Computer Networks Unit I
Beulah A.
AP/CSE
Network Models
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REFERENCE MODELS
2 Types
1. OSI Reference Model
2. TCP/IP Reference Model
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THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Standards
Organization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated to
worldwide agreement on international standards. An ISO
standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.
ISO is the organization.
OSI is the model
Layered Architecture
Peer-to-Peer Processes
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Why Layering
Large number of functions
Manage Easily
Peer to Peer Process
A layer appears to be communicating directly with the same
layer at the other end of the link (i.e. its peer). What is actually
happening is that the data is being passed down to lower layers
for transmission and is passed up again at the other end.
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Seven layers of the OSI model
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The interaction between layers in the OSI model
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An exchange using the OSI model
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LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL
I n this section we briefly describe the functions of each
layer intheOSI model.
Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer
Topics discussed in this section:
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Physical layer
The physical layer is responsible for movements of
individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.
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Transmission medium is defined
Representation of bits
Type of encoding to convert bits to signals
Data rate
Line Configuration
Point to Point
Multi point
Physical Topology
Mesh, Star, Bus, Ring
Transmission mode
Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex
Physical layer Cont
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Data link layer
The data link layer is responsible for moving
frames from one hop (node) to the next.
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Data framing
The stream of bits from network layer is divided into
manageable data units called frames
Physical addressing
Media Access Control (MAC) addressing is used to uniquely
identify hosts at the Data Link layer.
Flow control
refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data
that the sender can send before waiting for acknowledgment.
Error control
is based on automatic repeat request, which is the retransmission
of data.
Access Control
Which device has control over the line at any given time
Data link layer Cont
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Network layer
The network layer is responsible for the delivery of individual packets
from the source to the destination.
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Logical Addressing
Packet passes the network boundary MAC alone cannot be used
IP address is used to uniquely identify hosts at the Network
Layer
Routing
Routes the packet to the correct destination
Network layer Cont
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Transport layer
The transport layer is responsible for the delivery
of a message from one process to another.
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Service Point Addressing
Port address is necessary for delivering the packet to the correct
destination
Segmentation and Reassembly
A message is divided into transmittable segments
The receiver reassemble the segments in order to get the entire
message
Connection Control
Connection oriented and Connection less service
Flow control and Error Control
Similar to data link layer but at end to end
Transport layer Cont
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Session layer
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Dialog control
Simplex, Half Duplex, Full Duplex
Synchronization
Session layer Cont
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Presentation layer
The presentation layer is responsible for translation,
compression, and encryption
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Translation
Encoding Decoding (Bit streams for transmission)
Encryption Decryption
Compression
Presentation layer Cont
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Application layer
The application layer is responsible for
providing services to the user
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X.400 message handling service e-mail
X.500 directory services
FTAM File Transfer, Access and Management
Application layer Cont
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Summary of layers
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Hop-to-hop delivery
Layer 2 device
Header of data link layer of A
will have source address as A
and destination address as B
Header of B node DLL is
B and E so on
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Source-to-destination delivery
Routing for next hop is done by
checking the routing table of
each node
Layer 3 device
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Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message
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TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model. The original TCP/IP
protocol suite was defined as having four layers: host-
to-network, internet, transport, and application.
However, when TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say
that the TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers:
physical, data link, network, transport, and application.
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TCP/IP model
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TCP/IP model
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Example
In Figure a node with physical address 10 sends a
frame to a node with physical address 87. The two
nodes are connected by a link (bus topology LAN).
As the figure shows, the computer with physical
address 10 is the sender, and the computer with
physical address 87 is the receiver.
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Physical addresses
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Example
Most local-area networks use a 48-bit (6-byte)
physical address written as 12 hexadecimal digits;
every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is separated by a
colon, as shown below:
07:01:02:01:2C:4B
A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.
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Example
Figure shows a part of an internet with two routers
connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical)
for each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only
one pair of addresses. Each router, however, is
connected to three networks (only two are shown in
the figure). So each router has three pairs of
addresses, one for each connection.
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IP addresses
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Example
Figure shows two computers communicating via the
Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and
c. The receiving computer is running two processes
at this time with port addresses j and k. Process a in
the sending computer needs to communicate with
process j in the receiving computer. Note that
although physical addresses change from hop to
hop, logical and port addresses remain the same
from the source to destination.
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Port addresses
The physical addresses
will change from hop to
hop,but the logical and
port addresses usually
remain the same.
