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ABOUT THE COMPANY

Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Limited (ONGC) is
an Indian multinational oil and gas company headquartered in
Dehradun, India. It is a Public Sector Undertaking (PSU) of the
Government of India, under the administrative control of the Ministry
of Petroleum and Natural Gas. It is India's largest oil and gas
exploration and production company. It produces around 69% of
India's crude oil (equivalent to around 30% of the country's total
demand) and around 62% of its natural gas.
On 31 March 2013, its market capitalisation was INR 2.6 trillion (US$
48.98 billion), making it India's second largest publicly traded
company. In a government survey for FY 2011-12, it was ranked as the
largest profit making PSU in India. ONGC has been ranked 357th in
the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations for the
year 2012. It is ranked 22nd among the Top 250 Global Energy
Companies by Platts.
ONGC was founded on 14 August 1956 by Government of India, which
currently holds a 69.23% equity stake. It is involved in exploring for
and exploiting hydrocarbons in 26 sedimentary basins of India, and
owns and operates over 11,000 kilometers of pipelines in the country.
Its international subsidiary ONGC Videsh currently has projects in 15
countries. ONGC has discovered 6 of the 7 commercially-producing
Indian Basins, in the last 50 years, adding over 7.1 billion tonnes of In-
place Oil & Gas volume of hydrocarbons in Indian basins. Against a
global decline of production from matured fields, ONGC has
maintained production from its brownfields like Mumbai High, with
the help of aggressive investments in various IOR (Improved Oil
Recovery) and EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) schemes. ONGC has
many matured fields with a current recovery factor of 25-33%. Its
Reserve Replacement Ratio for between 2005 and 2013, has been more
than one.[1] During FY 2012-13, ONGC had to share the highest ever
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under-recovery of INR 494.2 million (an increase of INR 49.6 million
over the previous financial year) towards the under-recoveries of Oil
Marketing Companies (IOC, BPCL and HPCL).
PROFILE

ONGC is world's no.3 E&P Company as per prestigious Platts
ranking and is 22nd among Platts Top 250 global companies
o Ranked 21st among global Oil and Gas Operations industry in
Forbes Global 2000 list of the World's biggest companies for 2014;
Ranked 176 in the overall list - based on Sales (US$ 29.6 billion),
Profits (US$ 4.5 billion), Assets (US$ 53.8 billion) and Market
Value (US$ 46.4 billion).
o Only Indian energy major in Fortune's Most Admired List 2014
under 'Mining, Crude Oil Production' category (No. 7 worldwide -
Up 3 places from previous year)
o Stands at 369 in Fortune Global 500 for year 2013
o Ranked 39 among the world's 105 largest listed companies in
'transparency in corporate reporting' by Transparency International
making it the most transparent company in India
o Ranked 386 in the Newsweek Green Rankings 2012 Global 500
Companies
HISTORY
1947 1960
During pre-independence, the Assam Oil Company in the North-
Eastern and Attock Oil company in North-Western part of undivided
India were the only oil companies producing oil in the country. The
major part of Indian sedimentary basins was deemed to be unfit for
development of oil and gas resources.
Aft.er independence, the Government realized the importance of oil
and gas for rapid industrial development and its strategic role
in defence. Consequently, while framing the Industrial Policy
Statement of 1948, the development of the hydrocarbon industry in the
country was considered to be of utmost necessity.
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Until 1955, private oil companies mainly carried out exploration of
hydrocarbon resources of India. Assam Oil Company was producing
oil at Digboi, Assam (discovered in 1889) and the Oil India Ltd. (a 50%
joint venture between Government of India and Burmah Oil Company)
was engaged in developing two fields Naharkatiya and Moran in
Assam. In West Bengal, the Indo-Stanvac Petroleum project (a joint
venture between Government of India and Standard Vacuum Oil
Company of USA) was engaged in exploration work. The vast
sedimentary tract in other parts of India and adjoining offshore
remained largely unexplored.
In 1955, Government of India decided to develop the oil and natural
gas resources in the various regions of the country as part of Public
Sector development. With this objective, an Oil and Natural Gas
Directorate was set up in 1955 under the then Ministry of Natural
Resources and Scientific Research. The department was constituted
with a nucleus of geoscientists from the Geological survey of India.
A delegation under the leadership of Mr. K D Malviya, the then
Minister of Natural Resources, visited several countries to study the oil
industry and to facilitate the training of Indian professionals for
exploring potential oil and gas reserves. Foreign experts from USA,
West Germany, Romania and erstwhile USSR visited India and helped
the government with their expertise. Finally, the visiting Soviet experts
drew up a detailed plan for geological and geophysical surveys and
drilling operations to be carried out in the 2ndFive Year Plan (1956-57
to 1960-61).
In April 1956, the Government of India adopted the Industrial Policy
Resolution, which placed mineral oil industry amongst the Schedule 'A'
industries, the future development of which was to be the sole and
exclusive responsibility of the state.
Soon, aft.er the formation of the Oil and Natural Gas Directorate, it
became apparent that it would not be possible for the Directorate with
limited financial and administrative powers to function efficiently. So
in August, 1956, the Directorate was raised to the status of a
commission with enhanced powers, although it continued to be under
the government. In October 1959, the Commission was converted into
a statutory body by an act of Parliament, which enhanced powers of the
commission further. The main functions of the Oil and Natural Gas
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Commission subject to the provisions of the Act, were "to plan,
promote, organize and implement programmes for development of
Petroleum Resources and the production and sale of petroleum and
petroleum products produced by it, and to perform such other functions
as the Central Government may, from time to time, assign to it". The
act further outlined the activities and steps to be taken by ONGC in
fulfilling its mandate.
1961 1990
Since its inception, ONGC has been instrumental in transforming the
country's limited upstream sector into a large viable playing field, with
its activities spread throughout India and significantly in overseas
territories. In the inland areas, ONGC not only found new resources in
Assam but also established new oil province in Cambay basin
(Gujarat), while adding new petroliferous areas in the Assam-Arakan
Fold Belt and East coast basins (both inland and offshore).
ONGC went offshore in early 70's and discovered a giant oil field in
the form of Bombay High, now known as Mumbai High. This
discovery, along with subsequent discoveries of huge oil and gas fields
in Western offshore changed the oil scenario of the country.
Subsequently, over 5 billion tonnes of hydrocarbons, which were
present in the country, were discovered. The most important
contribution of ONGC, however, is its self-reliance and development
of core competence in E&P activities at a globally competitive level.
After 1990
The liberalized economic policy, adopted by the Government of India
in July 1991, sought to deregulate and de-license the core sectors
(including petroleum sector) with partial disinvestments of government
equity in Public Sector Undertakings and other measures. As a
consequence thereof, ONGC was re-organized as a limited Company
under the Company's Act, 1956 in February 1994.
Aft.er the conversion of business of the erstwhile Oil & Natural Gas
Commission to that of Oil & Natural Gas Corporation Limited in 1993,
the Government disinvested 2 per cent of its shares through competitive
bidding. Subsequently, ONGC expanded its equity by another 2 per
cent by offering shares to its employees.
During March 1999, ONGC, Indian Oil Corporation (IOC) - a
downstream giant and Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) - the
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only gas marketing company, agreed to have cross holding in each
other's stock. This paved the way for long-term strategic alliances both
for the domestic and overseas business opportunities in the energy
value chain, amongst themselves. Consequent to this the Government
sold off 10 per cent of its share holding in ONGC to IOC and 2.5 per
cent to GAIL. With this, the Government holding in ONGC came down
to 84.11 per cent.
In the year 2002-03, aft.er taking over MRPL from the A V Birla
Group, ONGC diversified into the downstream sector. ONGC has also
entered the global field through its subsidiary, ONGC Videsh Ltd.
(OVL). ONGC has made major investments in Vietnam, Sakhalin,
Columbia, Venezuela, Sudan, etc. and earned its first hydrocarbon
overseas revenue from its investment in Vietnam.
Synopsis
ONGC was set up under the visionary leadership of Pandit Jawahar Lal
Nehru. Pandit Nehru reposed faith in ShriKeshavDevMalviya who laid
the foundation of ONGC in the form of Oil and Gas division, under
Geological Survey of India, in 1955. A few months later, it was
converted into an Oil and Natural Gas Directorate. The Directorate was
converted into Commission and christened Oil & Natural Gas
Commission on 14th August 1956. In 1994, Oil and Natural Gas
Commission was converted in to a Corporation, and in 1997 it was
recognized as one of the Navratnas by the Government of India.
Subsequently, it has been conferred with Maharatna status in the year
2010.
Over 56 years of its existence ONGC has crossed many a milestone to
realize the energy dreams of India. The journey of ONGC, over these
years, has been a tale of conviction, courage and commitment. ONGCs
superlative efforts have resulted in converting earlier frontier areas into
new hydrocarbon provinces. From a modest beginning, ONGC has
grown to be one of the largest E&P companies in the world in terms of
reserves and production.
ONGC as an integrated Oil & Gas Corporate has developed in-house
capability in all aspects of exploration and production business i.e.,
Acquisition, Processing & Interpretation (API) of Seismic data,
drilling, work-over and well stimulation operations, engineering &
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construction, production, processing, refining, transportation,
marketing, applied R&D and training, etc.
Today, Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd. (ONGC) is, the leader in
Exploration & Production (E&P) activities in India having 72%
contribution to Indias total production of crude oil and 48% of natural
gas. ONGC has established more than 7 Billion Tonnes of in-place
hydrocarbon reserves in the country. In fact, six out of seven producing
basins in India have been discovered by ONGC. ONGC produces more
than 1.27 million Barrels of Oil Equivalent (BOE) per day. It also
contributes over three million tonnes per annum of Value-Added-
Products including LPG, C2 - C3, Naphtha, MS, HSD, Aviation Fuel,
SKO etc.
VISION & MISSION
To be global leader in integrated energy business through
sustainable growth, knowledge excellence and exemplary
governance practices.
World Class
Dedicated to excellence by leveraging competitive advantages in
R&D and technology with involved people.
Imbibe high standards of business ethics and organizational values.
Abiding commitment to safety, health and environment to enrich
quality of community life.
Foster a culture of trust, openness and mutual concern to make
working a stimulating and challenging experience for our people.
Strive for customer delight through quality products and services.
Integrated In Energy Business
Focus on domestic and international oil and gas exploration and
production business opportunities.
Provide value linkages in other sectors of energy business.
Create growth opportunities and maximize shareholder value.
Dominant Indian Leadership
Retain dominant position in Indian petroleum sector and enhance
India's energy availability.

