LECTURE 4
CPE667
ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF
POLYMER
Visco-elasic properties of polymers
INTRODUCTION
Polymeric materials are viscoelastic.
Exhibit both viscous and elastic behavior
ELASTIC
characteristic of solids
react like a spring, stress () immediately deforms to strain ()
recovers original dimensions when stress removed
strain is proportional to the applied stress, but independent of the
rate of deformation
VISCOUS
characteristic of liquids
instant response to stress is flow
tend to irreversible deformation
stress is proportional to the rate of strain
Viscoelastic behaviour- Elastic
A
Stress
To understand viscoelasticity, lets first start
with elasticity.
Elastic bodies are those that when deformed
within their limits respond instantaneously to
the applied force and can fully recover to their
original shape and dimensions when the force
is removed.
Its governed by Hookes Law
Independent of rate of strain, de/dt
Strain
Elastic behaviour :
A) At low strains for all material
Stress
Elastic behaviour :
B) At low stresses (but large
elongation) for elastomer (e.g
rubber elasticity)
Strain
Viscoelastic behaviour- Elastic
The spring represents the elastic portion of a plastic material's
response to load.
When a load is applied to the spring, it instantly deforms by an
amount proportional to the load.
When the load is removed, the spring instantly recovers to its
original dimensions.
As with all elastic responses, this response is independent of time
and the deformation is dependent on the spring constant.
Viscoelastic behaviour- Elastic
For elastic behavior, a good model is a spring
where it can be stretched to a new length and
will recoil immediately when stop pulling.
A
Strain
E= Elastic modulus
= Stress
e= strain
de/dt = strain rate
d/dt = stress rate
Deformation
Stress
Constant load
TIme
The behaviour of linear elastic were given by
Hookes law:
Ee
d
de
E
dt
dt
Viscoelastic behaviour- Viscous
Fluids show a characteristic resistance to movement (flow),
which is called viscosity.
Viscosity results in frictional energy loss which dissipates in
the fluid as heat.
Behave according the Newtonian relationship:-
de
dt
= Stress
de/dt = strain rate
= viscosity
Stress is a function of strain rate and dependent of strain.
A material which after being subjected to a deforming load,
does not recover its original shape and size when the load
is removed.
Viscoelastic behaviour- Viscous
Example: piston in the dashpot containing a viscous fluid.
If a load is applied to move the piston in the dashpot, the
piston will not return to its original position after the
displacing load is removed, unless a returning load is
applied opposite to the original load.
Viscoelastic behaviour- Viscous
A "dash pot" is the usual analog for viscous behavior.
This device consists of a piston free to move in an oil-filled
cylinder (a plunger is pushed through a liquid). Common
automobile shock absorbers are dashpots.
If a load is applied to move the piston in the dashpot, the piston will
not return to its original position after the displacing load is
removed, unless a returning load is applied opposite to the original
load
Viscoelastic behaviour-Conclusion
Polymeric materials behave both as viscous fluids and elastic solids.
They are viscoelastic materials.
A material whose response to a deforming load combines both
viscous and elastic qualities -"plastic."
The response of a viscoelastic material is intermediate between the
solid and the liquid.
We can use combinations of springs (linear elastic behaviour) and
dashpots (linear viscous behaviour) in order to quantify the
mechanical behaviour of polymeric materials - model
Viscoelastic behaviour- Summary
Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both
viscous and elastic characteristics when undergoing
deformation.
Viscous materials, like honey, resist shear flow and strain
linearly with time when a stress is applied.
Elastic materials strain instantaneously when stretched and
just as quickly return to their original state once the stress is
removed.
Whereas elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching
along crystallographic planes in an ordered solid,
viscoelasticity is the result of the diffusion of atoms or
molecules inside of an amorphous material.
Mechanical Properties
Creep Behaviour
Viscoelastic behaviour- Polymer
The most important characteristic of viscoelastic materials
is that their mechanical properties depend on time.
Stress strain test are considered short term test which
means that the mechanical loading is applied within
relatively short period time.
This limit the usefulness of stress-strain test in the actual
design of a plastic part.
Stress-strain test fail to make into account the dependence
of rigidity and strength of polymer on time.
Overcome by the use of creep and stress relaxation test.
Viscoelastic behaviour- Polymer Creep
Creep is the application of fixed load to a specimen
and measurement of the resulting deformation as a
function of time.
The deformation of a material over time due to the
application of constant load is called creep.
