2009 Sem A Question 1

A survey was carried out for a closed loop traverse ABCDEA as shown in Figure Q1. The
external angles measured in clockwise direction are given in Table Q1
The coordinates of Station A are 1000.00mE, 1000.00mN and the line AE has whole circle
bearing of 55 55 00.
(a)

Adjust the measured angles

(5 marks)

(b)

Calculate the whole circle bearings for all the measured angles

(6 marks)

(c)

Calculate the changes in Easting and Northing for all stations

(6 marks)

(d)

Evaluate the adjusted coordinates of the traverse stations using Bowditchs method
(8 marks)

N
E

A
C
D

B
Figure Q1 (Not to scale)

Station

Observing
B
E

Face-left
reading
000
2714330

Horizontal
distance
110.999
114.940

Face-right
reading
18000
914350

Horizontal
distance
110.999
114.942

C
A

001
2831801

104.125
110.999

18001
1031801

104.123
110.999

D
B

3595959
1174129

141.011
104.124

1795959
2974129

141.011
104.124

E
C

000
3413540

205.616
141.010

18000
1613540

205.618
141.012

A
D

001
2453931

114.942
205.617

1795959
653929

114.940
205.617

Table Q1

2009 Sem A Question 3

(a)

A new 30 m steel tape, which had previously been standardized at a tension of 50 N and
at a temperature of 20C, was compared with a standard tape and the reading on the
standard tape was found to be 29.994 m. It was then used to take measurements.
Correct the horizontal length based on the following information, taking into
consideration the tape standardization, temperature, catenary, slope, and tension effect.
The recorded length was 25.222 m measuring in catenary at a temperature of 35C and
under a tension force of 20 N. The slope angle between two supports was 245,
where
Mass of tape = 0.2 N/m
Cross-sectional area of the tape = 2.5 mm2
Youngs modulus E = 200kN/mm2
Coefficient of thermal expansion = 11 x 10-6 m/C
(20 marks)

(b)

Is your new measurement tape shorter or longer than the standard tape based on the
measurement details given in part (a)? Could you explain why this is the case? If you
keep using the measurement tape in undertaking linear distance measurement tasks
under similar conditions, what changes would you expect in the correction calculations
in the future?
(5 marks)

2007 Sem B Question 1

(a)

A 50 m steel tape, which had previously been standardized at a tension of 100 N and at
a temperature of 20C, was found to be 0.005 m longer when compared
with a standard tape. It was then used to take measurement.
Correct the horizontal length based on the following information taking into
consideration of the tape standardization, temperature, catenary, slope, and tension
effects:
The recorded length was 49.9915 m measuring in catenary at a temperature of 30C and
under a tension force of 70 N. The difference in height between two supports was 0.6m,
where
Mass of tape = 0.2 N/m
Cross-sectional area of the tape = 3.21 mm2
Young's modulus E = 2.2 x 105 N/ mm2
Coefficient of expansion = 12 x 10-6 m/C
(25 marks)

(b)

In linear distance measurement, taping is known to be one direct measurement

method while Electro-optical Distance Measurement (EDM) is an INDIRECT
measurement method. Describe their working principles with the help of diagrams.
(9 marks)

2007 Sem B Question 2

(a)

A leveling work was perform to determine various reduced levels of point A, B, C, D,

and E. The level was started at BM1 with reduced level of 50.000m A.O.D. and ended
at BM2 with reduced level of 49.538. Corresponding staff readings (in m) are given in
Figure Q2.
Input all relevant data into a booking form using the Rise-and-fall method, verify your
data entries, and calculate the misclosure and the adjusted reduced levels of all points of
interest A, B, C, D and E.
(25 marks)
2.775
0.234

2.451

2.433

1.256

BM1
50.000 m
A.O.D.

2.553

2.633
1.980

1.571

BM2
49.538 m
A.O.D.

