NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
PAGE
1 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
OPERATING PROCEDURE
RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
PREPARED BY
APPROVED BY
Name:
Name: J. AFFANDI
Signature:
Signature:
Date :
Date :
REVISION STATUS:
S.NO
REVISION
No.
00
DATE
DESCRIPTION
FIRST ISSUE
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
CONTENTS
1.0
SCOPE
2.0
REFERENCE DOCUMENT
3.0
OPERATION
4.0
QUALIFICATIONS
5.0
RESPONSIBILITIES
6.0
RADIATION SAFETY
7.0
PROCEDURES
8.0
ATTACHMENTS
9.0
DOCUMENTS
PAGE
2 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
PAGE
3 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
ABBREVIATION:
API
- AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE
AWS - AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY
ASME - AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS
ASTM - AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
RPS
- RADIATION PROTECTION SUPERVISOR
NRPB - NATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION BOARD
IQI
- IMAGE QUALITY INDICATOR
DATE
REVISION
0.0
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
1.0
PAGE
4 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
SCOPE
This procedure is applicable for Radiographic Examination of butt joints of Pressure vessels,
Pipelines, Process Piping, and Structural work involving Carbon steel, Stainless Steel and its
alloys using IR 192 gamma ray & X ray.
2.0
REFERENCE DOCUMENTS
2.1
ASME Section V Article 1, 2 & 22 (2010 Edition)
2.2
ASME /ANSI B31.1 (2008) / B31.3 (2008 Edition)
2.3
AWS-D 1.1 (2008)
2.4
API-1104 (2005)
3.0
OPERATION
The exposure device and related equipments used to achieve the above scope shall be carried out
by a team of 2 personnel as a minimum. (Radiographer Level-II and a Radiographer Level-I or
Assistant).
4.0
QUALIFICATIONS
Qualification of the personnel to carry out this procedure shall be qualified Level II as per SNTTC-1A 2006.
5.0
RESPONSIBILITIES
5.1
Radiographer Level-II is responsible for selecting appropriate Techniques, ensuring Site
Safety, Processing, and Interpretation as per applicable codes.
5.2
Radiographer Level-I or Assistant shall assist the Level-II to achieving the above.
6.0
RADIATION SAFETY
6.1
Duties of the radiographer include personnel protection and protection of general public
according to the latest maximum permissible limits. All work shall be carried out in line
with the regulations of RPI, Singapore. Precautions shall be taken as per HSE
requirements as well as NEA requirements.
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
6.2
6.3
6.4
PAGE
5 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
The Companys Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) shall be a qualified person and
certified by a National Radiation Protection Body. He is responsible for overall site
safety, Dosimetry, and Handling of Emergency situation.
Radiography source shall be stored in a pit in an exclusive storage room with lock
and key arrangement. This pit shall be approved by NEA. Source transfer
certificate, Pit room approval certificate form NEA shall be furnished.
During radiography the following safety steps should be taken:
a). Cordoning of area
b). Display of radiation symbols
c). Radiations level check by Dosimeter / Radiation survey meter.
d). Permit for carrying out radiography, as applicable shall be obtained.
e). Radiographers shall wear film badges approved by NEA.
7.0
PROCEDURES
7.1
EQUIPMENT
7.1.1 Projectors shall be used such as Sentinel or Equivalent. Source requirement Ir 192
with maximum level of 60 Curie or as per requirement shall be used.
7.1.2
For X-ray 300 KV; YXLON SMART portable equipment shall be used.
7.1.3 The effective source size or focal effective spot size of 3 mm or less will
be used.
7.2
FILMS
7.2.1 Films may be used depending upon sensitivity requirement. All films to be
used for radiography shall be in good condition and within the period of expiry
date, marked on each individual carton by manufacturer
72.2 For Gamma radiography: Ultra fine grain Type-I (e.g. Kodak MX) shall be
used for thickness up to 10 mm and fine grain film Type-II films (e.g. Kodak
AA) shall be used for thickness > 10 mm to 65 mm, as described in ASTME94 to produce satisfactory radiographs.