Creep phenomena are particularly common in
polymers. Creep occurs when force is continuously
applied on a component, causing it to deform
gradually
Creep- in which polymer is stressed at a constant
level for a given time, and the strain increases during
that time period
specimen fail
eventually
Instantaneous
deformation
Slowly deform
gradually over
time
Figure shows strain as a function of time due to constant stress
over an extended period for a viscoelastic material
Mechanical Properties
Stress Relaxation
Behaviour
Viscoelastic behaviour- Polymer Stress Relaxation
Stress relaxation is the application of a fixed deformation to a
specimen and the measurement of the load required to
maintain the deformation as a function of time.
Stress relaxation is almost exclusively characteristic of
polymeric materials and is consequence of delayed molecular
motion in creep.
Contrary to creep, which is experienced when the load is at a
constant value, stress relaxation occured when deformation
(strain) is constant and is manifested by reduction in the force
(stress) required to maintain a constant deformation.
Stress relaxation in which polymer is strained at a constant
level for a given time, and the stress relaxes or diminishes
that time period.
CREEP
Constant stress is applied
the strain relaxes as
function of time
STRESS RELAXATION
Constant strain is applied
the stress relaxes as
function of time
Typical creep and recovery behavior of plastic
Creep and recovery behavior of plastic
Creep and recovery behavior of plastic
Creep and Recovery of PP
The behaviour of linear elastic were given by Hookes
law:
Ee
or
The behaviour of linear
viscous were given by
Newtons Law:
de
dt
d
de
E
dt
dt
E= Elastic modulus
= Stress
e= strain
de/dt = strain rate
d/dt = stress rate
= viscosity
** This equation only applicable at low strain
Modelling
It is a method that is used to predict the behaviour of
visco-elasticity in polymers
It consists of a combination of between elastic behaviour
and viscous behaviour.
Two basic elements that been used in this model:
1. Elastic spring
with modulus
which follows
Hookes law
2. Viscous dashpots
with viscosity h which
follows Newtons law.
Mechanical Model
The common mechanical model that use to
explain the viscoelastic phenomena are:
1. Maxwell Model
Spring and dashpot align in series
2. Kevin or Voigt Model
Spring and dashpot align in parallel
3. Maxwell and Kelvin Models in series
The viscoelastic behavior of plastic can be
simulated using two simple physical method
1
E
1
1
E
1. Maxwell Model
2. Kelvin or Voight Model
Maxwell Model
Maxwell model consist of spring and dashpot in series
and was developed to explain the mechanical behaviour
on tar
On the application of stress, the strain in each elements
are additive
The total strain is the sum of strain in spring & dashpot.
The stress each elements endures is the same
Viscous dashpot
Elastic spring
Maxwell Model
Stress-Strain relation
The spring is the elastic component
of the response and obeys the
relation
1 E.1
1
E
(1)
where 1 and 1 are the stress
and strain respectively and E is a
constant.
Maxwell Model
Maxwell Model
The dashpot is the viscous component of the
response and in this case the stress,2 is
proportional to the rate of strain d 2 , i.e.
dt
d 2
2
dt
(2)
Where is a material constant.
Maxwell Model
At Equlibrium the equation gives:
For equilibrium forces, applied stress is the same for all
elements because the elements were in series
1 2
(3)
Geometry of Deformation Equation :
The total strain, is equal to the sum of the strains in the
two elements.
So,
1 2
(4)
Maxwell Model
From equation (1),(2) and (4)
d
1 d
1
( ).( 1 ) ( ).( 2 )
dt
E dt
1 d
1
( ).(
) ( ).( )
dt
E
dt
(5)
This is the governing equation of the Maxwell Model.
It is interesting to consider the response that this model
predicts under three common time dependent modes of
deformation.
Maxwell Model
Creep
d
dt
strain
If constant stress is applied
then equation (5) becomes:
'
( ).( 0 )
(6)
which indicates a constant rate
of increase of strain with time.
The strain at any time , t, after
the application of a stress, ,
is given by
o
(t )
( )t
E
E
t1
t2
time
o
'
0
(7)
'
recovery
stress
i)
t1
t2
time
Maxwell Model
ii) Relaxation
If the strain is held constant then equation (5) becomes:
1 d
1
0 .( ) .
