Page 1 of 3

AMENDMENT 1
3 January 2000
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984
Its Definition and Relationships with Local Geodetic Systems
This amendment forms a part of NIMA TR8350.2, dated 4 July 1997, and is
approved for use by all Departments and Agencies of the Department of Defense.
For each correction listed below, an insertable replacement page is attached.
PAGE xi
In the 5
th
paragraph, change the sentence The model, complete through degree (n) and
order (m) 360, is comprised of 130,676 coefficients. to read The model, complete
through degree (n) and order (m) 360, is comprised of 130,317 coefficients..
PAGE 3-7
In Table 3.4, change the value of U
0
from 62636860.8497 m
2
/s
2
to 62636851.7146 m
2
/s
2
.
PAGE 4-4
Change Equation (4-9) from

,
_

+
+

y x u
E u z
arctan
2
2 2
to read

,
_

+
+

2 2
2 2
y x u
E u z
arctan
.
PAGE 5-1
In the first paragraph, change the sentence The WGS 84 EGM96, complete through
degree (n) and order (m) 360, is comprised of 130,321 coefficients. to read The WGS
84 EGM96, complete through degree (n) and order (m) 360, is comprised of 130,317
coefficients..
PAGE 5-3
At the end of the definition of terms for Equation (5-3), change the definition of the k
term from For m=0, k=1; m>1, k=2 to read For m=0, k=1; m0, k=2.
PAGE 7-2
In the next to the last paragraph, change the sentences Note that the National Map
Accuracy Standard requires points to be horizontally accurate to 0.51 mm (1/50 in.) for
scales of 1:20,000 or larger and 0.84 mm (1/30 in.) for scales less than 1:20,000. For
Page 2 of 3
example, this corresponds to 2.5 m at 1:5,000 and 42 m at 1:50,000. to read Note that
the National Map Accuracy Standard requires test points to be horizontally accurate to
0.85 mm (1/30 in.) for scales of 1:20,000 or larger and 0.51 mm (1/50 in.) for scales less
than 1:20,000. For example, this corresponds to 4.2 m at 1:5,000 and 25 m at 1:50,000..
PAGE R-4
Change the title of the paper in reference number 40. from Status of the World Geodetic
System 1984 to read Refinements to The World Geodetic System 1984.
PAGE B-3
In the second paragraph of Section 1, change the sentence there are 109 local geodetic
datums . To read There are 112 local geodetic datums ..
PAGE B.1-2
Add the Korean Geodetic System 1995.
PAGE B.1-3
Add the Old Hawaiian datum using the International 1924 ellipsoid.
PAGE B.1-4
Add the South American Geocentric Reference System (SIRGAS).
PAGE B.3-2
The old Cycle 0 transformation parameters for the INDIAN 1975 datum in Thailand were
added and the code for the Cycle 1 parameters was changed from INH-A to INH-A1.
PAGE B.3-3
Add the Korean Geodetic System 1995 for South Korea.
PAGE B.3-5
The old Cycle 0 transformation parameters for the TOKYO datum in South Korea were
added and the code for the Cycle 1 parameters was changed from TOY-B to TOY-
B1.
PAGE B.7-6
Add the South American Geocentric Reference System for South America.
Page 3 of 3
PAGE B.10-5
Add the Old Hawaiian datum using the International 1924 ellipsoid.
NIMA/Geodesy and Geophysics Department
xi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The global geocentric reference frame and collection of models known as the World
Geodetic System 1984 (WGS 84) has evolved significantly since its creation in the mid-1980s.
The WGS 84 continues to provide a single, common, accessible 3-dimensional coordinate
system for geospatial data collected from a broad spectrum of sources. Some of this geospatial