7.2.2 for X ray radiography: Fine grain film Type-II films shall be used for
thickness as described in ASTM-E94 to produce satisfactory radiographs.
7.2.3 Films shall be stored in a clean, dry place that is free from radiation, excessive
Heat, undue pressure, or chemical vapor
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
7.3
7.3.2
REVISION
0.0
Lead intensifying screen of thickness 0.125mm front screen and 0.25mm
backscreen are recommended for use.
Screen shall be free from scratch marks and wrinkles. Screen showing evidence of
physical damage shall be discarded
TECHNIQUES
7.4.1
7.4.2
7.4.3
7.4.4
7.4.5
7.5
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
LEAD INTENSIFYING SCREENS
7.3.1
7.4
PAGE
6 OF 19
Double Wall Single Image technique shall be used for pipe diameter greater than
76.2mm. (Refer to figure 1 for shooting sketch and technique details).
Double Wall Double Image (elliptical) technique shall be used for pipe diameter
from 38.1mm (1.5) up to 76.2mm (3). (Refer to figure 2 for shooting sketch and
technique details)
Double wall Double Image (Superimposed) technique for pipe diameter less than
38.1mm. This technique may also be applied to pipe diameter up to 76.2mm
where structural appendages restrict application of the elliptical technique or
whenever OD/ID ratio is greater than 1.4. (Refer to figure 3 for shooting sketch
and technique details)
Single Wall Single Image Panoramic technique shall be used for pipe diameter
greater than 500mm. This technique may also be applied to smaller pipe sizes
where access is possible and geometric un-sharpness requirement is satisfied.
(Refer to figure 4 for shooting sketch and technique detail).
Single Wall Single Image technique shall be used for plate welds and structural IBeams.
RADIOGRAPHIC QUALITY
7.5.1 The films submitted for evaluation shall be free from blemishes to the extent that
they do not mask with image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of the
subject being radiographed. Such blemishes include, but are not limited to:
i. Fogging
ii. Processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, chemical stains,
iii. Scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges
iv. False indications due to defective screen
7.5.2 Geometrical Unsharpness: Geometric Un-sharpness (Ug) of the radiograph shall be
determined in accordance with: Ug = Fd/D
Where,Ug
F
D
d
= Geometric Un-sharpness
= Effective Source size
= Distance from source to Object
= Distance from source side of object/weld to the film.
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
PAGE
7 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
The Geometric Unsharpness shall not exceed the following:
Material Thickness (mm)
Under 50.8
50.8 through 76.2
Over 76.2 through 101.6
Greater than 101.6
Ug maximum
0.5 mm
0.76 mm
1.0 mm
1.8 mm
Note: The material thickness is the thickness on which the penetrameter is based
7.5.2
Radiographic Sensitivity
I)
Radiographic sensitivity shall be determined by placing an Image Quality
Indicator (IQI) on the specimen in such a position as to cast an image on
the film.
ii)
IQI shall be wire type conforming to DIN 54 109, or ISO type
penetrameters described in ISO 1027, or ASTM type penetrameters
described in ASTM SE-747/90 shall be used. Tables 1, 2 & 3 show the
standard identification numbers found on the penetrameter packs and the
wire sizes found in the DIN type, ISO type and ASTM type typical packs.