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ONGC WSS
MORE OIL WSS
Introduction:
In well production stage if the well gets depleted by any reason, it
results in low pressure of formation conditions of that well. Thus WSS
methods are used for enhancement of productivity of the well. The
WSS technique to be applied depends on reservoir history and
formation characteristics.
SERVICES OFFERED:
There are different services which we can include in WSS are

Hydraulic Fracture, Acid Treatment, Sand Control, Nitrogen Injection
and Coiled Tubing Unit.


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Hydraulic Fracturing:
A tube of smaller diameter like 1, 1 has been inserted into the
drilled well for stimulation. We make a special gel and slurry which
can be inserted into the well to open the chocked production casing.
Depending on pressure, temperature and depth we should make these
things. By inserting the gel into the cracks we remove the blockage and
hence create a path to let the hydrocarbon flow. Aft.er it we remove gel
from the production pipe and again we got the normal production or
Production of hydrocarbon fluid with some reduced pressure.

Acid Treatment:
When damage in formation occurs we do Acid Treatment for remove
the damaged part and its used for deeper where the well bore is away
from the formation region. We pressurized the annuals and then acid is
pumped into the well and this way we can open the production path for
the hydrocarbon fluid.
Sand Control:
When in unconsolidated part the sand collapse occur sand control
methods uses to protect the wall and hence we can isolate the system.
Nitrogen Injection:
In Nitrogen Injection is we convert the liquid nitrogen into hot nitrogen
gas and inject into the well so that blockage of sand and other particles
has been removed and the clear path is made to flow the hydrocarbon
fluid.
CTU (Coiled Tubing Unit):
Its a two tubing operation for removal of sand from the Formation.
Used to avoid installation of a particular rig for particular well. Process
carried out by lowering coiled tube inside production tubing and clear
obstruction that reduces flow. Also known as foam treatment.
Hot oil circulation:
Hot oil with temp around 82 degree centigrade is circulated through the
well to clear wax and sand formations from the tubing.



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MAINTENANCE


What is maintenance and why is it performed?
Past and current maintenance practices in both the private and
government sectors would imply that maintenance is the actions
associated with equipment repair after it is broken. The dictionary
defines maintenance as follows: the work of keeping something in
proper condition; upkeep. This would imply that maintenance should
be actions taken to prevent a device or component from failing or to
repair normal equipment degradation experienced with the operation of
the device to keep it in proper working order. Unfortunately, data
obtained in many studies over the past decade indicates that most
private and government facilities do not expend the necessary resources
to maintain equipment in proper working order. Rather, they wait for
equipment failure to occur and then take whatever actions are necessary
to repair or replace the equipment. Nothing lasts forever and all
equipment has associated with it some predefined life expectancy or
operational life. For example, equipment may be designed to operate at
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full design load for 5,000 hours and may be designed to go through
15,000 start and stop cycles.
Types of Maintenance
1. Breakdown maintenance
It means that people waits until equipment fails and repair it. Such a
thing could be used when the equipment failure does not significantly
affect the operation or production or generate any significant loss other
than repair cost.
2. Preventive maintenance
It is a daily maintenance (cleaning, inspection, oiling and re-
tightening), design to retain the healthy condition of equipment and
prevent failure through the prevention of deterioration, periodic
inspection or equipment condition diagnosis, to measure deterioration.
It is further divided into periodic maintenance and predictive
maintenance. Just like human life is extended by preventive medicine,
the equipment service life can be prolonged by doing preventive
maintenance.
2a. Periodic maintenance (Time based maintenance - TBM)
Time based maintenance consists of periodically inspecting, servicing
and cleaning equipment and replacing parts to prevent sudden failure
and process problems.
2b. Predictive maintenance
This is a method in which the service life of important part is predicted
based on inspection or diagnosis, in order to use the parts to the limit
of their service life. Compared to periodic maintenance, predictive
maintenance is condition based maintenance. It manages trend values,
by measuring and analyzing data about deterioration and employs a
surveillance system, designed to monitor conditions through an on-line
system.

