KMEM1170
IMPACT OF JET
INTRODUCTION
Water turbines are widely used throughout the world to generate power. One of the types of impulse
turbine referred to as a pelton wheel, one or more water jets are directed tangentially on to vanes that
are attached to the rim of the turbine disc. The impact of the water on the vanes produces a torque on
the wheel, causing it to rotate and to change power. Even though the concept is simple, such turbines
can generate considerable output at high efficiency. It may be noted that the pelton wheel is suitable
to conditions where the accessible head of water is great, and the flow rate is reasonably small. To
calculate the output of a pelton wheel, and to determine its optimum rotational speed, we need to
understand how the deflection of the jet generates a force on the buckets, and how the force is related
to the rate of momentum flow in the jet. In other terms, its another way to understand fluid pressure
by using the pressure to accelerate the fluid to a plate by a high velocity in a jet which in result will
generate force due to impulse. This experiment helps us to understand about fluid pressure, the force
generated by a jet of water striking a target of various shape, and compare the results with the
computed momentum flow rate in the jet. But in this experiment, we just using 120 degree plate.
THEORY
When a jet of water flowing with a steady velocity strikes a solid surface, the water is deflected to
flow along the surface. Unlike the impact of solid bodies, there is no rebound and unless the flow is
highly turbulent, there will be no splashing. If friction is neglected by assuming an in viscid fluid and
it is also assumed that there are no losses due to shocks then the magnitude of the water velocity is
remain the same, the pressure exerted by the water on the solid surface will be at right angles to the
surface. Newtons second law of motion states that the acceleration of an object is dependent upon
two variables - the net force acting upon the object and the mass of the object. The acceleration of an
object depends directly upon the net force acting upon the object, and inversely upon the mass of the
object. As the force acting upon an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is increased. As
the mass of an object is increased, the acceleration of the object is decreased. . In fluid mechanics,
whenever fluid are forced to go through a restriction or change direction. The analogy to Newtons
second law in fluid mechanics is known as the momentum equation.
The Law of the Conservation of Linear Momentum for this system is:
0, steady flow
Fy
V
d
V
V n dA
t control
control
volume
surface
At entrance :
V n1 V1 V jet
At exit :
V n 2 V2 cos V jet cos
Fy V jet V jet A1 V jet cos V jet A2
(1)
The Law of the Conservation of Mass for steady flow is:
1 V jet A1 2 V2 A2 0
(2)
1 2
Since:
and V1 V2 V jet
then
A1 A2 A
Substituting this into Equation (2) yields:
2
Fy AV jet
(1 cos )
(3)
Substituting the volumetric flow rate (
Q V jet A
Q2
Fy
(1 cos )
A
(4)
Fy
For the =120o target:
) into Equation (3) yields:
Q 2
2
1 3Q
1
A 2
2A
(5)
Impact of jet has been applied in daily life for human needs. For example, the high pressure water jets
that widely used in cleaning, cutting and others. Also, it has been applied in hydro power.
OBJECTIVE
To study the validity of theoretical expressions for the force exerted by a jet on target of
various shapes.
To determine the force required to keep a target at a datum level while it is subjected to the
impact of water jet.
RESULTS AND CALCULATION
Load mass
(m)
g (meas.)
Load
weight (W)
N (cal.)
Volume of
water
Liters
(meas.)
30
0.2943
46.00
46.00
46.00
0.1087
(calc.)
1.087
0.3523
1.182
50
0.4905
36.00
38.00
37.00
0.1351
1.351
0.5443
1.825
80
0.7848
30.00
32.00
31.00
0.1613
1.613
0.7758
2.602
100
0.9810
27.00
26.00
26.50
0.1887
1.887
1.0618
3.561
130
1.2753
24.00
25.00
24.50
0.2041
2.041
1.2422
4.166
150
1.4715
23.00
23.00
23.00
0.2174
2.174
1.4094
4.726
180
1.7658
21.00
21.00
21.00
0.2381
2.381
1.6905
5.669
A = 5.026
= 999.1 kg/m3
Flow rate (Q)
s (meas.)
Liters/s
(calc.)
/s x
Jet force
( )
N (calc.)
the load weight (W)
2.5
y = 0.864x + 0.9187
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.5
1.5
volume flow rate (Q) x 10^-4
Jet force (Fy)
2.5
y = 0.9592x + 0.8209
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0
0.5
1
volume flow rate (Q) x 10^-4
1.5
Load weigt (W)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1.5
1.5
Jet force (Fy)
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
0.5
1
Q
DISCUSSION
Error,
=(
=
) x 100%
X 100%
= 19.71%
In the apparatus set up, its vital to make sure the placement of the nozzle head is at the centre under
the vane. The dislocation of nozzle head can cause a loss in water velocity. Due to this displacement
also, it will cause rough force impact on the target vane hence decreasing the reaction force made on
the vane. Higher water jet velocity will produce a higher force exerted on to the target vane. The
amount of weight can be supported indicate the force exerted by the jet. The difference between the
theoretical value and the experimental value may mainly due to parallax error. Parallax error occur
when the observer taking the reading for water level. Furthermore, it also occurs because of the water
valve. This error may occur because the water valve was not completely close during collecting the
water. This may affect the time taken for the water to be collected. The present of water bubble also
may affect the reading as well. Therefore, the suggestion to overcome the error is to ensure that the
position of the observers eye must be 90 perpendicular to the reading or the position.
CONCLUSION
The theoretical expression is valid in this experiment. It was proven by the results obtain. The
experimental and theoretical values are almost similar, thus, the discrepancies is relatively small
(19.71%) and prove the law of conservation of momentum.
REFERENCES
1. FLUID MECHANICS 4TH EDITION. FRANK WHITE. McGraw-Hill Higher Education
(December 28, 1998)
2. http://staff.fit.ac.cy/eng.fm/classes/amee202/Fluids%20Lab%20Impact%20of%20a%20Jet.pd
f
3. FUNDAMENTALS OF FLUID MECHANICS 6TH EDITION BY
YOUNG,MUNSON,OKIISHI AND HUEBSCH. Wiley; 6 Pck Unbn edition (January 9,
2009)
