EE 330: Power Systems
Semester-I, 2014
Introduction
Dr. S. Chakrabarti
Outline
Brief history of electric power systems
Brief history of Indian power sector
Total installed capacity in India
Power system in earlier days
Modern Power System
Power System Restructuring
Deregulated power system
Deregulation in generation
Deregulation in distribution
Operation of the deregulated power system
Bibliography
Brief history of electric power systems
Electricity was a matter of curiosity since early ages of
human civilization. Some of the notable experiments with
the electricity in the 18th century were the ying of kites
during lightning in the sky by Benjamin Franklin,
experiments with bio-electricity by Luigi Galvani, and the
development of batteries by Alessandro Volta.
The electrical science was further developed during the rst
half of the 19th century through the pioneering work of
Hans Christian Orsted, Andre Marie Ampere, Michael
Faraday, and James Clerk Maxwell, among others, on the
electromagnetic principles.
Michael Faraday invented the electric motor in 1821, and
George Ohm presented laws of analyzing electric circuits
systematically, in 1827.
Brief history...contd.
The later part of the 19th century observed rapid
developments in electrical engineering. The rst
commutator-type direct current (DC) electric motor was
invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832.
The rst practical DC motor was developed in 1886 by
Frank Julian Sprague.
Thomas Alva Edison developed the electric bulbs around
1880.
Edison was a strong proponent of DC systems, and the rst
electricity transmission system was commissioned by him in
Pearl Street power station in New York City, USA, in 1882,
to supply a total load of 30 kW.
Brief history...contd.
Around 1885, William Stanley developed commercially
practical transformer in the USA.
Nicola Tesla, who used to work in the Westinghouse
Company, invented three-phase induction machines around
1890. Such induction machines are the work-horses of the
modern power industry.
The rst single-phase AC transmission line was installed in
the USA in 1889. It was a 4kV system of 21 km length.
The rst three-phase AC transmission system was installed
in Germany in 1891, for a length of 179 km, and with a
voltage level of 12 kV.
Brief history...contd.
Edisons General Electric Company was strongly
advocating DC systems, while Westinghouse Company was
proposing AC systems.
Eventually, the battle was won by AC mainly due to the
fact that changing voltage levels (and thereby minimizing
losses) was much easier with AC systems by using
transformers.
In addition to this, the construction of AC machines was
much simpler and cost-eective compared to DC machines.
Modern power systems consist of large number of
generators, transformers, transmission lines, and other
equipment.
Brief history of Indian power sector
The rst electric supply system was established in India by
the British administration. Calcutta electric supply
company (CESC) electried the Harrison road in Kolkata
in 1889.
Starting with the formation of the rst electricity act of
India in 1910, a number of government installations came
into operation. Damodar valley corporation (DVC) and
CESC were two of the major companies.
The rst hydro power station in India was established in
Darjeeling in 1896 with a capacity of 130 kW, to use power
for tea plantations.
The Emambagh power station set up by CESC in 1899 was
the rst thermal power station in India.
Indian power sector...contd.
The modern power industry in India started its journey in
1948, with the creation of Electricity Supply Act. State
electricity boards (SEBs) were formed as part of this act.
SEBs were made responsible for setting up and operating
generation, transmission, and distribution facilities in the
respective states.
Central electricity authority (CEA) was also formed to
operate the generating facilities at the central level.
At the beginning of the rst ve year plan in 1950, total
installed capacity in India was 1713 MW.
In early 1960s, the Indian power network was allocated into
ve regions. The ve regional grids were southern,
northern, north-eastern, western, and eastern.
Indian Power Transmission Network
Fig. 1.1: Indian power transmission network
Indian power sector...contd.
To supplement the eorts of the SEBs, Electricity Supply
Act was amended in 1976 to establish National Thermal
Power Corporation (NTPC), National Hydro-Electric
Power Corporation (NHPC), and Nuclear Power
Corporation of India Limited (NPCIL).
In 1989, National Power Transmission Corporation, which
was later renamed as Powergrid Corporation of India
Limited (PGCIL), was established for construction,
operation and maintenance of grids between various states.
Indian power sector...contd.
High voltage transmission is an attractive option to
transmit power over large distance, mainly due to
minimization of power loss.
In India, the rst high voltage line with a voltage level of
220 kV was commissioned in 1950 to supply power from
Bhakra power plant.
Presently, the highest level of transmission line voltage
used in India is 765 kV
Indian power sector...contd.
The rst nuclear power station in India was commissioned
in 1969 in Tarapur, Maharashtra.
Keeping in pace with the global initiatives, signicant
eorts have been made on increasing the penetration of
renewable energies in India. The Department of Non
Conventional Energy Sources (DNES) was formed in 1982
to boost these ventures.
Currently, India is one of the world leaders in terms of
total installed wind energy capacity. Also, there is a huge
potential for solar energy in India.
Total installed capacity in India
Table 1.1:Total installed generation capacity in India
(as on September, 2013)
Fuel
Coal
Gas
Oil
Hydro
Nuclear
Renewable energy
sources (small hydro,
biomass etc.)
Total
MW
134,388.39
20,380.85
1,199.75
39,788.40
4,780.00
28,184.35
Percentage
58.75
8.91
0.52
17.39
2.08
12.32
2,28,721.73
100
