SMISC 1 (Line Stress diagram
will be displayed).
Plot results - contour plot - Nodal solution - DOF solution - displacement vector sum ok.
List Results - reaction solution - items to be listed - All items - ok (reaction forces
will be displayed with the node numbers).
List Results - Nodal loads - items to be listed - All items - ok (Nodal loads will be
displayed with the node numbers).
Step 8: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed shape - def+undeformed-ok.
Results
1. Nodal deflection

2. Line stress

3. Stress values
PRINT ELEMENT TABLE ITEMS PER ELEMENT
***** POST1 ELEMENT TABLE LISTING *****
STAT CURRENT CURRENT
ELEM LS1
SMIS1
1 -30.046 -36056.
2 30.000 30000.
MINIMUM VALUES
ELEM
1
1
VALUE -30.046 -36056.
MAXIMUM VALUES
ELEM
2
2
VALUE 30.000 30000.

STRESS ANALYSIS OF A RECTANGULAR PLATE WITH A CIRCULAR HOLE

In the plate with a hole under plane stress, find deformed shape of the hole &
determine maximum stress distribution [consider thickness as 10mm]. Assume
youngs modulus as 210Gpa, poisons ratio as 0.3, diameter of the circle as 10mm.
Assume plane with thickness as shown in figure?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - Solid - Quad 4 node 182 - - ok - options element behavior K3 - Plane stress with thickness - ok - close.
Real constants - Add - ok - real constant set no - 1 - Thickness 10mm - ok.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX 210e9 - PRXY - 0.3 - ok - close.
Step 3: Preprocessor
Modeling - Create - Area - Rectangle - by dimensions - X1, X2, Y1, Y2 - 0, 40, 0,
25 - ok. Create - Area - Circle - solid circle - X, Y, & radius - 0, 0, and 5 - ok.
Operate - Booleans - Subtract - Areas - pick area which is not to be deleted
(rectangle) - apply - pick area which is to be deleted (circle) - ok.
Meshing - Mesh Tool - Mesh Areas - Mesh - pick all - ok.
Mesh Tool - Refine - pick all - Level of refinement - 1 - ok.
Step 4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement by symmetry on BC - on lines select lines left & bottom lines of the box - apply - DOFs to be constrained - ALL
DOF - ok.
Loads - Define loads - apply - Structural - Force/Moment - on lines - select line
right line of the box - apply - direction of For/Mom - FX - Force/Moment value 10000 (+ve value) - ok.
Step 5: Solution -Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot results- contour plot - Element solu - Stress - Von Misses Stress - ok (the
stress distribution diagram will be displayed).
List results nodal solution stress - Von Misses Stress ok. (The stress
distribution diagram will be displayed).

Step 7: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed shape - def+undeformed-ok.

Results
1. Deformation of the hole

2. Von mises stress

STRESS ANALYSIS OF A RECTANGULAR PLATE WITH GROOVE

In the plate with a hole under plane stress, find deformed shape of the solid plate &
determine maximum stress distribution [consider thickness as 3mm]. Assume
youngs modulus as 2e5, poisons ratio as 0.3, diameter of the circle as 3mm. Assume
plane with thickness as shown in figure?
PROCEDURE
Step 1: Preferences - STRUCTURAL - ok
Step 2: Preprocessor
Element type - Add/Edit/Delete - Add - Solid - Quad 4 node 182 - ok - options element behavior K3 - Plane stress with thickness - ok - close.
Real constants - Add - ok - real constant set no - 1 - Thickness 3mm - ok.
Material Properties - material models - Structural - Linear - Elastic - Isotropic - EX
2e5 - PRXY - 0.3 - ok - close.
Step 3: Preprocessor
Modeling - Create key points in active CS apply (first node is created) x,
y location in CS - 100, 0 (x, y values w.r.t first node) apply 100, 60 apply
60, 60 apply -60, 40 apply 50, 30 apply 40, 40 apply 40, 60 apply 0,
60 apply ok (all elements are created through nodes).
Meshing - Mesh Tool - Mesh pick area ok.
Mesh Tool - Refine - pick all - Level of refinement -2 - ok.
Step 4: Solution
Define loads - apply - Structural - Displacement - on lines - select lines left line of
the box - apply - DOFs to be constrained - ALL DOF - ok.
Loads - Define loads - apply - Structural - pressure - on lines - select line right
line of the box - apply - pressure value at node I 100 - pressure value at node J
100 (+ve value) - ok.
Step 5: Solution
Solve - current LS - ok (Solution is done is displayed) - close.
Step 6: General Post Processor
Plot Results - Deformed Shape - def+undeformed - ok.
Plot results- contour plot - Element solu - Stress - Von Misses Stress - ok (the
stress distribution diagram will be displayed).
List results nodal solution stress - Von Misses Stress ok. (The stress

distribution diagram will be displayed).