PAGE
8 OF 19
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
Table 1 - DIN Wire Type Penetrameter
Wire Diameter inch (mm)
Corresponding Wire Number
DIN Pack
Designation
1 FE DIN
0.125
(3.20)
1
0.098
(2.50)
2
0.078
(2.00)
3
0.062
(1.60)
4
0.050
(1.25)
5
0.040
(1.00)
6
0.032
(0.80)
7
6 FE DIN
0.040
(1.00)
6
0.032
(0.80)
7
0.024
(0.63)
8
0.020
(0.50)
9
0.016
(0.40)
10
0.013
(0.32)
11
0.010
(0.25)
12
10 FE DIN
0.016
(0.40)
10
0.013
(0.32)
11
0.010
(0.25)
12
0.008
(0.20)
13
0.006
(0.16)
14
0.004
(0.125)
15
0.004
(0.1)
16
Table 2 - ISO Wire Type Penetrameter
Wire Diameter inch (mm)
Corresponding Wire Number
ISO Pack
Designation
1 ISO 7
0.125
(3.20)
1
0.098
(2.50)
2
0.078
(2.00)
3
0.062
(1.60)
4
0.050
(1.25)
5
0.040
(1.00)
6
0.032
(0.80)
7
6 ISO 12
0.040
(1.00)
6
0.032
(0.80)
7
0.024
(0.63)
8
0.020
(0.50)
9
0.016
(0.40)
10
0.013
(0.32)
11
0.010
(0.25)
12
10 ISO 16
0.016
(0.40)
10
0.013
(0.32)
11
0.010
(0.25)
12
0.008
(0.20)
13
0.006
(0.16)
14
0.004
(0.125)
15
0.004
(0.1)
16
Table 3 - ASTM Wire Type Penetrameter
ASTM Set
Designation
Wire Diameter inch (mm)
.0032 (.081)
.004 (.102)
.005 (.127)
.0063 (.160)
.008
(.203)
.010 (.254)
.010 (.254)
.013 (.330)
.016 (.406)
.020 (.508)
.025
(.635)
.032 (.813)
.032 (.813)
.040 (1.016)
.050 (1.27)
.063 (1.6)
.080
(2.03)
.100 (2.54)
.100 (2.54)
.126 (3.2)
.160 (4.06)
.200 (5.08)
.250
(6.35)
.320 (8.13)
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
iii)
PAGE
9 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
Radiographic sensitivity shall be calculated as follows:
a) For single image techniques
Sensitivity =
Dia. Of thinnest visible wire x 100
Weld thickness
b) For double image elliptical techniques
Sensitivity =
Dia. Of thinnest visible wire x 100
Wall thickness + Weld thickness
c) For double image super imposed techniques
Dia. Of thinnest visible wire x 100
Sensitivity =
2 x Weld thickness
iv)
2% sensitivity is normally required. In certain circumstance,
component geometry and exposure parameters make it impossible to
attain required sensitivity. In such cases a revised sensitivity,
acceptable to the client shall be determined from production tests
under the most favourable reasonably achievable.
v)
Wire penetrameter(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length
of wires is perpendicular to the length of weld a. The thinnest wire
shall face the edge of film.
vi)
IQI placed on the film side of specimen shall be identified with
letter F.
vii) A comparator test shall be carried out on a representative weld
specimen with IQI placed on both source side & film side. The
source side IQI shall be used to determine that the attained
sensitivity meets the requirements of 11.2.4. Then corresponding
sensitivity value for the film side IQI shall be calculated. This value
shall be considered as the required sensitivity for subsequent
production radiography with film side IQI.
7.5.3 Radiographic Density
I) Density shall be measured on the sound weld metal area using a calibrated
densitometer.
ii)
For X-ray, Radiography density permissible range would be 1.8 to 4.0 H & D.
For Gamma ray, Radiography density permissible range would be 2.0 to 4.0
H&D The density variation over the area of interest shall be with minus 15%
or plus 30% of the density measured near the required wire or over the STEP
HOLE type IQI. If the shim is used under the IQI density variation may exceed
more than 30%.
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
iii)
7.5.4
PAGE
10 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
Base fog density in unexposed film shall not exceed 0.3. Each new batch
of film shall be checked to ensure that the fog value is below the specified
limit.
Control of Scatter
I)
A lead letter B of size (min) & 1/16 thick (min) should be attached at
the back of film holder to check back scatter radiation.
ii)
Directional collimators shall be used for all non-panoramic techniques to
restrict the radiation beam to the area under examination and thus reduce
the effect of scatter.
7.6 DENSITY:
I)
For X-ray, Radiography density permissible range would be 1.8 to 4.0 H & D.
ii)
For Gamma ray, Radiography density permissible range would be 2.0 to 4.0
H&D The density variation over the area of interest shall be with minus
15% or plus 30% of the density measured near the required wire or over the
STEP HOLE type IQI. If the shim is used under the IQI density variation
may exceed more than
7.6
SURFACE CONDITION
7.6.1
7.6.2
7.7
Visual Inspection shall be carried out prior to radiography to ensure that the weld
is in a visually acceptable condition and free of spatter, slag and other surface
matter that may interfere with the process or interpretation.