data exhibits a high degree of metric fidelity and requires a global reference frame which is free
of any significant distortions or biases. For this reason, a series of improvements to WGS 84
were developed in the past several years which served to refine the original version.
A consistent global set of 3-dimensional station coordinates infers the location of an
origin, the orientation of an orthogonal set of Cartesian axes and a scale. In essence, a set of
station coordinates infers a particular realization of a reference frame. The station coordinates
which compose the operational WGS 84 reference frame are those of the permanent DoD GPS
monitor stations.
Within the last three years, the coordinates for these DoD GPS stations have been
refined two times, once in 1994 and again in 1996. The two sets of self-consistent GPS-
realized coordinates (Terrestrial Reference Frames) derived to date have been designated
WGS 84 (G730) and WGS 84 (G873), where the G indicates these coordinates were
obtained through GPS techniques and the number following the G indicates the GPS week
number when these coordinates were implemented in the NIMA precise GPS ephemeris
estimation process. The dates when these refined station coordinate sets were implemented in
the GPS Operational Control Segment (OCS) were 29 June 1994 and 29 January 1997,
respectively.
These reference frame enhancements, as well as the previous set of enhancements,
implemented in 1994, are negligible (less than 30 centimeters) in the context of mapping,
charting and enroute navigation. Therefore, users should consider the WGS 84 reference frame
unchanged for applications involving mapping, charting and enroute navigation.
In addition to these reference frame enhancements, an intensive joint effort has been
conducted during the last three years involving analysts and resources of NIMA, the NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) and The Ohio State University. The result of this joint
effort is a new global model of the Earths gravitational field: Earth Gravitational Model 1996
(EGM96). In the case of DoD applications, this model replaces the now-outdated original
WGS 84 gravitational model developed more than ten years ago. The form of the EGM96
model is a spherical harmonic expansion of the gravitational potential. The model, complete
through degree (n) and order (m) 360, is comprised of 130,317 coefficients. NIMA
recommends use of an appropriately truncated (less than or equal to n=m=70) copy of this
geopotential model for high accuracy orbit determination.
A refined WGS 84 geoid has been determined from the new gravitational model
and is available as a 15 minute grid of geoid undulations which exhibit an absolute
3-7
Table 3.3
WGS 84 Ellipsoid Derived Geometric Constants
Constant Notation Value
Second degree Zonal Harmonic C
2,0
-0.484166774985 x 10
-3
Semi-minor Axis b 6356752.3142 m
First Eccentricity e 8.1819190842622 x 10
-2
First Eccentricity Squared e
2
6.69437999014 x 10
-3
Second Eccentricity e 8.2094437949696 x 10
-2
Second Eccentricity Squared e
2
6.73949674228 x 10
-3
Linear Eccentricity E 5.2185400842339 x 10
5
Polar Radius of Curvature c 6399593.6258 m
Axis Ratio b/a 0.996647189335
Mean Radius of Semi-axes R
1
6371008.7714 m
Radius of Sphere of Equal Area R
2
6371007.1809 m
Radius of Sphere of Equal Volume R
3
6371000.7900 m
Table 3.4
Derived Physical Constants
Constant Notation Value
Theoretical (Normal) Gravity
Potential of the Ellipsoid
U
0
62636851.7146