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3. Corrective maintenance
It improves equipment and its components so that preventive
maintenance can be carried out reliably. Equipment with design
weakness must be redesigned to improve reliability or improving
maintainability

4. Maintenance prevention
It indicates the design of a new equipment. Weakness of current
machines are sufficiently studied (on site information leading to failure
prevention, easier maintenance and prevents of defects, safety and ease
of manufacturing) and are incorporated before commissioning a new
equipment.
List of truck maintained at WSS Ahmedabad
Saij base:-
S.no Vehicle type Vehicle registration no.
1. LN2 Pumper 1.GJ-1-R 1540
2.GJ-18-A 850
2. Acid pumper 1.GJ-18-H 7549
2.GJ-18-H 7711
3.GJ-1-R 1426
Frac pumper 1.GJ-1-R-1381
2.GJ-18-A-7653
3. Send blender 1.GJ-1-BK-8072
2.GJ-18-H-9007
4. Sand dumper 1.GJ-1XX-4972
2.GJ-1-U-5143
3.GJ-18-H-7695
5. Coil Tubing Unit(CTU) 1.GJ-1R-1139



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Description of above mentioned vehicle:-
LN2 Pumper :-

LN2 pumper carries a cryovessel at back side and a pump on chassis it
carries liquid nitrogen which is used for stimulation purpose which will
be discussed later on nitrogen section.
Acid pumper:-

Acid pumper is used for acid job for pumping acid into the well for
stimulation purposes an Acid pumper carries two tankers on chassis
along with a triplex pump behind the tankers. Two of the tankers carries
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HCl and HF respectively actual function of Acid pumper will be
discussed in Acid job section.
Sand blender:-

Sand blender is used for blending of sand during hydraulic fracturing
at job side, sand flows upwards through two conveyer located at back
side of blender after that sand is added with additives like gel and
chemicals.
Coil Tubing Unit (CTU):-

CTU is used to forcefully pump the additives/chemicals into the well
when it is normally not injecting effectively into well due to action of
gravity.

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Multipurpose pumping unit :-

Multipurpose pumping unit is used for pumping purposes generally
during Gravel packing and sand control operations. The main function
of unit will be discussed later on gravel pack section.

BASICS OF AUTOMOBILE ENGINEERING
GENERAL LAYOUT OF AN AUTOBOBI LE:-


Main components of a basic automobile:-
Engine An engine is a machine designed to convert energy into
useful mechanical motion. Heat engines, including internal
combustion engines and external combustion engines (such as steam
engines) burn a fuel to create heat, which then creates motion.
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Flywheel:- flywheel is a rotating mechanical device that is used to
store rotational energy. Flywheels have a significant moment of
inertia and thus resist changes in rotational speed. The amount of
energy stored in a flywheel is proportional to the square of its
rotational speed. Energy is transferred to a flywheel by applying
torque to it, thereby increasing its rotational speed, and hence its
stored energy. Conversely, a flywheel releases stored energy by
applying torque to a mechanical load, thereby decreasing its rotational
speed.
Common uses of a flywheel includeProviding continuous
energy when the energy source is discontinuous. For example,
flywheels are used in reciprocating engines because the energy
source, torque from the engine, is intermittent.
Delivering energy at rates beyond the ability of a continuous
energy source. This is achieved by collecting energy in the
flywheel over time and then releasing the energy quickly, at
rates that exceed the abilities of the energy source.
Controlling the orientation of a mechanical system. In such
applications, the angular momentum of a flywheel is purposely
transferred to a load when energy is transferred to or from the
flywheel.
Clutch:- A clutch is a mechanical device that engages and
disengages the power transmission, especially from driving shaft to
driven shaft. Clutches are used whenever the transmission of power
or motion must be controlled either in amount or over time
Gear box:- A machine consists of a power source and a power
transmission system, which provides controlled application of the
power. The most common use is in motor vehicles, where the
transmission adapts the output of the internal combustion engine to
the drive wheels. Such engines need to operate at a relatively high
rotational speed, which is inappropriate for starting, stopping, and
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slower travel. The transmission reduces the higher engine speed to
the slower wheel speed, increasing torque in the process.
Differential :- Differential gear, in automotive mechanics, gear
arrangement that permits power from the engine to be transmitted
to a pair of driving wheels, dividing the force equally between
them but permitting them to follow paths of different lengths, as
when turning a corner or traversing an uneven road. On a straight
road the wheels rotate at the same speed; when turning a corner the
outside wheel has farther to go and will turn faster than the inner
wheel if unrestrained.
Brake:-A brake is a mechanical device which inhibits motion
Types of braking system:-
Disc Brake
Drum Brake
Single-Circuit Hydraulic Brake
Dual-Circuit Hydraulic Brake
Brake-by-wire
Antilock Braking System (ABS)
Power Brake Booster
Air Brakes
Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS)
TYPES OF ENGINE :-

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Main mechanism used to transfer power from one part to another
part:-
Propeller shaft
Belt drive
Pneumatic system(uses air)
Hydraulic system(uses liquid generally oil)
Main components of Kenworth truck
used at WSS Saij base:-
Some of the basic component we discussed earlier now we will
discuss those component which plays vital role to help in various
application for oil and natural gas production
PUMPS:- These pumps are frequently used in Kenworth trucks
which is used at WSS Ahmedabad for Oil and Natural Gas production
1. Centrifugal Pump: - A centrifugal pump converts the input
power to kinetic energy in the liquid by accelerating the liquid by
a revolving device (centrifugal action) - an impeller. The most
common type is the volute pump. Fluid enters the pump through
the eye of the impeller which rotates at high speed. The fluid is
accelerated radially outward from the pump chasing. A vacuum
is created at the impellers eye that continuously draws more fluid
into the pump.
Principle An increase in the fluid pressure from the pump inlet to its
outlet is created when the pump is in operation. This pressure difference
drives the fluid through the system or plant. The centrifugal pump
creates an increase in pressure by transferring mechanical energy from
the motor to the fluid through the rotating impeller. The fluid flows
from the inlet to the impeller centre and out along its blades. The
centrifugal force hereby increases the fluid velocity and consequently
also the kinetic energy is transformed to pressure.
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Types of impeller:-
Open
Semi Open
Closed or Shrouded
2. Triplex pump:- It is mounted on back side of an Acid
pumper having three cylinders. A triplex pump is a reciprocating
piston/plunger device designed to circulate drilling fluid under
high pressure (up to 7,500 psi (52,000 kPa) ) down the drill
string and back up the annulus. Triplex pump is a large
reciprocating pump used to circulate the acid on a well. It is an
important part of the oil well drilling equipment.
3. PT pump :- Pressure timming pump sucks the fuel from the
fuel tank through filters and water separator. After that it
delivers the fuel to a common rail from where the fuel goes into
the injectors.The pump also governs the speed of the engine by
controlling the throttle shaft position which in turn controls the
amount of fuel going into the injectors.


Figure 1 Casing of centrifugal pump Figure2 Impeller of centrifugal pump
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Air Compressor: - An air compressor is a device that converts
power (usually from an electric motor, a diesel engine or a gasoline
engine) into kinetic energy by compressing and pressurizing air, which,
on command, can be released in quick bursts. In Kenworth truck used
at WSS Saij base shaft of compressor is mounted with shaft coming out
from PT pump
After compression temperature of air rises and need to be cool, for this
purpose we use an after cooler. Compressed air used for various
purposes main use of compressed air in BRAKING SYSTEM.