E dt
Solving this differential equation with the initial condition =o at t=to
0 exp( )t
This indicates that stress decays exponentially with a time constant of
(8)
Maxwell model can predict the Newtonian behaviour the strain is
predict to increased with time
The behavior of Maxwell
model during creep loading
(constant stress, 0 strain
is predicted to increased
linearly with time
This is not the viscoelastic
behaviour of polymeric
materials de/dt decreased
with time
iii) Recovery
When the stress is removed
there
is
an
instantaneous
recovery of the elastic strain,,
and then as shown by equation
(5), the strain rate is zero so that
there is no further recovery.
'
strain
It can be seen therefore that
although the relaxation behavior
of this model is acceptable as a
first approximation to the actual
materials
response,
it
is
inadequate in its prediction for
creep and recovery behavior.
o
0
'
E
recovery
0
E
t1
t2
time
Stress
were
predicted
completely relaxed with time
period it is not the normal
case for polymer
Kelvin or Voight Model
Can also known as the Kelvin model.
It consists of a spring and dashpot in parallel.
Elastic spring
Viscous dashpot
Kevin or Voigt Model
Stress-Strain Relations
These are the same as the
Maxwell model and are given by
equation (1) and (2).
Equilibrium Equation
Because the elements in parallel
stress din every elements
are additive and the overall
stress For equilibrium of forces
can be seen that the applied
load is supported jointly by the
spring and the dashpot, so :
1 2
(9)
1
1
E
Kelvin or Voight Model
2
2
Kelvin or Voigt Model
Geometry of Deformation equation
In this case the total strain equal to the strain in each of the
elements i.e :
So,from equation (1),(2) and (9)
d 2
E.1 .(
)
dt
Asymtote
strain
1 2
(10)
t1
Therefore, the governing equation is :
E. .(
d
)
dt
(11)
0
E
recovery
t2
time
relaxation
stress
o
0
t1
t2
time
Kelvin or Voigt Model
i)
Creep
If a constant stress, o is applied then equation
(11) becomes:
E. .(
d 2
)
dt
and this differential equation may be solved for
the total strain,, to give
o
E
).(1 exp( )t )
Kelvin or Voigt Model
Asymtote
strain
This indicates an
exponential
increase in strain
from zero up to
value
o/E,
that
spring would have
reached
if
the
dashpot has not
been present.
recovery
t1
t2
time
relaxation
stress
o
time
Kelvin or Voigt Model
ii) Relaxation
If the strain is held constant then equation (11)
becomes:
E.
That is, the stress is constant and supported by
the spring element so that the predicted
response is that of an elastic material, i.e no
relaxation.
Kelvin or Voigt Model
iii) Recovery
If the stress is removed then equation (11) becomes :
d
0 E. ( )
dt
Solving this differential equation with the initial condition
=o at the time of stress removal then:
' .( )t
(13)
This represents an exponential recovery of strain which is
reversal of the predicted creep.
More complex model- Maxwell and Kelvin
model in series
More complex model- Maxwell and Kelvin
model in series
Kelvin model gives an
acceptable
first
approximation to creep
and recovery behavior but
does
not
account for
relaxation.
Maxwell
model
could
account for relaxation but
was poor in relation to
creep and recovery.
It is clear therefore that
some compromise may be
achieved by combining the
two models. Such a set up
is shown in the figure.
The response of this model to creep, relaxation
and recovery situations is the sum of the effects
described for the previous two models.
It can be seen that although the exponential
responses predicted in these models are not true
representation of the complex viscoelastic
response of polymeric materials, the overall
picture is , for many purpose, an acceptable
approximation to the actual behavior.
As more and more element are added to the
model then the simulation becomes better but
the mathematics become complex.
More complex model- Maxwell
and Kelvin model in series
More complex model- Maxwell and
Kelvin model in series
As shown:
Maxwell model can accurately predict the
phenomenon stress relaxation to a first
approximation.
Kelvin and Voigt Model can accurately
predict the phenomenon creep to a first
approximation.
Maxwell and Kelvin Model in series
describes both creep & stress relaxation
to a first approximation.
Summary
There were a lots of attempts to discover more
complex model that can give a good
approximation to predict viscoelastic behaviour
of polymeric materials.
When the elements used is increased
mathematical can be more complex.
It can be emphasis that mechanical models can
only gives mathematical representations for
mechanical behaviour only it not much
help to predict the behaviour of viscoelasticity
at molecular level.
Revision
1) What
is the purpose of mechanical model in viscouselasticity theories?
2)Gives a brief description how the chosen mechanical
model can be used to estimate the creep or stress
relaxation behavior for polymeric materials?
3)Develop a mechanical model using spring and dashpot
that is capable of describing this creep behavior.
Thank you