m
2
/s
2
Theoretical (Normal) Gravity at the
Equator (on the Ellipsoid)

e
9.7803253359 m/s
2
Theoretical (Normal) Gravity at the
pole (on the Ellipsoid)

p
9.8321849378 m/s
2
Mean Value of Theoretical
(Normal) Gravity

9.7976432222 m/s
2
Theoretical (Normal) Gravity
Formula Constant
k 0.00193185265241
Mass of the Earth (Includes
Atmosphere)
M 5.9733328 x 10
24
kg
m=
2
a
2
b/GM m 0.00344978650684
4-4

,
_

+
+

2 2
2 2
y x u
E u z
arctan
(4-9)
2 2
2 2 2
E u
sin E u
w
+
+
(4-10)
q
u
E
E
u
u
E
2
2
+

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1
2
1 3 3 arctan (4-11)
q
b
E
E
b
b
E
o
2
2
+

_
,

_
,

1
]
1
1
2
1 3 3 arctan (4-12)
+

1
]
1

_
,

1
]
1
q
u
E
u
E
E
u
2
2
3 1 1 1 arctan (4-13)
The rectangular coordinates (x,y,z) required in Equations (4-8) and (4-9) can be
computed from known geodetic coordinates (

, ,h) through the equations:

( ) + cos cos h N x
( ) + sin cos h N y
(4-14)
( ) ( ) sin h N a b z
2 2
+
where the radius of curvature in the prime vertical (N) is defined by the equation:
( )
2 1
2 2
sin e 1
a
N

. (4-15)
The description of the coordinate system defined by Equations (4-14) is given in
Chapter 2.
To compute the component
h
at point P in Figure 4.2 exactly, (account for the
angle in Figure 4.2 that is being treated as negligible in Equation (4-4)), the ellipsoidal normal
gravity components
u
and

are rotated to a spherical coordinate system (r, ,) resulting in

the spherical normal gravity components,
r
and

. Then, the spherical components are

projected onto the geodetic normal line through point P using the angular difference
(

) between geodetic () and geocentric ( ) latitudes. The equations to calculate the
exact value of h

at point P follow:
5-1
5. WGS 84 EGM96 GRAVITATIONAL MODELING
5.1 Earth Gravitational Model (EGM96)
The form of the WGS 84 EGM96 Earth Gravitational Model is a spherical
harmonic expansion (Table 5.1) of the gravitational potential (V). The WGS 84 EGM96,
complete through degree (n) and order (m) 360, is comprised of 130,317 coefficients.
EGM96 was a joint effort that required NIMA gravity data, NASA/GSFC
satellite tracking data and DoD tracking data in its development. The NIMA effort consisted of
developing worldwide 30 and 1 mean gravity anomaly databases from its Point Gravity
Anomaly file and 5 x 5 mean GEOSAT Geodetic Mission geoid height file using least-squares
collocation with the Forsberg Covariance Model [32] to estimate the final 30 x 30 mean
gravity anomaly directly with an associated accuracy. The GSFC effort consisted of satellite
orbit modeling by tracking over 30 satellites including new satellites tracked by Satellite Laser
Ranging (SLR), Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) and GPS techniques in the
development of EGM96S (the satellite only model of EGM96 to degree and order 70). The
development of the combination model to 70 x 70 incorporated direct satellite altimetry
(TOPEX/POSEIDON, ERS-1 and GEOSAT) with EGM96S and surface gravity normal
equations. Major additions to the satellite tracking data used by GSFC included new
observations of Lageos, Lageos-2, Ajisai, Starlette, Stella, TOPEX and GPSMET along with
GEOS-1 and GEOSAT. Finally, GSFC developed the high degree EGM96 solution by
blending the combination solution to degree and order 70 with a block diagonal solution from
degree and order 71 to 359 and a quadrature solution at degree and order 360. A complete
description of EGM96 can be found in [41].
The EGM96 through degree and order 70 is recommended for high accuracy
satellite orbit determination and prediction purposes. An Earth orbiting satellites sensitivity to
the geopotential is strongly influenced by the satellites altitude range and other orbital
parameters. DoD programs performing satellite orbit determination are advised to determine
the maximum degree and order that is most appropriate for their particular mission and orbit
accuracy requirements.
The WGS 84 EGM96 coefficients through degree and order 18 are provided in
Table 5.1 in normalized form. An error covariance matrix is available for those coefficients
through degree and order 70 determined from the weighted least squares combination solution.
Coefficient sigmas are available to degree and order 360. Gravity anomaly degree variances
are given in Table 5.2 for the WGS 84 EGM96 (degree and order 360). Requesters having a
need for the full WGS 84 EGM96, its error data and associated software should forward their
correspondence to the address listed in the PREFACE.
5-3
( ) P
nm
sin = Normalized associated Legendre function

