Energy Management
Power Energy Management System (EMS) is a family
of unique solutions that ensure reliable and stable
energy supply for customers
It should be efficiently
generate electric energy
transmit electric energy
distribute electric energy
It s ai fu tio is to
Supervise
control
manage power networks in an integrated manner.
Energy Management System Scheme
SCADA involves generation and transmission
system.
DAC supervises the distribution system to
improve overall system efficiency .
increase reliability of service to essential
loads.
Distribution Automation and Control(DAC)
Objectives:
Effective control and management of
distribution system with reduced staff.
Reduce outages, service restoration time and
line losses.
Low voltage(voltage sag) problems and
reactive power management, better voltage
management and quality of power.
Improved revenue collection.
ISSUES IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Reliability
- Continuity of power supply
- Fault detection, isolation, service restoration after fault
Quality
- Voltage, power factor, Harmonics, Frequency variations
Efficiency
- Technical losses, commercial loss
Unplanned Growth of Electric Power Network
- In Distribution; cause of difficulty in Management of the network
Complexity
- Of network, Of technology
Cost
- Implementation cost, maintenance cost
Time
- To meet the requirement of customer within shortest time
Function of Distribution Automation System
Remotely monitors the distribution system,
facilitates supervisory control of devices and
provides decision support tools to improve the
system performance
IEEE Definition: [1988 tutorial]
A syste that e a les a ele tri utility to
remotely monitor, coordinate, and operate
distribution components in a real-time mode from
re ote lo atio s.
Distribution Automation Data consists of
continues analog data from feeders,
transformers, etc., such as
Electrical parameter data
Voltage,current,pf,frequency, power
Non-electrical parameters like oil temp,
winding temp, CB gas or oil pressure in the
tank.
Main function of DAC
Load Management
Operational Management
Recently computers and powerful
microprocessors are inexpensive.
Hence the concept of distribution
automation is easy.
Load Management
Load Switching
Involves direct control of loads at individual
consumer premises from a remote central
station.
In this way
o The load is reduced in a particular substation.
o Overall system peak load is reduced.
Peak Load Tariff:
Implementation of peak load tariff programs
by remote switching of meter registers
automatically for the purpose of time-of-day
metering.
Load Shedding
It permits the rapid dropping of large blocks
of load according a selected priority or
staggering of rural/urban feeders supplies as
per pre-programme.
Load Shedding:
When there is not enough electricity available to meet the
demand from all customers, it could be necessary to interrupt
supply to certain areas. This is called load shedding.
It is different from a power outage that could occur for
several other reasons.
It is a last resort to balance electricity supply and demand.
It is an effective way to avoid total collapse of the electricity
supply grid.
If unbalances on the power is not managed this could lead to
the risk of collapse of the entire power network. If this occurs,
it could take more than a week to restore power to the entire
country.
By rotating and shedding the load in a planned and controlled
manner, the system remains stable.
Operational Management
Voltage regulation
It allows the remote control of selected
voltage regulators, network capacitor
switching to effect coordinated system wise
voltage control.
Transformer Load Management(TLM)
It enable the monitoring and continuous
reporting of transformer loading data to
prevent overloads and damage by timely
improvement and replacements respectively.
Feeder Load Management(FLM):
Loads are monitored and measured on
feeders and feeder segments.
Capacitor Control:
It permits selective and remote controlled
switching of power capacitors for reactive
power planning and loss minimization.
Fault Detection location and isolation:
Relays located in the system detect abnormal
conditions.
This information is used
o to automatically locate faults
o to isolate the faulted segment
Load Studies:
It involves the automatic on-line collection of
load data for analysis at the substation and
further transmission to dispatch centre for day
to day planning and operation of power
system
State Monitoring:
It involves real time data gathering and status
reporting to sub station from which minuteto-minute status of the power system can be
determined.
Automatic Consumer meter reading:
It allows the remote reading of consumer
meters for total consumption, peak demand,
time-of-day metering.
The computer programs relevant to DAC or
SCADA are available in various companies
such as
Electronics Corporation of India Ltd.(ECIL)
Alstom
Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd.(BHEL)
CMC
Distribution DAAutomation - Necessity
Necessity
of Distribution Automation
To measure, protection control and monitor the components which are
remotely located outside the substation
To integrate all substations within a circle and all such components
which are remotely located outside the substation for performance
analysis
To make the fault detection and automatic isolation
To integrate automatic meter reading to avoid manipulation and loss of
revenue by integrating DA with Automatic Billing and Collection Centre
To maintain load shedding schedule automatically
To monitor network topology and network components (assets) using
GIS (Geographical Information System).
To increase overall efficiency, reliability.
To make operation and maintenance easy
To save the time gap between a trouble call by a customer and actual
service by integrating DA and Trouble Call Management
Distribution Automation - Technology
Distribution Automation Technology
Components of Distribution Network:1) Transformers
2) Ring Main Units
3) Substations
Basic Components of Automation:1.
2.
3.
4.
Master Distribution Automation Software
Engineering analysis software
Data Acquisition and Control Hardware like RTU, Relays,
Digital Multifunction Meters, Remote Tap Changer
Communication Hardware
Basic Features:1.
2.
3.
Monitoring
Control
Protection
Distribution Automation - Technology
continue
Necessary Functions: System Level
Monitoring
Control
Substation Automation
Feeder Automation
Customer Level
Remote Meter Reading and Billing
Load management
Customer Automation
Distribution Automation - Technology
continue
Monitoring and Control Functions:
Data Monitoring
Data logging
Analog Data freeze
Remote Meter Reading and Billing
Automatic Bus/ Feeder Sectionalizing
Integrated Volt/ VAR Control
Fault location, Isolation and Service Restoration
Feeder Reconfiguration and Substation Transformer Load
Balancing
Substation Transformer overload
Capacitor Control
Voltage Control
Emergency Load Shedding
Load Control
BENEFITS OF AUTOMATION
Reduced losses
Increased service reliability
Life extension of equipment
Effective utilization of assets
Facility for better voltage, reactive power and
quality of power and their management
Improved revenue collection
Faster decision making
Effective and efficient monitoring of system
FAULT LOCATION
Information from protective devices
Information from customersTelephone calls
AMR(Automatic meter reading) devices at customerend
Other devices located in the system
Deduction based on incomplete and imprecise
information
Communication bottlenecks in the event of widespread
outages due to storms
SERVICE RESTORATION
Isolate faulted part of the system
Find alternate paths to supply power to healthy parts
of the systemKeep loading within limits
Keep voltage within limits
Do this as quickly as possible
Account for cold load pickup for long outagesStep-bystep restoration may be required
RECENT TRENDS
Emergence of new technologies
New measuring devices and sensors
Powerful and refined communications equipment
Highly advanced computing equipment
Advanced power electronics
Advanced protection equipment