Step 7: Plot Ctrls - Animate - Deformed shape - def+undeformed-ok.
Results
1. Deformation of groove

2. Von mises stress

HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT

1. Conduct a harmonic forced response test by applying a cyclic load [harmonic]

at the end of the beam, the frequency of the load will be varied from 1 to 100Hz.
Youngs modulus = 206800e6 N/mm2, moment of inertia = 8.33e-6m^4, density =
7830kg/m^3, poisons ratio = 0.3?
PROCEDURE
Step1: Preferences Structural Ok.
Step2: Preprocessor
Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Add Beam 2 node 188 Ok.
Step3:
Material properties Material Models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic EX
206800e6; PRXY 0.3; Density 7830 -Ok.
Step4: Preprocessor
Section common sections B=0.01; H=0.01 ok.
Modeling Create Key points In Active CS Apply (first node is created) - x, y, z
location in CS -1 (x value w.r.t first node) - ok (second node is created).
Modeling Create Lines Lines Straight Line pick 1 & 2 Ok.
Step5: Preprocessor
Meshing size controls manual size global- size- no. of divisions - 100 Ok
close.
Mesh lines Select the line Ok.
Step6: Solution
Analysis Type New analysis Harmonic Ok.
Analysis Options full real+ imaginary Ok.
Step7: Solution
Define loads Apply Structural Displacement On Key points Select the node 1
Ok All DOF Ok.
Define Loads Apply Structural Force/Moment On Key points Select - The
free end of the beam Ok FY - (100) - Ok.
Solution Load Step Opts Time/Frequency Freq and Sub steps Harmonic
Frequency Range 0-100; No. of Sub steps 100 Select Stepped Ok.
Step8: Solution Solve Current LS Ok Close.
Step9: Time hist processor
Add data DOF solution Y component of displacement ok select the free end of
the beam ok click on graph.
Step10: Capture image save it.
Results

Graphs
1. Displacement

2. Time

THERMAL ANALYSIS

1. A furnace wall is made up of inside silica brick with thermal conductivity

1.5w/mk and outside magnesia brick of thermal conductivity 4.9w/mk, each
100mm thick. The inner and outer surfaces are exposed to fluids at temperatures
of 820c & 110c respectively. The contact resistance is 0.001m2k/w. the heat
transfer co-efficient for inner and outer surfaces =35w/m2k. Find the heat flow
rate through the wall per unit area per unit time and temperature distribution
across the wall. Assume area=1m2 and the thermal conductivity for a resistance
gap is 1w/mk?
PROCEDURE
Step1: Preferences Thermal Ok.
Step2: Preprocessor
Element Type Add/Edit/Delete link 3d conduction 33- apply convection 34
Ok.
Step3: Preprocessor
Real constants add add link 33 ok area 1 ok add link 34 ok convection surface area 1 ok.
Material Props Material Model Thermal Conductivity Isotropic KXX 1.5
Ok. Material New Model KXX 1 Ok. Material New Model KXX 4.9
Ok. Material New Model convection HF= 35 Ok.
Step4:
Preprocessor
Modeling Create Key points In Active CS Apply X 0.001 Apply; X
0.101 Apply; X 0.102; X 0.202 X 0.203ok.
Modeling Create element element attributes convection 34 real constant set
4 ok- Join (1, 2) &(5-6)- apply conduction 33 - real constant set 1 ok - join (23) & (3-4) & (4-5)- ok close.
Step5: Solution
Define Loads Apply Thermal Temperature On nodes Select node 1 Temp
Value - 820 Ok.
Define Loads Apply Thermal Temperature On nodes Select node 6 Temp
Value - 110 Ok.
Step6: Solution Solve Current LS Ok Close.
Step7: General Post Processor
Plot Results Contour Plot Nodal Solu DOF Solution Nodal Temperature Ok.
List results nodal solu DOF solu nodal temp ok.
List results nodal loads heat flow rate ok.
Step8:

Capture the image and save it.