Transmissions :-
A machine consists of a power source and a power transmission system,
which provides controlled application of the power.
OR
Assembly of parts including the speed-changing gears and the propeller
shaft by which the power is transmitted from an engine to a live axle.
Type of transmission mainly used at WSS Ahmedabad:-
Manual transmission-A manual transmission, also known as a
manual gearbox, stick shift (for vehicles with hand-lever shifters),
standard transmission, 4/5/6 speed (depending on gears) or
simply a manual, is type of transmission used in motor vehicle
applications. It uses a driver-operated clutch engaged and
1 . Single acting single cylinder
compressor
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disengaged by a foot pedal (automobile) or hand lever
(motorcycle), for regulating torque transfer from the engine to the
transmission; and a gear selector operated by hand
Automated manual transmission - An automated manual
transmission (AMT) combines a traditional clutch actuated
manual gearbox with a computer-controlled shift actuator and
clutch. The best shift patterns are selected electronically to
provide optimal power or fuel efficiency. An AMT is a proven
technology used around the world. At Detroit, we believe it
represents the next generation. With computer-controlled shifting
and clutch engagement, only two pedals are needed to operate the
truck, brake and accelerator.
Allison transmission Alison transmission is a kind of
automatic transmission used in Kenworth truck used at WSS
Ahmedabad it has various series but Kenworth vehicle uses 9000
series transmission. An automatic transmission (also called
automatic gearbox) is a type of motor vehicle transmission that
can automatically change gear ratios as the vehicle moves, freeing
the driver from having to shift gears manually. Most automatic

transmissions have a defined set of gear ranges, often with a
parking pawl feature that locks the output shaft of the
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transmission stroke face to keep the vehicle from rolling either
forward or backward. Similar but larger devices are also used for
heavy-duty commercial and industrial vehicles and equipment.
Some machines with limited speed ranges or fixed engine speeds,
such as some forklifts and lawn mowers, only use a torque
converter to provide a variable gearing of the engine to the
wheels.

Hydraulic motor:- Symbol
A hydraulic motor is a mechanical actuator that converts hydraulic
pressure and flow into torque and angular displacement (rotation). The
hydraulic motor is the rotary counterpart of the hydraulic cylinder.
Hydraulic motors are used for many applications now such as winches
and crane drives, wheel motors for military vehicles, self-driven cranes,
and excavators. Conveyor and feeder drives, mixer and agitator drives,
roll mills, drum drives for digesters, trommels and kilns, shredders for
cars, tyres, cable and general garbage, drilling rigs, trench cutters, high-
powered lawn trimmers, plastic injection machines.
Types of engine used in Kenworth truck at WSS
Ahmedabad Saij base:-
6 cylinder inline (L6) - The straight-six engine or inline-six
engine (often abbreviated I6 or L6) is an internal combustion
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engine with the cylinders mounted in a straight line along the
crankcase with all the pistons driving a common crankshaft
(straight engine).
The bank of cylinders may be oriented at any angle, and where
the bank is inclined to the vertical, the engine is sometimes called
a slant-six. The straight-six layout is the simplest engine layout
that possesses both primary and secondary mechanical engine
balance, resulting in much less vibration than engines with fewer
cylinders
12 cylinder v shaped (V12) :-



MAINTENANCE OF TRUCKS USED AT WSS BASE
Every truck purchased from Kenworth should come with maintenance
manuals. These are a vital accessory and should be kept in a safe place
and be readily available. They contain valuable information on topics
such as determining scheduled maintenance intervals, lubrication and
2 :- V12 CUMMINS ENGINE AT WSS SAIJ BASE
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fluid level checks, noise emission controls maintenance, and torque
specification.
A preventive maintenance (PM) schedule should be based on the
distance you drive or hours you operated the vehicle during the job,
along with wear and tear on your truck. To determine the correct
maintenance schedule for your vehicle you must first define the
conditions you drive in and how you drive. If you run 80 mph you will
have higher maintenance costs than if you run 65 mph. If you haul
heavy loads through mountains, the wear and tear on your truck is
obviously greater. Most maintenance manuals have a list of schedules
from which you can identify the one that is best designed for your
situation.
Truck Tire Air Pressure
When conscientiously followed, the PM can anticipate, identify and
solve potential problems that can harm your truck and business.
Procedures can be as simple as checking the engine oil and tire air
pressure frequently, or more sophisticated, such as using engine oil
analysis to extend the drain intervals. Most owner-operators perform
some maintenance activity. As you gain experience, you will become
more capable of performing tasks yourself.
A simple plan that doesn't require technical skill and special equipment
will include tires, engine oil, wipers, lights, filters, coolant and
belts/hoses. A more technical PM will include brakes, drive axles,
wheel seals, transmission, batteries, exhaust, driveline, suspension,
steering, clutch and engine.
Every good PM schedule begins with establishing a maintenance
escrow savings account. The industry standard for maintenance escrow
savings is based on a time-proven formula.



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HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
What Is Hydraulic Fracturing?
Hydraulic fracturing is a process used in nine out of 10 oil and natural
gas wells all over the world, where millions of gallons of water, sand
and chemicals are pumped underground to break apart the rock and
release the gas.
Why fracture?
Hydraulic fracture operations may be performed on a well for one (or
more) of three reasons:
To bypass near-wellbore damage and return a well to its natural
productivity
To extend a conductive path deep into a formation and thus increase
productivity beyond the natural level
To alter fluid flow in the formation.
Hydraulic fracturing is a Well-stimulation technique that is most
suitable to wells in low and moderate-permeability reservoirs that do
not
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provide commercial production rates even tough formation damages
are removed by acidizing treatments. Hydraulic fracturing jobs are
carried out at well sites using heavy equipment blenders, fluid tanks
and proppant tanks.

A hydraulic fracturing job can be divided into two stages:
(a). The pad stage, and (b). The slurry stage.
In the pad stage fracturing fluid only is injected into the well to break
down the formation and create a pad. The pad is created because the
fracturing fluid injection rate is higher than the flow rate which the fluid
can escape into the formation. Aft.er the pad grows to a desirable size,
the slurry stage is started. During the slurry stage, the fracturing fluid
is mixed with sand/proppant in a blender and the mixture is injected
into the pad/fracture. Aft.er filling the fracture with sand/proppant, the
fracturing job is over and the pump is shut down. Also, to prop the
fracture the sand/proppant should have a compressive strength that is
high enough to resist the stress from the formation.
Fluid and proppant selection
The major considerations for fluid selection are usually viscosity (for
width, proppant transport or fluid-loss control) and cleanliness (aft.er
flow back) to produce maximum post fracture conductivity.
Other considerations that may be major for particular cases include
Compatibility with reservoir fluids and reservoir rock
Compatibility with reservoir pressure (e.g., foams to aid flow back
in low-pressure reservoirs)
Surface pump pressure or pipe friction considerations
Cost
Compatibility with other materials (e.g., resin coated
Proppant)
Safety and environmental concerns
Method
A hydraulic fracture is formed by pumping the fracturing fluid into the
wellbore at a rate sufficient to increase pressure downhole at the target
zone (determined by the location of the well casing perforations) to
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exceed that of the fracture gradient (pressure gradient) of the rock. The
fracture gradient is defined as the pressure increase per unit of the depth
due to its density and it is usually measured in pounds per square inch
per foot or bars per metre. The rock cracks and the fracture fluid
continues further into the rock, extending the crack still further, and so
on. Fractures are localized because of pressure drop off with frictional
loss, which is attributed to the distance from the well. Operators
typically try to maintain "fracture width", or slow its decline, following
treatment by introducing into the injected fluid a proppant a material
such as grains of sand, ceramic, or other particulates that prevent the
fractures from closing when the injection is stopped and the pressure of
the fluid is removed. Consideration of proppant strengths and
prevention of proppant failure becomes more important at greater
depths where pressure and stresses on fractures are higher. The propped
fracture is permeable enough to allow the flow of formation fluids to
the well. Formation fluids include gas, oil, salt water and fluids
introduced to the formation during completion of the well during
fracturing. During the process, fracturing fluid leak off (loss of
fracturing fluid from the fracture channel into the surrounding
permeable rock) occurs. If not controlled properly, it can exceed 70%
of the injected volume. This may result in formation matrix damage,
adverse formation fluid interactions, or altered fracture geometry and
thereby decreased production efficiency. The location of one or more
fractures along the length of the borehole is strictly controlled by
various methods that create or seal off holes in the side of the wellbore.
Hydraulic fracturing is performed in cased wellbores and the zones to
be fractured are accessed by perforating the casing at those locations.
Hydraulic-fracturing equipment used in oil and natural gas fields
usually consists of a slurry blender, one or more high-pressure, high-
volume fracturing pumps (typically powerful triplex or quintuplex
pumps) and a monitoring unit. Associated equipment includes
fracturing tanks, one or more units for storage and handling of
proppant, high-pressure treating iron, a chemical additive unit (used to
accurately monitor chemical addition), low-pressure flexible hoses, and
many gauges and meters for flow rate, fluid density, and treating
pressure. Chemical additives are typically 0.5% percent of the total
fluid volume. Fracturing equipment operates over a range of pressures
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and injection rates, and can reach up to 100 mega pascals (15,000 psi)
and 265 litres per second (9.4 cu ft../s) (100 barrels per minute).
Hydraulic Fracturing Process
Hydraulic fracturing happens in small sections called stages. It starts at
the end of the wellbore and moves toward the beginning.
Step 1 Perforating the Casing
First, a perforating gun is lowered into a targeted position within the
horizontal portion of the well. Then, an electrical current is sent down
the well to set off a small explosive charge. This shoots tiny holes
through the well casing and out a short, controlled distance into the
shale formation. The holes created by the perf gun serve two
purposes: they provide access for the fracturing fluid to enter the
formation and subsequently allows natural gas to enter the wellbore.
Step 2 Shale Fracturing
The fracturing of a well creates a complex network of cracks in the
shale formation. This is achieved by pumping water, sand and a small
amount of additives down the wellbore under high pressure. Aft.er
these cracks are created the sand will remain in the formation propping
open the shale to create a pathway for the gas to enter the wellbore and
flow up the well.
Step 3 Repeat in Stages
During each stage experts will monitor, adjust and record all of the
stage parameters to ensure worker and public safety and to maximize
the natural gas production from the shale. Aft.er each stage is
completed, a plug will be set and new perforations created to direct the
frac fluid to the next stage. By segmenting the well in stages, a greater
amount of gas is produced from the lateral length of the well.