( ) ( )
( )
( )
+
+

1
]
1

n m n k
n m
P
nm
!
!
sin
/
2 1
1 2

P
nm
(sin ) = Associated Legendre function
= ( )
( )
( )
[ ]
cos
d
d sin
P
m
m n

m
sin
( ) P
n
sin = Legendre polynomial
=
( )
( )
1
2 n!
d
d sin
sin 1
n
n
n
2
n

Note:
( )
( ) ( )
C
S
n m
n m n k
C
S
nm
nm
nm
nm

+
+

1
]
1
!
!
/
2 1
1 2
where:
C , S
nm nm
= Conventional gravitational coefficients
For m = 0, k = 1;
m 0, k = 2
The series is theoretically valid for r a, though it can be used with probably negligible error
near or on the Earths surface, i.e., r Earths surface. But the series should not be used for
r < Earths surface.
7-2
on a horizontal adjustment of conventional survey data and the inclusion of Transit Satellite
Doppler data and Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) data. The global Doppler and
VLBI observations were used to orient the NAD 83 reference frame to the BIH Terrestrial
System of 1984. The orientation of the ECEF coordinate axes of the NAD 83 reference
frame is identical to that of the original WGS 84 reference frame.
NAD 83 uses the Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS 80) ellipsoid as its
reference ellipsoid with the geometric center of the ellipsoid coincident with the center of mass
of the Earth and the origin of the coordinate system. The semi-major axis and flattening
parameters are adopted directly as
a = 6378137 m
1/f = 298.257222101
The WGS 84 Ellipsoid is for all practical purposes identical to the GRS 80
ellipsoid. They use the same value for the semi-major axis and have the same orientation with
respect to the center of mass and the coordinate system origin. However, WGS 84 uses a
derived value for the flattening that is computed from the normalized second degree zonal
harmonic gravitational coefficient C
2 0 ,
. C
2 0 ,
was derived from the GRS 80 value for J
2
and
truncated to 8 significant digits as:
C
2 0 ,
= -J
2
/(5)
1/2
(7-1)
The resulting WGS 84 value for 1/f is 298.257223563. The difference
between the GRS 80 and WGS 84 values for f creates a difference of 0.1 mm in the derived
semi-minor axes of the two ellipsoids.
Based on these definitions, geodetic positions determined with respect to NAD
83 or WGS 84 have uncertainties of about one meter in each component. For mapping,
charting and navigation, the two systems are indistinguishable at scales of 1:5,000 or smaller
and with accuracies of about 2 m. Note that the National Map Accuracy Standard requires
test points to be horizontally accurate to 0.85 mm (1/30 in.) for scales of 1:20,000 or larger
and 0.51 mm (1/50 in.) for scales less than 1:20,000. For example, this corresponds to 4.2 m
at 1:5,000 and 25 m at 1:50,000. For geodetic applications, one can expect to see a
difference of a meter or more between the WGS 84 and NAD 83 positions of the same point.
This is due to the uncertainty associated with each independent determination and the fact that
the errors are additive when comparing the difference in the coordinates.
WGS 84 has undergone several enhancements since its original definition. The
practical realization of the reference frame is determined by a network of permanent GPS
tracking stations which are aligned with the ITRF, the successor to the BIH
Terrestrial System, through a globally distributed set of stations with very high accuracy
R-4
35. Ekman, M.; Impacts of Geodynamic Phenomena on Systems for Height and Gravity;
Bulletin Geodesique; Vol. 63, No. 3; pp. 281-296; 1989.
36. Seppelin, T. O.; The Department of Defense World Geodetic System 1972; Technical
Paper; Headquarters, Defense Mapping Agency; Washington, DC; May 1974.
37. Molodensky, M.S., Eremeev, V.F., and Yurkina, M.I.; Methods for Study of the
External Gravitational Field and Figure of the Earth; Israel Program for Scientific