The surface shall be in the as welded condition, except that local dressing of
surface irregularities may be carried out, where a smooth contour would assist
with the evaluation of any discontinuities.
IDENTIFICATION OF RADIOGRAPHS
7.7.1
Radiographs shall be identified by the following information that shall appear on
each processed film.
Project or Work order number
Drawing or Component Number
Joint Number (with repair status, if any)
Radiographic section / Location in relation to marked datum
Date
Thickness & Diameter
Welder Number
Other information may be included as per the clients requirement
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
7.7.2
7.7.3
7.7.4
7.8
7.8.2
7.8.3
REVISION
0.0
Lead letters and numbers shall be used to identify radiographs. These should be
carefully positioned to ensure that they do not encroach upon radiographic area of
interest.
for panoramic exposures full identification is required only on the first radiograph
of the series. Only items I to IV of section 13.1 need to appear on the remainder.
Suitable reference datum marks shall be made on the surface of the work piece to
enable traceability of radiographic results back to the correct location of weld.
Paint marker or indelible ink shall be used to mark on the work piece.
Sufficient overlap shall be maintained to ensure 100% coverage of weld area with
in density requirements of section 11.3.
For circumferential butt-welds the number of radiographs per weld shall not be
less than that specified by the applicable code or standard.
A minimum overlap of 50mm of the original weld shall be given when repair area
is radiographed.
PROCESSING
7.9.1
7.9.2
7.9.3
7.9.4
7.9.5
7.9.6
7.9.7
7.10
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
OVERLAP OF FILM
7.8.1
7.9
PAGE
11 OF 19
Film processing shall be carried out in a dedicated facility that is prepared
exclusively for dark room type activities.
Darkroom shall be located at an environment free from dust, fume, excessive heat
and radiation.
Safe lights shall be checked to prevent from fogging of films.
Unexposed films shall be kept in vertical positions to prevent pressure marks.
Processing chemicals shall be of a standard type from a recognized manufacturer
such as Kodak, Agfa, Dupont or Fuji.
Manufacturers recommendations for development time and temperature shall
apply in all cases. Processing solution shall be mixed maintained, replenished and
disposed in accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
Prior to and during development, the processing solutions shall be agitated in
accordance with recognized standard practices.
INTERPRETATION OF RADIOGRAPHS
7.10.1 Interpretation of radiographs shall be carried out in a darkened room, using an
approved viewer with high intensity capacity.
7.10.2 The radiographer shall only carry out interpretation of radiographs or other
personnel qualified to the same standard, as specified in section 4 of this
procedure.
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
7.11.
PAGE
12 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
REPORTING
7.11.1 All examination results shall be reported in the standard format
7.12
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
7.12.1 The acceptance criteria shall be in accordance with clients requirements.
7.12.2 However, unless otherwise specified the minimum acceptance criteria shall be in
accordance with the latest editions of the following:
I)
AWS D1.1 (2008)
- for structural steel work
ii)
API 1104 (2005)
- for Cross Country Pipelines
iii)
ASME B 31.3 (2008 Edition) - for Process Piping
iv)
ASME B 31.1 (2008) - for Power Piping
v)
ASME Sec. VIII Div. 1 & 2 (2007Edition) - For Pressure Vessels
8.0
ATTACHMENTS
Figure-1
Double Wall Single Image (DWSI)
Figure-2
Double Wall Double Image (DWDI Elliptical)
Figure-3
Double Wall Double Image (DWDI Superimposed)
Figure-4
Single Wall Single Image (SWSI-Panoramic)
Figure-5
Single Wall Single Image (Plate)
Figure-6.1&6.2
Single Wall Single Image (Pipe)
8.0
DOCUMENTS
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
PAGE
13 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
Figure 1
DOUBLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (DWSI)
A
Source
Section A-A
Source
Pipe
Alignment of Radiation Beam
The source of radiation shall be positioned so that the center of the projected beam passes
t
through the centre of the section being examined. The beam shall be offset from the plane
through the weld by the minimum distance necessary to prevent the image of the front side
Filmside. TheIQI
weld falling on the image of the other
film shall be placed diametrically opposite
to the source of radiation, A
in close contact with the weld. FILM
Number of exposures:
Unless otherwise required by contract specifications the following shall apply:
Minimum of four exposures shall be made to radiograph schedule-160 or xx strong
material using gamma rays.