Figure Q2 (Not to scale)

2010 Sem A Question 1

A survey was carried out for a closed loop traverse as shown in Figure Q1. Internal face-left
and face-right angles are measured and given in Table Q1.
The coordinates of Station A are 1000.00mE, 1000.00mN and the line AF has whole circle
bearing of 166 45 52.
(a)

Adjust all measured items

(5 marks)

(b)

Calculate the whole circle bearings for all the measured angles

(6 marks)

(c)

Form a table to present all the adjusted angles, bearings and linear distances

(2 marks)

(d)

Calculate the changes in Easting and Northing for all stations

(6 marks)

(e)

Evaluate the adjusted coordinates of the traverse stations using Bowditchs method
(6 marks)

N
B
A

C
F

E
D

Figure Q1 (Not to scale)

Station

Observing
F
B

Face-left
reading
000
1301845

Horizontal
distance
65.914
14.247

Face-right
reading
18000
3101845

Horizontal
distance
65.914
14.249

A
C

001
1101824

14.248
85.771

18001
2901824

14.248
85.771

B
D

3595959
993234

85.772
77.317

1795959
2793234

85.770
77.319

C
E

000
116180

77.318
28.221

18000
296184

77.318
28.223

D
F

001
119468

28.222
53.099

1795959
299466

28.222
53.098

E
A

001
1434621

53.097
65.915
Table Q1

18001
3234621

53.102
65.913

2010 Sem A Question 2

(a)

Leveling work was performed to determine various reduced levels of points A, B, C, D,

and E. Site measurement was started at BM2 with a reduced level of 49.538m A.O.D.
and ended at BM1 with a reduced level of 50.000m A.O.D. Corresponding mid-hair
staff readings (in meters) are given in Figure Q2.
Input all of the relevant data into a booking form using the HEIGHT OF PLANE OF
COLLIMATION method along the measuring direction, verify and check your data
entries and calculate the misclosure and the adjusted reduced levels for all station
points.
(15 marks)

2.775

2.553

Figure Q2 (Not to scale)

0.234

(b)

2.451

2.433

1.256

2.633
1.980

1.571

Calculate also the HEIGHT OF PLANE OF COLLIMATION corresponding to the

How would you improve the

BM1three instrument stations based on the adjusted figures.

50.000
m
accuracy
of booking during the measurement works?
A.O.D.

Figure Q2 (Not to scale)

(8

BM2
49.538 m
marks)
A.O.D.

Solution to 2009 Sem A Question 1

Station
A
B
C
D
E
Back bearing

Station

Adjusted left hand angle

Line

Forward bearing
55
55
88
16
144
11
324
11
76
41
40
52
220
52
242
18
103
10
283
10
18
24
301
34
121
34
114
20
235
55

AE
A
AB
BA
B
BC
CB
C
CD
DC
D
DE
ED
E
EA

Length (m)
AB
BC
CD
DE
EA

110.999
104.124
141.011
205.617
114.941

Coordinate difference

00
00
00
00
40
40
40
10
50
50
00
50
50
10
00

Whole circle
bearing,

144

11

00

40

52

40

103

10

50

301

34

50

235

55

00

Horizontal
distance, D

Calculated

Adjustments

Adjusted

Station

Line

Adjusted Internal
Angles
881600
764140
2421810
182400
1142010

Coordinates

110.999

+64.956

-90.008

-0.005

+0.027

+64.951

-89.981

104.124

+68.144

+78.729

-0.005

+0.026

+68.139

141.011

+137.296

-32.153

-0.007

+0.035

205.617

-175.166

+107.681

-0.010

114.941

-95.197

-64.416

D =
676.692

E =
+0.033

N =
-0.167

E
1000.000

N
1000.000

1064.951

910.019

+78.755

1133.090

988.774

+137.289

-32.118

1270.379

956.656

+0.051

-175.176

+107.732

1095.203

1064.388

-0.006

+0.028

-95.203

-64.388

1000.000

1000.000

E =
-0.033

N =
+0.167

E =
0.000

N =
0.000

2009 Sem A Question 3

(a)
1. Correction for slope:
Cslope = - Lm (1- cos)
= -25.222 ( 1- cos245)
= -0.0290m
2. Correction for standardization:
Cstandard = Lm x (Ls Ln) / Ln
= 25.222 (29.994 30) / 30
= -0.0050m
3. Correction for temperature:
Ctemp = LmC (tm-ts)
= 25.222 x 0.000011 (35 20)
= +0.0042m
4. Correction for tension:
Ctension = (T Ts) Lm/EA
= (20 -50)(25.222)/ (200 x 1000 x 2.5)
= -0.0015m
5. Correction for Sag:
Csag = -W2 Lm3 cos2/24T2
= -0.202 (25.222)3 cos2245/(24 x 202)
= -0.0667m