Translations; Jerusalem, Israel; 1962. (Available from the National Technical Information
Service; United States Department of Commerce; Washington, DC).
38. Appelbaum, L.T.; Geodetic Datum Transformation By Multiple Regression Equations;
Proceedings of the Third International Geodetic Symposium on Satellite Doppler
Positioning; New Mexico State University; Physical Science Laboratory; Las Cruces,
New Mexico; 8-12 February 1982.
39. Malys, S., Bredthauer, D., and Deweese, S.; Error Budget for the DMA GPS Geodetic
Point Positioning Algorithm Through Monte Carlo Simulation; Proceedings of ION-
GPS-93; Salt Lake City, Utah; September, 1993.
40. Malys, S., Slater, J., Smith, R., Kunz, L., Kenyon, S.; Refinements to The World
Geodetic System 1984; Proceedings of GPS ION-97; Kansas City, MO; September
1997.
41. Lemoine, F.G., Kenyon, S.C., Trimmer, R., Factor, J., Pavlis, N.K., Klosko, S.M.,
Chinn, D.S., Torrence, M.H., Pavilis, E.C., Rapp. R.H., and Olson, T.R.; EGM96 The
NASA GSFC and NIMA Joint Geopotential Model; NASA Technical Memorandum;
1997.
B-3
DATUM TRANSFORMATION CONSTANTS
GEODETIC DATUMS/SYSTEMS TO WGS 84
(THROUGH SATELLITE TIES)
1. GENERAL
This appendix provides the details about the reference ellipsoids (Appendix A) which
are used as defining parameters for the geodetic datums and systems.
There are 112 local geodetic datums which are currently related to WGS 84 through
satellite ties.
2. LOCAL DATUM ELLIPSOIDS
Appendix B.1 lists, alphabetically, the local geodetic datums with their associated
ellipsoids. Two letter ellipsoidal codes (Appendix A) have also been included against each
datum to indicate which specific version of the ellipsoid was used in determining the
transformation constants.
3. TRANSFORMATION CONSTANTS
Appendices B.2 through B.7 list the constants for local datums for continental areas.
The continents and the local geodetic datums are arranged alphabetically.
Appendices B.8 through B.10 list the constants for local datums which fall within the
ocean areas. The ocean areas and the geodetic datums are also arranged alphabetically.
The year of initial publication and cycle numbers have been provided as a new feature in
this edition. This makes it possible for a user to determine when a particular set of
transformation parameters first became available and if the current set has replaced an outdated
set.
A cycle number of zero indicates that the set of parameters is as it was published in
DMA TR 8350.2, Second Edition, 1 September 1991 including Insert 1, 30 August 1993 or
that the parameters are new to this edition (1997 Publication Date). A cycle number of one
indicates that the current parameters have replaced outdated parameters that were in the
previous edition.
If transformation parameter sets are updated in future editions of this publication, the
cycle numbers for each parameter set that is updated will increment by one.
4. ERROR ESTIMATES
The 1 error estimates for the datum transformation constants (X,Y,Z), obtained
from the computed solutions, are also tabulated. These estimates do not include
Appendix B.1
Geodetic Datums/Reference Systems
Related to World Geodetic System 1984
(Through Satellite Ties)
B.1-1
Local Geodetic Datum Associated*Reference
Ellipsoid
Code
Adindan Clarke 1880 CD
Afgooye Krassovsky 1940 KA
Ain el Abd 1970 International 1924 IN
American Samoa 1962 Clarke 1866 CC
Anna 1 Astro 1965 Australian National AN
Antigua Island Astro 1943 Clarke 1880 CD
Arc 1950 Clarke 1880 CD
Arc 1960 Clarke 1880 CD
Ascension Island 1958 International 1924 IN
Astro Beacon E 1945 International 1924 IN
Astro DOS 71/4 International 1924 IN
Astro Tern Island (FRIG) 1961 International 1924 IN
Astronomical Station 1952 International 1924 IN
Australian Geodetic 1966 Australian National AN
Australian Geodetic 1984 Australian National AN