Minimum of three exposures shall be made for other gamma radiography.
Minimum of four exposures shall be made for X-ray radiography.
PAGE
14 OF 19
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
Figure 2
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE (DWDI- Elliptical)
Offset
A
Source
Source
IQI
IQI
Pipe
FILM
Film
A
Section A-A
Offset of Radiation Beam
The source of radiation shall be offset 12 to 15 to the weld axis, so that the topside
weld shifts and forms viewable elliptical image of both pipe walls in one exposure. The
film shall be placed diametrically opposite to the x-ray tube or source of radiation in
close contact with the weld as a flat cassette allows.
Number of exposures:
At least two exposures shall be made at 90 to each other.
Figure 3
PAGE
15 OF 19
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
DOUBLE WALL DOUBLE IMAGE (DWDI- Superimposed)
A
Source
Source
IQI
IQI
Pipe
t
Film
FILM
Section A-A
Alignment of Radiation Beam:
The source of radiation shall be positioned so that the center of the projected beam passes
through the center of the pipe in the plane of the weld, such that the images of the two
sides of the weld are superimposed.
Number of exposures:
At least three exposures 120 apart shall be made.
PAGE
16 OF 19
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
Figure 4
SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (SWSI-Panoramic)
Section A-A
Film
Pipe
Source
Source
t
A
Film
IQI
FILM
Alignment of Radiation Beam:
The source of radiation shall be positioned inside the pipe so that the centre of the
projected beam passes through the center of the weld normal to the pipe surface.
Number of exposures:
By careful positioning of the source at the centre of the pipe the whole circumferential
weld may be examined in one exposure.
Figure 5
NDE PROCEDURE -GENERAL
SUBJECT: RADIOGRAPHY TESTING
AMIGOS TECHNICAL SERVICES (S) PTE LTD
PAGE
17 OF 19
REF DOC.
ATS-RT-001
DATE
REVISION
0.0
SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (SWSI-Plate)
A
Source
Source
IQI
IQI
t
Film
Film
A
Section A-A
Alignment of Radiation Beam:
The source of radiation shall be positioned so that the center of the projected beam passes
through the center of the weld under examination, normal to the plate surface at that point.
Number of exposures:
Unless otherwise required by contract specification, the length of weld examined shall not
exceed the FFD/SFD, with the provision that the density at the outer edges of the
diagnostic area shall not vary by more than -15% from the maximum density in sound
metal at the center of the diagnostic area.
SINGLE WALL SINGLE IMAGE (SWSI-Pipe)
Figure 6.1 (External Source)
Figure 6.2 (Internal Source)
A
Source
Source
Section A-A
Source
Pipe
Source
IQI
IQI
IQI
IQI
t
Film
Pipe
Film
Film
FILM
Section A-A
Alignment of Radiation Beam
Alignment of Radiation Beam
The source of radiation shall be positioned outside the pipe, with the
film inside, so that the center of the projected beam passes through
the center of the section of the weld under examination, normal to the
pipe surface.
The source of Radiation shall be positioned inside the pipe, with
film outside, so that the center of the projected beam passes
through the centre of the weld, normal to the pipe surface.
Number of exposures:
At least 4 exposures at 90 to each other shall be made. Reducing
pipe diameter and increasing wall thickness will result in necessity of
more exposure.
9.1 Radiographic Examination Report Format
Number of exposures:
Unless otherwise specified by the contract, a minimum of four
exposures shall be made for sch.160 or XX strong material.
Minimum three exposures shall be made for other material.