Utility Menu Plot Ctrls Capture Image Save As.
Results
1. Heat flow
PRINT HEAT SUMMED NODAL LOADS
***** POST1 SUMMED TOTAL NODAL LOADS LISTING *****
LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1
TIME= 1.0000
LOAD CASE= 0
NODE
HEAT
1 -4889.2
6 4889.2
TOTAL VALUES
VALUE 0.52751E-10
2. Temperature distribution

3. Temp distribution across the wall

PRINT TEMP NODAL SOLUTION PER NODE
***** POST1 NODAL DEGREE OF FREEDOM LISTING *****
LOAD STEP= 1 SUBSTEP= 1
TIME= 1.0000
LOAD CASE= 0
NODE TEMP
1 820.00
2 680.31
3 354.36
4 349.47
5 249.69
6 110.00
MAXIMUM ABSOLUTE VALUES
NODE
1
VALUE 820.00

THERMAL ANALYSIS
2. For 2-D stainless steel shown below. Determine the temperature distribution,
the left and right sides are insulated. The top surface is subjected to heat transfer
by convection the bottom and internal surfaces are maintained at 300c, the
thermal conductivity of stainless steel is 16w/mk?
PROCEDURE
Step1: Preferences Thermal Ok.
Step2: Preprocessor
Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Solid Quad 4node 55 Ok.
Options element behaviour k3 plane thickness ok close.
Step3: Preprocessor
Real constants add add ok 3 ok close.
Material Props Material Model Thermal Conductivity Isotropic KXX - 16
Ok
Step4: Preprocessor
Modeling Create Key points In Active CS Apply X, Y 0.3,0 Apply; X, Y
0.3, 0.2 Apply; X, Y 0.5, 0.2 - apply; X, Y 0.5, 0 - apply; X, Y 0.8, 0
Apply; X, Y 0.8, 0.4 apply; X, Y 0, 0.4 ok.
Modeling Create area arbitrary thru kps - Select all points one by one Join
(1, 2), (2-3), (3-4), (4-5), (5-6), (6-7), (7-8) ok.
Step5: Preprocessor
Meshing Mesh Tool Area Select all the areas Ok.
Mesh Tool refine pick all level of refinement - 3 Ok.
Step6: Solution
Define Loads Apply Thermal Temperature On lines Select bottom inner
lines of the rectangle Ok Temp Value 300 Ok.
Define Loads Apply Thermal Convection On lines Select top line of the
rectangle Ok Temp Value 40 film Coefficient 50 Ok.
Step7: Solution Solve Current LS Ok Close.
Step8: General Post Processor
Plot Results Contour Plot Nodal Solu DOF Solution Nodal Temperature Ok.
Path operations define path by nodes select top corner nodes path name
DIST ok.
Path operations map on to path DOF solu temp TEMPER apply flux &
gradient thermal grad TGX GRAD ok.

Plot path item on graph TEMPER ok.

Plot path item on geometry TEMPER ok.
Plot path item on graph GRAD ok.
Plot path item on geometry GRAD ok.
Step9:
Capture the image and save it.
Utility Menu Plot Ctrls Capture Image Save As.
Results
1. Temp distribution

2. Geometry = TEMPER

3. Graph = TEMPER

4. Geometry = GRAD

5. Graph = GRAD

MODE FREQUENCY ANALYSIS OF BEAMS (10)

1. Obtain the frequency & different modes of vibration for a cantilever beam by
modal analysis with a given data. Youngs modulus =2e11N/mm2, moment of
inertia = 8.33e-6mm4, area of the beam =0.01m2, and the density of material
=7830kg/m3?
PROCEDURE
Step1: Preferences Structural Ok.
Step2: Preprocessor Element Type Add/Edit/Delete Add Beam 2 node 188
Ok- close.
Step3: Preprocessor
Material Props Material Models Structural Linear Elastic Isotropic EX
2e11; PRXY 0.3; Density 7830; Ok.
Step4: Preprocessor
Sections common sections B=0.1; H=0.1 OK.
Modeling Modeling - Create - Nodes - In Active CS - Apply (first node is created)
x, y, z location in CS 1 (x value w.r.t first node) - apply (second node is created).
Step5: preprocessor
Define loads Apply Structural Displacement On nodes Select the end point
on the left Ok All DOF Ok.
Step5: solution
Analysis Type New analysis Modal Ok.
Analysis type - Analysis Options PCG lanugos No. of modes to extract 3 no.
of modes to expand 3 - close Ok
Solution Solve Current LS Ok Close.
Step6: General Post Processor
a. Read Results Last Set.
General Post Processor Plot Results deformed shape def+undeformed ok.
b. Read Results first set.
General Post Processor Plot Results deformed shape def+undeformed ok.
c. Read Results next set.
General Post Processor Plot Results deformed shape def+undeformed ok.
Note: if the no. the modes are more than 3, then repeat the point C again & again
according to no. of modes.
Step7:
Report generator overwrite ok.

Utility Menu Plot Ctrls Capture Image File Save As Ok.

Results
Modes of frequency
1. First set

2. Next set

3. Last set