Ayabelle Lighthouse Clarke 1880 CD
Bellevue (IGN) International 1924 IN
Bermuda 1957 Clarke 1866 CC
Bissau International 1924 IN
Bogota Observatory International 1924 IN
Campo Inchauspe International 1924 IN
Canton Astro 1966 International 1924 IN
Cape Clarke 1880 CD
Cape Canaveral Clarke 1866 CC
Carthage Clarke 1880 CD
Chatham Island Astro 1971 International 1924 IN
Chua Astro International 1924 IN
Co-Ordinate System 1937 of
Estonia
Bessel 1841 BR
Corrego Alegre International 1924 IN
Dabola Clarke 1880 CD
Deception Island Clarke 1880 CD
Djakarta (Batavia) Bessel 1841 BR
DOS 1968 International 1924 IN
Easter Island 1967 International 1924 IN
* See Appendix A.1 for associated constants a,f.
Appendix B.1
Geodetic Datums/Reference Systems
Related to World Geodetic System 1984
(Through Satellite Ties)
B.1-2
Local Geodetic Datum Associated*Reference
Ellipsoid
Code
European 1950 International 1924 IN
European 1979 International 1924 IN
Fort Thomas 1955 Clarke 1880 CD
Gan 1970 International 1924 IN
Geodetic Datum 1949 International 1924 IN
Graciosa Base SW 1948 International 1924 IN
Guam 1963 Clarke 1866 CC
GUX 1 Astro International 1924 IN
Hjorsey 1955 International 1924 IN
Hong Kong 1963 International 1924 IN
Hu-Tzu-Shan International 1924 IN
Indian Everest EA/EC**
Indian 1954 Everest EA
Indian 1960 Everest EA
Indian 1975 Everest EA
Indonesian 1974 Indonesian 1974 ID
Ireland 1965 Modified Airy AM
ISTS 061 Astro 1968 International 1924 IN
ISTS 073 Astro 1969 International 1924 IN
Johnston Island 1961 International 1924 IN
Kandawala Everest EA
Kerguelen Island 1949 International 1924 IN
Kertau 1948 Everest EE
Korean Geodetic System 1995 WGS 84 WE
Kusaie Astro 1951 International 1924 IN
L. C. 5 Astro 1961 Clarke 1866 CC
Leigon Clarke 1880 CD
Liberia 1964 Clarke 1880 CD
Luzon Clarke 1866 CC
Mahe 1971 Clarke 1880 CD
Massawa Bessel 1841 BR
Merchich Clarke 1880 CD
Midway Astro 1961 International 1924 IN
Minna Clarke 1880 CD
* See Appendix A.1 for associated constants a,f.
** Due to different semi-major axes. See Appendix A.1.
Appendix B.1
Geodetic Datums/Reference Systems
Related to World Geodetic System 1984
(Through Satellite Ties)
B.1-3
Local Geodetic Datum Associated*Reference
Ellipsoid
Code
Montserrat Island Astro 1958 Clarke 1880 CD
M'Poraloko Clarke 1880 CD
Nahrwan Clarke 1880 CD
Naparima, BWI International 1924 IN
North American 1927 Clarke 1866 CC
North American 1983 GRS 80** RF
North Sahara 1959 Clarke 1880 CD
Observatorio Meteorologico
1939
International 1924 IN
Old Egyptian 1907 Helmert 1906 HE
Old Hawaiian Clarke 1866 CC
Old Hawaiian International 1924 IN
Oman Clarke 1880 CD
Ordnance Survey of Great
Britain 1936
Airy 1830 AA
Pico de las Nieves International 1924 IN
Pitcairn Astro 1967 International 1924 IN
Point 58 Clarke 1880 CD
Pointe Noire 1948 Clarke 1880 CD
Porto Santo 1936 International 1924 IN
Provisional South American
1956
International 1924 IN
Provisional South Chilean
1963***
International 1924 IN
Puerto Rico Clarke 1866 CC
Qatar National International 1924 IN
Qornoq International 1924 IN
Reunion International 1924 IN
Rome 1940 International 1924 IN
S-42 (Pulkovo 1942) Krassovsky 1940 KA
Santo (DOS) 1965 International 1924 IN
Sao Braz International 1924 IN
Sapper Hill 1943 International 1924 IN
* See Appendix A.1 for associated constants a,f.
** Geodetic Reference System 1980
*** Also known as Hito XVIII 1963
Appendix B.1
Geodetic Datums/Reference Systems
Related to World Geodetic System 1984
(Through Satellite Ties)
B.1-4
Local Geodetic Datum Associated*Reference
Ellipsoid
Code
Schwarzeck Bessel 1841 BN
Selvagem Grande 1938 International 1924 IN
Sierra Leone 1960 Clark 1880 CD
S-JTSK Bessel 1841 BR
South American 1969 South American 1969 SA
South American Geocentric
Reference System (SIRGAS)
