Problems
What pressure difference is required to maintain the same volume
ow rate if the radius of the pipe is decreased to 0.0700 m?
12.49 .. BIO Clogged Artery. Viscous blood is owing
through an artery partially clogged by cholesterol. A surgeon wants
to remove enough of the cholesterol to double the ow rate of
blood through this artery. If the original diameter of the artery is D,
what should be the new diameter (in terms of D) to accomplish this
for the same pressure gradient?
PROBLEMS
12.50 .. CP The deepest point known in any of the earths oceans
is in the Marianas Trench, 10.92 km deep. (a) Assuming water is
incompressible, what is the pressure at this depth? Use the density
of seawater. (b) The actual pressure is 1.16 * 10 8 Pa; your calculated value will be less because the density actually varies with
depth. Using the compressibility of water and the actual pressure,
nd the density of the water at the bottom of the Marianas Trench.
What is the percent change in the density of the water?
12.51 ... In a lecture demonstration, a professor pulls apart two
hemispherical steel shells (diameter D) with ease using their
attached handles. She then places them together, pumps out the air
to an absolute pressure of p, and hands them to a bodybuilder in
the back row to pull apart. (a) If atmospheric pressure is p0, how
much force must the bodybuilder exert on each shell? (b) Evaluate
your answer for the case p = 0.025 atm, D = 10.0 cm.
12.52 .. BIO Fish Navigation. (a) As you can tell by watching
them in an aquarium, sh are able to remain at any depth in water
with no effort. What does this ability tell you about their density?
(b) Fish are able to inate themselves using a sac (called the swim
bladder) located under their spinal column. These sacs can be
lled with an oxygennitrogen mixture that comes from the blood.
If a 2.75-kg sh in freshwater inates itself and increases its volume by 10%, nd the net force that the water exerts on it. (c) What
is the net external force on it? Does the sh go up or down when it
inates itself?
12.53 ... CALC A swimming pool is 5.0 m long, 4.0 m wide, and
3.0 m deep. Compute the force exerted by the water against (a) the
bottom and (b) either end. (Hint: Calculate the force on a thin, horizontal strip at a depth h, and integrate this over the end of the
pool.) Do not include the force due to air pressure.
12.54 ... CP CALC The upper Figure P12.54
edge of a gate in a dam runs
along the water surface. The
gate is 2.00 m high and 4.00 m
2.00 m
wide and is hinged along a horizontal line through its center
4.00 m
(Fig. P12.54). Calculate the
torque about the hinge arising
from the force due to the water.
(Hint: Use a procedure similar to that used in Problem 12.53;
calculate the torque on a thin, horizontal strip at a depth h and
integrate this over the gate.)
12.55 ... CP CALC Force and Torque on a Dam. A dam has the
shape of a rectangular solid. The side facing the lake has area A
and height H. The surface of the freshwater lake behind the dam is
at the top of the dam. (a) Show that the net horizontal force exerted
by the water on the dam equals 12 rgHAthat is, the average gauge
pressure across the face of the dam times the area (see Problem
12.53). (b) Show that the torque exerted by the water about an axis
along the bottom of the dam is rgH 2A>6. (c) How do the force and
torque depend on the size of the lake?
397
12.56 .. Ballooning on Mars. It has been proposed that we could
explore Mars using inated balloons to hover just above the surface.
The buoyancy of the atmosphere would keep the balloon aloft. The
density of the Martian atmosphere is 0.0154 kg>m3 (although this
varies with temperature). Suppose we construct these balloons of a
thin but tough plastic having a density such that each square meter
has a mass of 5.00 g. We inate them with a very light gas whose
mass we can neglect. (a) What should be the radius and mass of these
balloons so they just hover above the surface of Mars? (b) If we
released one of the balloons from part (a) on earth, where the atmospheric density is 1.20 kg>m3, what would be its initial acceleration
assuming it was the same size as on Mars? Would it go up or down?
(c) If on Mars these balloons have ve times the radius found in part
(a), how heavy an instrument package could they carry?
12.57 .. A 0.180-kg cube of ice (frozen water) is oating in glycerine. The gylcerine is in a tall cylinder that has inside radius 3.50
cm. The level of the glycerine is well below the top of the cylinder.
If the ice completely melts, by what distance does the height of liquid in the cylinder change? Does the level of liquid rise or fall?
That is, is the surface of the water above or below the original level
of the gylcerine before the ice melted?
12.58 .. A narrow, U-shaped glass Figure P12.58
tube with open ends is lled with
A
B
25.0 cm of oil (of specic gravity
0.80) and 25.0 cm of water on opposite sides, with a barrier separating
the liquids (Fig. P12.58). (a) Assume
that the two liquids do not mix, and Water
Oil
nd the nal heights of the columns
of liquid in each side of the tube
after the barrier is removed. (b) For
the following cases, arrive at your
Barrier
answer by simple physical reasoning,
not by calculations: (i) What would be the height on each side if the
oil and water had equal densities? (ii) What would the heights be if
the oils density were much less than that of water?
12.59 . A U-shaped tube open Figure P12.59
to the air at both ends contains
some mercury. A quantity of
water is carefully poured into
the left arm of the U-shaped
h
15.0 cm
tube until the vertical height of Water
the water column is 15.0 cm
(Fig. P12.59). (a) What is the
gauge pressure at the water
mercury interface? (b) Calculate
the vertical distance h from the
Mercury
top of the mercury in the righthand arm of the tube to the top of the water in the left-hand arm.
12.60 .. CALC The Great Molasses Flood. On the afternoon
of January 15, 1919, an unusually warm day in Boston, a 17.7-mhigh, 27.4-m-diameter cylindrical metal tank used for storing
molasses ruptured. Molasses ooded into the streets in a 5-mdeep stream, killing pedestrians and horses and knocking down
buildings. The molasses had a density of 1600 kg>m3. If the tank
was full before the accident, what was the total outward force the
molasses exerted on its sides? (Hint: Consider the outward force
on a circular ring of the tank wall of width dy and at a depth y
below the surface. Integrate to nd the total outward force.
Assume that before the tank ruptured, the pressure at the surface
of the molasses was equal to the air pressure outside the tank.)