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Acid job
What is an Acid job?
Acid jobs have been applied to wells in oil and gas bearing rock
formations for many years. Acidizing is probably the most widely used
work- over and stimulation practice in the oil industry .
By dissolving acid soluble components within underground rock
formations, or removing material at the wellbore face, the rate of flow
of oil or gas out of production wells or the rate of flow of oil-displacing
fluids into injection wells may be increased.
A number of different acids are used in conventional acidizing
treatments, but in ONGC we mainly use these two acids:
Hydrochloric, HCl and Hydrofluoric, HF

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Types of Acidization:-
SANDSTONE ACIDIZATION
The descriptor\sandstone is derived from the geologic classification of
rocks with high quartz silica content. Besides the obvious quartz
component, they contain other minerals such as aluminosilicates,
metallic oxides, sulfates, chlorides, carbonates and non-crystalline
(amorphous) siliceous material. The minerals deposited in the original
sediment are called detrital species. Most have a high degree of
associated water. As fluids are produced through the matrix of the rock,
the drag forces can move some of these minerals, clogging the pore
throats. Various well operations can result in formation damage. For
example, drilling mud and completion fluid usually penetrate sandstone
formations. This invasion of filtrate can introduce an entirely different
chemical environment, which the acid treatment must address.
Additional formation damage may occur during perforating, gravel
packing, and normal production or injection operations. Acid dissolves
a variety of damaging materials along with most formation minerals.
An understanding of the chemistry is basic to the selection of acid type
and concentration.
Matrix Acidization
Matrix acidization is a technique in which a solvent is injected into the
formation to dissolve some of the materials present and hence recover
or increase the permeability in the near-wellbore region. Such
treatments are called matrix treatments because the solvent is
injected at pressures below the parting pressure of the formation so that
fractures are not created. The objective is to greatly enhance or recover
the permeability near the wellbore, rather than affect a large portion of
the reservoir. The most common acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl),
used primarily to dissolve carbonate minerals, and mixtures of HCl and
hydrofluoric acid (HF), and also used to attack silicate minerals such
as clays and feldspars. Other acids, particularly some weak organic
acids, are used in special applications, such as high-temperature wells.
Matrix acidizing is a near-wellbore treatment, with all the acid reacting
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within about 1 ft. of the wellbore in sandstone formations and within a
few inches to perhaps as much as 10 ft. from the wellbore in carbonates.
In considering the many aspects of the matrix acidizing process, the
focus is on the key design variables; to be useful, any model of the
process must aid in optimizing the design. The primary design
considerations are
Fluid selectionacid type, concentration and volume
Injection scheduleplanned rate schedule and sequence of injected
fluids acid
Coverage and diversionspecial steps taken to improve acid contact
with the formation
Real-time monitoringmethods to evaluate the acidizing process as it
occurs
Additivesother chemicals included in the acid solution to enhance the
process or to protect tubular goods.
Sandstone acidizing success requires a significantly better
understanding of chemistry than does carbonate acidizing. Because the
formation and the damage can have complicated crystalline structures
that can yield a variety of reaction products,. If carefully executed, 75%
of well-engineered sandstone acid treatments should be successful,
resulting in significant production enhancement.
Acidization Steps
Preflush: Preflush with
5% to 15% HCl
Acetic acid
The preflush displaces formation brine away from the wellbore to
prevent it from mixing with reacted mud acid and causing a damaging
precipitate. If the formation contains more than 1% to 2% carbonate,
an HCl preflush is necessary to dissolve the carbonate, prevent the
waste of mud acid and prevent formation of the insoluble precipitate
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CaF2. If completion brines such as seawater, potassium chloride (KCl),
calcium chloride (CaCl2) or calcium bromide (CaBr) have been used
in the well prior to acidizing, the brines will mix with the mud acid in
the formation. Preflushing the mud acid with HCl or brine containing
ammonium chloride to dilute the brines and remove them away from
the wellbore helps avoid this problem. Preflushes can also be used to
displace and isolate incompatible formation fluids (either brine or crude
oil).
Main fluid stage: The HCl-HF mixture used in each treatment. It is
demonstrated that low HF concentrations should be used to avoid the
precipitation of AlF3 or CaF2 if the remaining calcite cannot be
quantified. It is also suggested that 12% HCl3% HF can be used even
in low-calcite environments without a precipitation problem. Some
significant problems that may occur in high-clay-content formations
include compromised formation integrity and excessive fines
generation. These conditions can be the result of too high HF
concentrations.
Volume: Gidley (1985) reported that for the most successful mud acid
treatment, more than 125 gal/ft.. of mud acid is required. Less may be
used where only shallow damage exists around new perforations (e.g.,
25 to 75gal/ft. is used to remove mud damage or in a spearhead
treatment as an acid to perforation breakdown prior to hydraulic
fracturing). When the damage is quantified, a simulator can be used to
optimize the volumes of mud acid mixtures to be used. Simulators can
be used to aid the modification of volumes if several job stages are
used.
Concentration: Regular mud acid (12% HCl3% HF) is the normal
concentration to use to remove damage in clean quartzose sands. Field
experience has shown that weaker concentrations (0.5% to 1.5% HF)
can be effective for other sands. Mineral composition from a laboratory
analysis can also dictate when less than 3% HF should be used. If the
combined percentage of clay and feldspar is more than 30%, 1.5% HF
or less should be used. Field experience with some tight sandstones has
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shown that concentrations as low as 0.6% HF may be used (e.g., the
Morrow formation in Texas and New Mexico). If the appropriate
concentration is in doubt, an acid response test on a typical core should
be performed if a core sample is available.
Over flush stage: The over flush is an important part of a successful
sandstone acidizing treatment. An over flush has several purposes:
To displace non reacted mud acid into the formation
To displace mud acid reaction products away from the wellbore
To remove oil-wet relative permeability problems caused by
some corrosion inhibitors.
When over flushing the acid treatment, it is important to remember that
miscible fluids are required to perform these listed functions. Aqueous-
base liquids should therefore be considered as the first displacing and
flushing fluid. Another fluid system can then be used for addressing the
other concerns as the conditions dictate. This suggests that multiple
fluid types should be used as over flush stages for a given set of
circumstances. Typical over flushes for mud acid treatments are
Water containing 3% to 8% ammonium chloride
Weak acid (3% to 10% HCl)
Diesel oil (oil wells only and only following a water or weak acid
over flush)
Nitrogen (gas wells only and only following a water or weak acid
over flush).
Recent experience indicates the advantage of including HCl or acetic
acid in the first part of the over flush to maintain a low-pH environment
for the displaced spent mud acid stage. As the hydrogen ions adsorb on
non-reacted clay deeper in the formation, the pH rises unless it is
replaced by fresh acid in the first part of the over flush. Although the
most economic over flush of a mud acid treatment is water containing
3% to 8% ammonium chloride with 10% ethylene glycol monobutyl
ether (EGMBE) and a polyquarternary amine clay stabilizer, it does not
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address the pH problem without acetic acid addition. Also, certain
chemicals can be added to acids to prevent or reduce the precipitation
of some compounds (e.g., iron complexing agents, sulfate scale
inhibitors and anti-sludge agents). An example of the role of reservoir
mineralogy was presented by Boyer and Wu (1983) in evaluating acid
treatments in the Kuparuk River formation in Alaska. Their results
indicate that fluoboric acid significantly reduces the amount of
hydrated silica formed in comparison with conventional HCl-HF
systems.

