GRS 80** RF
South Asia Modified Fischer 1960 FA
Timbalai 1948 Everest EB
Tokyo Bessel 1841 BR
Tristan Astro 1968 International 1924 IN
Viti Levu 1916 Clarke 1880 CD
Voirol 1960 Clarke 1880 CD
Wake-Eniwetok 1960 Hough 1960 HO
Wake Island Astro 1952 International 1924 IN
Zanderij International 1924 IN
* See Appendix A.1 for associated constants a,f.
** Geodetic Reference System 1980
Appendix B.3
Transformation Parameters
Local Geodetic Datums to WGS 84
B.3-2
Continent: ASIA
Local Geodetic Datums Reference Ellipsoids and Parameter
Differences
No. of
Satellite
Stations
Used
Transformation Parameters
Name Code Name a(m) f x 10
4
Cycle
Number
Pub.
Date
X(m) Y(m) Z(m)
INDIAN IND Everest
Bangladesh IND-B Everest (1830) 860.655* 0.28361368 6 0 1991 282 +10 726 +8 254 +12
India and Nepal IND-I Everest (1956) 835.757* 0.28361368 7 0 1991 295 +12 736 +10 257 +15
INDIAN 1954 INF Everest (1830) 860.655* 0.28361368
Thailand INF-A 11 0 1993 217 +15 823 +6 299 +12
INDIAN 1960 ING Everest (1830) 860.655* 0.28361368
Vietnam
(near 16N)
ING-A 2 0 1993 198 +25 881 +25 317 +25
Con Son Island
(Vietnam)
ING-B 1 0 1993 182 +25 915 +25 344 +25
INDIAN 1975 INH Everest (1830) 860.655* 0.28361368
Thailand INH-A 6 0 1991 209 +12 818 +10 290 +12
Thailand INH-A1 62 1 1997 210 +3 814 +2 289 +3
* See Appendix A
Appendix B.3
Transformation Parameters
Local Geodetic Datums to WGS 84
B.3-3
Continent: ASIA
Local Geodetic Datums Reference Ellipsoids and Parameter
Differences
No. of
Satellite
Stations
Used
Transformation Parameters
Name Code Name a(m) f x 10
4
Cycle
Number
Pub.
Date
X(m) Y(m) Z(m)
INDONESIAN 1974 IDN Indonesian
1974
-23 -0.00114930
Indonesia 1 0 1993 -24 +25 -15 +25 5 +25
KANDAWALA KAN Everest (1830) 860.655* 0.28361368
Sri Lanka 3 0 1987 -97 +20 787 +20 86 +20
KERTAU 1948 KEA Everest (1948) 832.937* 0.28361368
West Malaysia and
Singapore
6 0 1987 -11 +10 851 +8 5 +6
KOREAN GEODETIC
SYSTEM 1995
KGS WGS 84 0 0
South Korea 29 0 1997 0 +1 0 +1 0 +1
* See Appendix A
Appendix B.3
Transformation Parameters
Local Geodetic Datums to WGS 84
B.3-4
Continent: ASIA
Local Geodetic Datums Reference Ellipsoids and Parameter
Differences
No. of
Satellite
Stations
Used
Transformation Parameters
Name Code Name a(m) f x 10
4
Cycle
Number
Pub.
Date
X(m) Y(m) Z(m)
NAHRWAN NAH Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Masirah Island (Oman) NAH-A 2 0 1987 -247 +25 -148 +25 369 +25
United Arab Emirates NAH-B 2 0 1987 -249 +25 -156 +25 381 +25
Saudi Arabia NAH-C 3 0 1991 -243 +20 -192 +20 477 +20
OMAN FAH Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Oman 7 0 1987 -346 +3 -1 +3 224 +9
QATAR NATIONAL QAT International
1924
-251 -0.14192702
Qatar 3 0 1987 -128 +20 -283 +20 22 +20
SOUTH ASIA SOA Modified
Fischer 1960
-18 0.00480795
Singapore 1 0 1987 7 +25 -10 +25 -26 +25
* See Appendix A
Appendix B.3
Transformation Parameters
Local Geodetic Datums to WGS 84
B.3-5
Continent: ASIA
Local Geodetic Datums Reference Ellipsoids and Parameter
Differences
No. of
Satellite
Stations
Used
Transformation Parameters
Name Code Name a(m) f x 10
4
Cycle
Number
Pub.
Date
X(m) Y(m) Z(m)
TIMBALAI 1948 TIL Everest 838.444* 0.28361368
Brunei and East
Malaysia
(Sarawak and
Sabah)
8 0 1987 -679 +10 669 +10 -48 +12
TOKYO TOY Bessel 1841 739.845 0.10037483
Mean Solution (Japan,
Okinawa and South
Korea)
TOY-M 31 0 1991 -148 +20 507 +5 685 +20
Japan TOY-A 16 0 1991 -148 +8 507 +5 685 +8
Okinawa TOY-C 3 0 1991 -158 +20 507 +5 676 +20
South Korea TOY-B 12 0 1991 -146 +8 507 +5 687 +8
South Korea TOY-B1 29 1 1997 -147 +2 506 +2 687 +2
Appendix B.7
Transformation Parameters
Local Geodetic Datums to WGS 84
B.7-6
Continent: SOUTH AMERICA
Local Geodetic Datums Reference Ellipsoids and Parameter
Differences
No. of
Satellite
Stations
Used
Transformation Parameters
Name Code Name a(m)
f x 10
4