The absolute horizontal length AB

= Lm + Cslope + Cst + Ctemp + Ctension + Csag
= 25.222 + (-0.0290) + (-0.0050) + 0.0042 + (-0.0015) + (-0.0667)
= 25.222 0.098
= 25.124m
(b)
According to the given measurement details, the new measurement tape is 0.006m shorter
than the standard tape.
Since this is a new tape, the difference in length may be due to the imperfect production
process.
If the tape is kept using for field measurement, it is expected that constant pulling of tape
under applied force pressure will elongate the tape gradually and the correction for
standardization will become smaller and smaller over time. Therefore, checking of any
inconsistency found during measurement can be conducted.

-2-

2007 (3144P) Sem B Q1

(a)
1.Correction for standardization
Cstandardization = + 0.005m
2. Correction for temperature
Ctension = L x x (tm ts)
= 49.9915 x 12 x 10-6 x (30 20)
= +0.006 m
3. Correction for slope
Cslope = -L x (1-cos) or -h2/2L
= -0.62/(2 x 49.9915)
= -0.0036 m
4. Correction for tension
Ctension = L x (Tm Ts)/(A x E)
= 49.9915 x (70 100)/(3.21 x 2.2 x 105)
= -0.0021 m
5. Correction for sag
w 2 L3 cos 2
Csag = 24T 2
= - 0.22 x 49.99153 x cos2 (0.596)/(24 x 702)
= -0.0425 m
Correct length of the bay reduced to mean sea level
= 49.9915 + 0.005 + 0.006 0.0036 0.0021 0.0425
= 49.9543 m

2007 (3144P) Sem B Question 2

(a)
BS

IS

FS

Rise

Fall

0.234
2.451
2.433
2.775

2.217
1.256

2.553
1.980

2.633
1.571

0.018
1.177
0.222
0.080
0.409

-3-

Initial
R.L.
50.000

Adj.
+ 0.000

Adj.
R.L.
50.000

47.783
47.801
48.978
49.200
49.120
49.529

+ 0.003
+ 0.003
+ 0.003
+ 0.006
+ 0.006
+ 0.009

47.786
47.804
48.981
79.206
49.126
49.538

Remark
BM1
50.000 m
AOD
A
B
C
D
E
BM2
49.538 m
AOD

2010 Sem A Q1
LINE

130 18

43

AB

297 04

35 297 04 35

BA

117 04

35

110 18

21

BC

227 22

56 227 22 56

CB

47

22

56

99

32

33

CD

146 55

29 146 55 29

DC

326 55

29

116 18

00

DE

83

29 83 13 29

ED

263 13

29

119 46

05

EF

22

34 22 59 34

FE

202 59

34

143 46

18

FA

346 45

52 346 45 52

13

59

Coordinate differences
Calculated

Adjustments

Adjusted
E

Coordinates
E

Station

Back bearing
Adjusted left Whole circle Horizontal
STATION
distance,
hand angle
bearing,
D
Forward
LINE
bearing
AF
166 45 52

1000.00 1000.00

14.248

-12.686 +6.485 -0.003 +0.000 -12.689 +6.485

85.771

-63.118 -58.076 -0.018 +0.002 -63.136 -58.074 924.175 948.411

77.318

+42.196 -64.789 -0.016 +0.002 +42.180 -64.787 966.355 883.624

28.222

+28.025 +3.330 -0.006 +0.001 +28.019 +3.331 994.374 886.955

53.099

+20.741 +48.880 -0.011 +0.001 +20.730 +48.881 1015.104 935.836

65.914

-15.091 +64.163 -0.013 +0.001 -15.104 +64.164 1000.00 1000.00

D =
324.572

E = N = E = N = E = N =
+0.067 -0.007 -0.067 +0.007 +0.000 -0.000

987.311 1006.485 B

2010 Sem A Q2 a
Correct Table format
Correct BS, IS, FS
Correct HPCs
Correct initial R.L.s
Correct adjustments and adj. R.L.s
Correct remarks

(1 mark)
(3 marks)
(3 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)
(2 marks)

(1 mark)
Final initial R.L. First initial R.L. = Sum of BS Sum of FS = correct figure (1 mark)

-4-