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GRAVEL PACK
Gravel packing consists of installing a downhole filter in the well to
control the entry of formation material but allow the production of
reservoir fluids. The gravel-packed completion is perhaps the most
difficult and complex routine completion operation because it consists
of many interrelated completion practices.

Marine deposited sands, most oil and gas reservoir sands, are often
cemented with calcareous or siliceous minerals and may be strongly
consolidated. In contrast, Miocene or younger sands are often
unconsolidated or only partially consolidated with soft. Clay or silt
and are structurally weak. These weak formations may not restrain
grain movement, and produce sand along with the fluids especially at
high rates.
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Objective in gravel packing
There are two primary objectives for gravel packing a well.
1. The annulus between the screen and casing must be packed with
gravel. Filling the annulus with properly-sized gravel ensures that the
formation sand is not produced to the surface.
2. Pack each perforation with gravel. Filling the perforations with
gravel is the key to obtaining high productivity. In an unconsolidated
formation, any perforation that is unfilled with gravel will fill with
formation sand and severely restrict productivity from such
perforations.

The following discussion deals with filling the annulus. Prepacking
perforations with gravel discusses perforation packing. The crossover
circulating technique is the most common method used to place the
gravel around the screen. The gravel-pack equipment and service tools
allow circulating the gravel down the work string above the packer and
into the screen/casing annulus below the packer. The returns flow up
the wash pipe and cross over into the work string/casing annulus. The
fluid used to transport the gravel can either leak off to the formation or
be circulated or reversed out of the hole through the wash pipe,
depending on the position of the service tools.

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Advantages of open hole gravel packs:-
1. Low drawdown and high productivity
2. Excellent longevity
3. No casing or perforating expense
Disadvantages of open hole gravel packs:-
1. Sometimes difficult to exclude undesirable fluids such as water
and/or gas
2. Not easily performed in shale the erode or slough when brine is
pumped past them.
3. Requires special fluids for drilling the open hole section
Guidelines for selecting open hole-gravel pack candidates:-
1. Formations where cased hole gravel packing has unacceptable
productivity.
2. Situations where increased productivity is required.
3. Reservoirs where long, sustained single phase hydrocarbon flow
is anticipated.
4. Situations where work overs for isolating gas or water cannot be
accomplished.
5. Wells where high water-oil or gas oil ratios can be tolerated
6. Reservoirs with single uniform sands (avoid multiple sands
interspersed with troublesome shale layers or water sands)
7. Formations that can be drilled and maintaining borehole stability
in the completion interval
8. Situations where cased hole completions are significantly more
expensive (Horizontal wells)


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Selection criteria for gravel packing
For better results selection of the gravel and screen plays major role
here is a brief discussion on the selection criteria. Design the gravel
Pack includes
1. Gravel size
2. Completion type
3. Screen size
4. Transportation of the gravel
The specifications define minimum acceptable standards for the size
and shape of the grains, the amount of fines and impurities, acid
solubility, and crush resistance. Only a few naturally occurring sands
are capable of meeting the API specifications without excessive
processing. These sands are characterized by their high quartz content
and consistency in grain size.
Advantages of gravel packing :-
1. It offers economical methods of sand control.
2. Gravel packing covers long interval up to 500 fts.
Disadvantages of gravel packing:-
1. While initial installation is economical, a remedial treatment to
replace a failed screen may involve an expensive fishing job
2. Cause pressure drop
Job Description :-
Gravel Packing
1. First of all the tubing of the well was removed with the help of a
rig and a surge tool for back surging along with R3 packer is
lowered in the well.
2. The packer is set above the perforations and annulus is filled with
brine and BOP is closed, due to which further pressure is
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increased so that flapper valve opens and a suction is created
below the packers and oil is forced out of the perforations with
sand mixed with it.
3. After that surge tool is pulled out and a sharp edged tube is
inserted. A gel solution is pumped into the well to clean the sand
and other dirt present in the well.
4. After cleaning the well, pipe is pulled out and Bottom Hole GP
Assembly is lowered consisting of a screen at its bottom, Bull
Plug, Landing Nipples, Cross-over tool and Gravel Exit Port.
5. A pre-made Gel-Gravel slurry is pumped through the assembly
and a proper pack is achieved by pressurising the slurry a no. of
times. Preserve tool is kept to allow incomplete slurry
dehydration. The excess slurry is pumped out to pull out the
Cross-over tool.
6. Finally a Leg tool with a Kelly tool is lowered in the well and
stabbed on the Landing Nipple expanding leg in the process for
sealing off the annulus.

Return:-Water, Sand, Brine solution, Excess Gel-Slurry mixture and
other additives used in the process.

Result/Remarks:-As the pressure is increased in the well the Gravel
Packing job was confirmed.

Conclusion:-As 2nd Generation Workover techniques, Coil tubing
operations are called out for well servicing without the need to subdue
the well. It is quick, efficient and cost effective.



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COIL TUBIG UNIT (CTU)
Introduction to Coiled Tubing Unit (CTU)
Coiled Tubing (CT) has been defined as any continuously-milled
tubular product manufactured in lengths that require spooling onto a
take-up reel, during the primary milling or manufacturing process. The
tube is nominally straightened prior to being inserted into the wellbore
and is recoiled for spooling back onto the reel. Tubing diameter
normally ranges from 0.75 in. to 4 in., and single reel tubing lengths in
excess of 30,000 ft.. have been commercially manufactured. Common
CT steels have yield strengths ranging from 55,000 PSI to 120,000 PSI.
Key Elements of a CT Unit:-
The coiled tubing unit is comprised of the complete set of equipment
necessary to perform standard continuous-length tubing operations in
the field. The unit consists of four basic elements:-
Coiled Tubing
Tubing reel
Injector
Stuffing box & stripper rubber
Blow out preventer (BOP)
Control cabin


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Coiled Tubing (CT):-It is the main component of a CTU. The details
regarding coiled tubing are covered under the following headings.
CT Manufacturing
CT Mechanical Performance
CT String Design

1. CT Manufacturing:-The material used for manufacturing CT is usually
a carbon-steel alloy. Two major companies involved in the
manufacturing are Quality Tubing Inc. (QTI) and Precision Tube
Technology (PTT). The tubing is first manufactured as sheet steel. The
strip's thickness establishes the CT wall thickness and the strip's width
determines the OD of the finished CT.