Cycle
Number
Pub.
Date
X(m) Y(m) Z(m)
SOUTH AMERICAN
GEOCENTRIC
REFERENCE SYSTEM
(SIRGAS)
SIR GRS 80 0 -0.00000016
South America 66 0 1997 0 +1 0 +1 0 +1
ZANDERIJ ZAN International
1924
-251 -0.14192702
Suriname 5 0 1987 -265 +5 120 +5 -358 +8
Appendix B.10
Transformation Parameters
Local Geodetic Datums to WGS 84
B.10-5
Continent: PACIFIC OCEAN
Local Geodetic Datums Reference Ellipsoids and Parameter
Differences
No. of
Satellite
Stations
Used
Transformation Parameters
Name Code Name a(m)
f x 10
4

Cycle
Number
Pub.
Date
X(m) Y(m) Z(m)
OLD HAWAIIAN OHI International
1924
-251 -0.14192702
Mean Solution OHI-M 15 0 2000 201 +25 -228 +20 -346 +20
Hawaii OHI-A 2 0 2000 229 +25 -222 +25 -348 +25
Kauai OHI-B 3 0 2000 185 +20 -233 +20 -337 +20
Maui OHI-C 2 0 2000 205 +25 -233 +25 -355 +25
Oahu OHI-D 8 0 2000 198 +10 -226 +6 -347 +6
PITCAIRN ASTRO 1967 PIT International
1924
-251 -0.14192702
Pitcairn Island 1 0 1987 185 +25 165 +25 42 +25
SANTO (DOS) 1965 SAE International
1924
-251 -0.14192702
Espirito Santo Island 1 0 1987 170 +25 42 +25 84 +25
VITI LEVU 1916 MVS Clarke 1880 -112.145 -0.54750714
Viti Levu Island (Fiji
Islands)
1 0 1987 51 +25 391 +25 -36 +25
Appendix B.10
Transformation Parameters
Local Geodetic Datums to WGS 84
B.10-6
Continent: PACIFIC OCEAN
Local Geodetic Datums Reference Ellipsoids and Parameter
Differences
No. of
Satellite
Stations
Used
Transformation Parameters
Name Code Name a(m)
f x 10
4

Cycle
Number
Pub.
Date
X(m) Y(m) Z(m)
WAKE-ENIWETOK 1960 ENW Hough -133 -0.14192702
Marshall Islands 10 0 1991 102 +3 52 +3 -38 +3
WAKE ISLAND ASTRO
1952
WAK International
1924
-251 -0.14192702
Wake Atoll 2 0 1991 276 +25 -57 +25 149 +25