2. CT Mechanical Performance:-Unlike other tubular products, CT is
plastically deformed with normal use which imparts fatigue on the CT
string. Plastic deformation can be described as deformation that
remains aft.er the load causing it is removed. Fatigue can be defined
as failure under a repeated or otherwise varying load, which never
reaches a level sufficient to cause failure in a single application.


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3. CT String Design:-The simplest method of designing a CT string
considers only the wall thickness necessary at a given location for the
required mechanical strength and the total weight of the string. In this
method only the buoyancy is assumed to be acting on the CT where it
is open-ended and hanging vertically in a fluid.A properly sized CT
string must have the following attributes for the planned operation:

Enough mechanical strength to safely withstand the combination of
forces imposed by the job
Adequate stiffness to RIH to the required depth and/or push with the
required force
Light weight to reduce logistics problems and total cost
Maximum possible working life

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1. Tubing Reel:-It houses the CT and helps in transporting it. Flexible
coiled tubing can be wound over it from which the tubing can be
inserted and removed much quicker than tubing installed from rigid
pipe segments.
2. Injector:-It provides the surface drive force to run and retrieve the CT.
The following is a picture of the injector and below is its schematic.













3. Stuffing box & stripper rubber:-The stripper is located between the
BOP and the injector head. It is sometimes referred to as a pack off or
stuffing box and provides the primary operational seal between
pressurized wellbore fluids and the surface environment. The stripper
provides a dynamic seal around the CT during tripping and a static seal
around the CT when there is no movement. The latest style of stripper
devices is designed with a side door that permits easy access and
replacement of the sealing elements, with the CT in place.


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ADVANTAGES OF CTU:-
1. CTU operations are cost and time saving
2. CTU operations can be performed under pressure.
3. No need for killing the well no formation damage.
4. Fast RIH and POOH (speed can go upto 250 ft./min).
5. It is the only method for wells completed with packers.
6. Can perform logging and perforation operations for highly deviated wells.
7. Drilling can also be performed with CTU.
Disadvantages/limitations of CTU:-

1. Yield strength of CT is comparatively low.
2. Maximum pumping pressure is limited in CTU (commonly 5000-7000 psi).
3. Can contain well head pressures only upto 2500 psi.
4. CT string cannot be rotated.

CTU Operations:-
The global oil and gas industry is using coiled tubing for an ever-
increasing array of well intervention projects. Coiled tubing has now
been regarded as second generation work over system and offers a
number of operational and economic advantages, including: live well
intervention, elimination of well kill and potentially damaging heavy-
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weight kill fluids, reduced operational footprint, horizontal
intervention, and the ability to intervene without a rig. These
advantages have led to the development of truly fit-for-purpose coiled
tubing systems.
There are numerous areas where coiled tubing can offer a highly
effective and cost efficient alternative. Few of them are:

1. Well Cleaning
2. Fishing and Milling
3. Fluid knockout (Activation)
4. Stimulation (Fracturing/Acidizing)
5. Cementing operation
6. Drilling Applications
7. Velocity string
8. Zone Isolation
9. Sand Control Completions.
10. Setting a plug or packer
11. Sidetracking and Re-entry
12. Removal of scales & wax, etc.

Important applications of CTU:-
1. Well Cleaning:-Well cleaning is the most common operation
performed through a CTU. During the course of its life, accumulation
of solids occurs inside the well bore. Materials such as formation sand
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or fines, proppant flow back or fracture operation screen out, and
gravel-pack failures are the common fills. These materials will act to
impede fluid flow and hence, affect the productivity or injectivity of
the well. The accumulation therefore needs to be cleared. This
operation, popularly known as bottom cleaning, is also called as sand
washing, sand jetting, sand cleanout, and fill removal. The procedure
includes lowering of the CT through the tubing and maintaining a
circulation of water (up to 1500 psi), through the CT, in the well. The
fill is slowly penetrated with the help of jetting action through a jetting
nozzle attached to the end of the CT string. Gelled water is then
circulated at pressures up to 4000 psi and the jetting action causes the
fill material to become entrained in the circulating fluid and is
subsequently transported out of the wellbore through the
CT/production tubing annulus. Where consolidated fill is present, the
procedure may require the assistance of a downhole motor and bit or
impact drill.




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2. Wax Cleaning:-Wax cleaning is also a common operation of CTU in
which wax which is deposited on the walls of the tubing is cleared by
the help of the reciprocating movement of the CT.The wax is present
in the oil itself. This problem of chocking of tubing due wax deposition
commonly occurs in the very old well. Wax cleaning is done by
pumping very hot oil (temp upto 100) through the CT from the hot oil
circulation tank with the help of a pump.

Coil Tubing Services: (ONGC
AHMEDABAD)
As 2
nd
Generation Work over techniques, Coil tubing operations are
called out for well servicing without the need to subdue the well. It is
quick, efficient and cost effective.
Experience of more than 7000 jobs
Intervention in Horizontal well for stimulation / activation
Selective stimulation
Retrieval of downhole fish
Velocity string completion
Well subduing in blown out EOR wells
Development of specialized CTU tools
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Conclusion
Coiled Tubing Unit (CTU) is fast becoming an indispensable tool in
the Oil and Gas Industry. It can be employed in numerous well service
operations ranging from common operations like well cleaning to very
sophisticated operations such as drilling. Rightly termed as the new
generation work-over, its versatility is, as such, unquestionable. With
the technological advances, areas that were not feasible for CT
operations in the past, can now be more efficiently serviced with CTU
and CTU related technology. The speed with which CTU operations
can be done adds to its advantage. This saves more time as well as
money as compared to conventional operations through work-over rigs.
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CTU operations can also contribute more towards enhancing the
productivity when compared to traditional operations, since the risk of
damaging the formation is eliminated as the wells are not killed for such
operations.
However the vast potential that the tool offers has been underutilised
in the Indian Oil and Gas industry. With increasing awareness and rapid
globalization, this scenario is expected to improve. This is sure to
improve productivity in the industry and take it to new heights.

















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Nitrogen
An Introduction:-
Nitrogen is an easily available inert gas as it occupies 79% in Air by
Volume in our Atmosphere. It was discovered in 1772 by Danial
Rutherford, a Scottish Physicist. In 1883 Nitrogen was liquefied by
Wroblewski and Olszewski. Aft.er a few decades in 1955 Nitrogen was
introduced in the oil industry by Duke Bloom as cushion in drill stem
test (DST) and the following years saw a lot of development in the oil
industry using Nitrogen. Some of the developments were:
1957 - Liquid nitrogen pump & vaporizer was developed.
1959 - Nitrogen was used first time with acid.
Paul Durond developed first high volume liquid nitrogen pumps.
1960 - First liquid nitrogen unit was introduced to oil industry by
Duke Bloom and a door tothe new area of services in Petroleum
industry was opened.
1970 - First foam fracturing using Nitrogen was carried out.
Nitrogen pumper
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Physical & Chemical Properties of Nitrogen:-
Colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic inert gas
Neither supports combustion nor respiration
Slightly soluble in most of the liquids
Chemical Symbol: N
2

Atomic Number: 7
Molecular Weight: 28.0134
Sp. gravity of gas (compared to air): 0.967
Boiling Point: (-) 195.8 C
Sp. gravity of liquid (compared to water): 0.809
Melting Point: (-) 210 C
1m3 of liquid N2 = 694.4 m3 of gaseous nitrogen at 15 C & 1
atm pressure.
Cryogenics:-The field of science that deals with the process and
technology of extremely cold materials is called Cryogenics. The
Cryogenic Temperature Scale
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upper limit of temperature usually accepted in cryogenics is -100C (-
150F), which by comparison is considered colder than dry ice at -78C
(-109F). The temperature ranges of various cryogenic gases are given
in the cryogenic temperature scale.
Oil Field Nitrogen Unit
An oil field unit may be mounted on either a semi-trailer or on a single
chassis truck or on the skid. A high-pressure pump or compressor unit
capable of delivering high-purity nitrogen gas for use in oil or gas
wells. The basic type of unit commonly available is a nitrogen
converter unit that pumps liquid nitrogen at high pressure through a
heat exchanger or converter to deliver high-pressure gas at ambient
temperature. The key components of the nitrogen unit are
Cryogenic Storage Tank:-
The cryogenic storage tank is an insulated vessel in construction and
can be regarded as being familiar to a vacuum flask. They are used to
store the nitrogen in liquid state. These vessels are of double walled
construction, inner tank being stainless steel and the outer mild steel.
The annular space between two tanks contains insulating materials
under a vacuum to reduce heat transfer.
Prime Mover:-
The trucks engine acts as the prime mover in the nitrogen pumping unit.
It runs on diesel and generates necessary power required to run the
pumps and other equipments.
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Cryogenic Pump:-
The high pressure liquid nitrogen pumps are of a positive displacement
(reciprocating pump) type and are usually in a triplex configuration.
The positive displacement pumps raise liquid nitrogen pressure to that
required to carry out the particular job undertaken. The liquid nitrogen
thus pumped is vaporized to a gas by the addition of heat either by a
direct fired or a flameless vaporizer.
Vaporizer:-
Vaporiser is one of the essential components of the nitrogen pumping
unit. The vaporiser (heat exchanger) is used for converting the liquid
nitrogen into gaseous form as the liquid nitrogen as such cannot be
pumped into the well bore.On the type of vaporizer system criteria,
nitrogen units are categorized as;
1. Direct fired nitrogen pumping unit
2. Non-fired nitrogen pumping unit
Nitrogen Pumper schematic
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Process of Nitrogen Application:-

Nitrogen is pumped as a cryogenic liquid at around -196C by a high
pressure cryogenic pump. Liquid Nitrogen as such cannot be pumped
into the well; it has to be converted to gas before flowing in through the
well bore. The liquid nitrogen from the cryogenic tank is pumped
through a Vaporiser (heat exchanger), which converts the liquid
nitrogen into gas with a temperature of around 21C. The gas then flows
through the piping and flows into the well bore. The processes are
mainly divided into two,


1. Pumping System:-
Liquid nitrogen from the tank flows to a "boost pump" through
stainless steel pipes. This boost pump is a hydraulic centrifugal
pump with cryogenic liquid handling capabilities. The boost pump
raises the pressure of the liquid up to 827 Kpa (120 psi). The
nitrogen at 827 Kpa (120 psi) is then fed to a high pressure
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cryogenic pump. This pump is a positive displacement "Triplex"
pump raises the pressure. From the high pressure pump the liquid
nitrogen is forced through a series of stainless steel coils which are
heated by hot air from a diesel burner. The liquid nitrogen in these
coils absorbs heat and is gasified. This duct which flows down the
line for its various service applications.

2. Vaporizer system:-
Based on the vaporizer criteria the pumping units are categorized
as:-
a. Direct fired nitrogen pumping unit:-In Direct fired units, liquid
nitrogen from high pressure pump is forced through a series of
stainless steel coiled tubes which are heated by hot air from diesel
burner. The liquid nitrogen in these coils absorbs heat & is
gasified.
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b. Non-fired nitrogen pumping unit:-The non-fired nitrogen
pumping unit works on waste heat recovery principal. This
vaporizer system uses the engine coolant (glycol / water) to
recover heat from the engine, transmission, exhaust and hydraulic
system. Heat may artificially be enhanced by drawing power from
diesel engine by means of "ALLISON TRANSMISSION
RETADER". This is the heart of the non-fired nitrogen
vaporization system.
The engine coolant temperature is about 760 C to 820 C (1700 F to
1800 F) as it leaves the engine system. Heat exchange between this
coolant and liquid nitrogen from high pressure triplex pump takes place
in a helical coiled tube heat exchanger.

Nitrogen Pumping System


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Oil Field Application of Nitrogen
1. With Coil Tubing:-Nitrogen can be used with coil tubing unit for
operations like spotting acid at the desired depth, wash out sand and
silt of the bore hole, knocking out liquid from the stimulation well
and also for back wash in an injection well.
2. Displacement:-Nitrogen is used as a displacement fluid. It can be
pumped to predetermined depths knocking out the well bore liquid
(Brine/Mud) completely. Also used for spotting acid without the
displacement of WOR/Drilling fluids.
3. Nitrification of Fluid:-Nitrogen acts as a source of energy to
recover treating fluid, it improves penetration and treatment size and
also fast and efficient cleaning with reduced fluid loss.
4. Pipeline Testing and Purging:-Nitrogen being an inert, non-
corrosive and a non-explosive gas it acts as an excellent media for
pipeline and pressure vessel testing operations. It is also used for
purging flow lines and gas plant components ensuring safety in
operative conditions. Use of nitrogen in the pressure testing of plant,
pipelines, equipments etc., ensures safety and avoids internal
explosion hazards.
5. Foam Generation:-Nitrogen is an excellent Workover fluid for
sub-hydrostatic wells. Nitrogens use in sub-hydrostatic well
ensures minimum formation damage, low friction pressure and its
got an excellent sand carrying capacity with low leak off.
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6. Nitrogen Lift.:-Nitrogen gas circulated into the production conduit
to displace liquids and reduce the hydrostatic pressure created by
the fluid column. Nitrogen lift.ing is a common technique used to
initiate production on a well following Workover or overbalanced
completion. A coiled tubing string is generally used to apply the
treatment, which involves running to depth while pumping high-
pressure nitrogen gas. Once the kill-fluid column is unloaded and
the well is capable of natural flow, the coiled tubing string is
removed and the well is prepared for production.
7. Nitrogen Cushion:-High-pressure nitrogen is typically applied to
a tubing string in preparation for drill stem testing or perforating
operations in which the reservoir formation is to be opened to the
tubing string. The nitrogen cushion allows a precise pressure
differential to be applied before opening flow from the reservoir.
Once flow begins, the nitrogen cushion pressure can be easily and
safely bled down to flow.
Nitrogen Service:- (ONGC AHMEDABAD)
Nitrogen is widely used for flow initiation in exploratory as well as
development wells, by unloading the well fluids as it is safe and eco-
friendly.
Experience of more than 17000 jobs
Design and fabrication of skid mounted N
2
pumping system
Innovative method for prevention of LN
2
resource loss.
**********************
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
WWW.ONGC.COM
en.wikipedia.org
STANDARD Handbook of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engg. -
William C Lyons
Economides
www.google.com (Source of all)
Various manual from mechanical division.
E&P Journal- March 2008
Sand control book (ONGC Dehradun)
Many more sources which cant be explained




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* * * * * * * * * *
*THANK YOU *
* * * * * * * * * *




The end